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PubMed1976

Mother-father and daughter-male relationships: a comparison.

A two-generation study of pregnant nulliparous women (daughters) and their mothers is presented. The women in both generations were interviewed. Daughters from homes characterized by marital discord between the parents (as judged from the report of the mother) were compared to daughters from harmonious homes. Daughters from discordant homes reported a poor emotional relationship with their father. In contrast, the emotional relationship with the mother was little influenced by parental discord. Daughters from discordant homes reported less stable and gratifying relationships with male partners and more sex partners than daughters from harmonious homes. At the time of their first pregnancy, daughters from discordant homes received little support from the father of the child. They more often described unsatisfactory housing and financial conditions. Poor parental interralations may impair the daughter's ability to establish gratifying relationships with men. One explanation is the daughter's identification with her parents. During the identification process, the daughter of discordant parents assimilates her parents' negative patterns of relating to each other. These unsuccessful patterns may later undermine her ability to establish positive relationships with men.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Maternal influences on daughters' restrained eating behavior.

This study examined whether mothers' preoccupation with their own weight and eating was linked to daughters' restrained eating behavior. Participants included 173 non-Hispanic, White mother-daughter dyads, measured longitudinally when daughters were ages 5, 7, 9, and 11. Mothers who were preoccupied with their own weight and eating reported higher levels of restricting daughters' intake and encouraging daughters to lose weight over time. Mothers' encouragement of daughters' weight loss was linked to daughters' restrained eating behavior; this relationship was partially mediated by daughters' perception of maternal pressure to lose weight. These findings suggest that mothers' preoccupation with weight and eating, via attempts to influence daughters' weight and eating, may place daughters at risk for developing problematic eating behaviors.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2005

Maternal weight status modulates the effects of restriction on daughters' eating and weight.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of overweight and normal-weight mothers' restriction in child feeding on daughters' eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) and body mass index (BMI) change from age 5 to age 9 y. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of the health and development of young girls. SUBJECTS: A total of 91 overweight and 80 normal-weight mothers and their daughters, assessed when daughters were ages 5, 7, and 9 y. MEASUREMENTS: Measures included maternal restriction of daughters' intake at age 5 y, and daughters' EAH and BMI change from age 5 to 9 y. RESULTS: There were no overall differences in the level of restriction that overweight and normal-weight mothers used. However, overweight mothers' restrictive feeding practices when daughters were age 5 y predicted daughters' EAH over time, and higher EAH scores were associated with greater BMI change from age 5 to 9 y. These relationships did not hold for daughters of normal-weight mothers. CONCLUSION: More adverse effects of restriction on daughters' EAH, and links between EAH and BMI change were only noted among daughters of overweight mothers. These findings highlight the need for a better understanding of factors that contribute to within-group variation in eating behavior and weight status.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mothers and daughters: intergenerational patterns of reproduction.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess intergenerational mother-daughter patterns of reproduction. METHODS: In 1966, 12 055 pregnant women in Northern Finland, representing 96% of all births in the region, responded to a questionnaire in mid-gestation. In 1997-98, the 31-year-old daughters born from those pregnancies were sent a questionnaire and 4523 (80%) responded. Reproduction was compared between all mother-daughter pairs (n=4523) and separately for the pairs (n=489) of similar age (mothers 30-32 years). RESULTS: The menarcheal ages of the mothers and their daughters correlated slightly (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.206). The probability of the daughter to be multiparous was higher if her mother was multiparous at the time of the daughter's birth than if she was not. No association in the rate of spontaneous abortions was found. The first pregnancy of the daughters born from unwanted pregnancies was more often unwanted than the first pregnancy of the wanted daughters, after adjusting for parity (P=0.004). The analysis of the age-matched mother-daughter pairs gave similar results. CONCLUSION: A positive association between mothers and daughters in menarcheal age, parity and desirability of pregnancy was found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

"We had a nice little chat": age and generational differences in mothers' and daughters' descriptions of enjoyable visits.

Mother-daughter relationships are generally characterized by frequent contact and high levels of regard. Yet little is known about what mothers and daughters find enjoyable about their contact. Forty-eight pairs of older mothers (M = 76 years) and their middle-aged daughters (M = 46 years) and 44 pairs of middle-aged mothers (M = 47 years) and their young adult daughters (M = 21 years) (N = 182) described recent enjoyable visits. Younger mothers and daughters emphasized the daughters' entry into adulthood and the strength of their ties as agreeable, whereas older mothers and daughters focused on the larger kin network in describing their enjoyable visits. Some older mothers and daughters also made negative comments, suggesting greater individuation and less idealization of the relationship. Mothers in both age groups appeared to be more invested in the relationships than were their daughters. Implications for the strength of the mother-daughter tie are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What may underlie differing perceptions of family functioning between mothers and their adolescent daughters with eating disorders?

UNLABELLED: Daughters with eating disorders (ED) were found to perceive family functioning more negatively than their mothers. This study examined variables that may underlie these differences in a subgroup of adolescent girls and their mothers from the original study. METHODS: Participants were 77 mother-adolescent daughter dyads. Daughters met current DSM-IV criteria for Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa or ED Not Otherwise Specified. Daughters and mothers completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD), which measures perceptions of family functioning with seven subscales. Daughters also completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). Backward elimination stepwise regressions were conducted on difference scores between mothers and daughters for each FAD subscale. Daughter's EDI subscales (except Bulimia) were entered as possible predictors. RESULTS: Interpersonal Distrust was the only predictor of the differences between daughters and mothers on Problem Solving, Communication, Affective Responsiveness and General Functioning, accounting for 24%, 14%, 10% and 23% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in viewpoints between mothers and daughters regarding the family environment may be understood in terms of the daughters' level of distrust of people in general and their overall feelings of inadequacy. Addressing these psychological difficulties may have powerful implications both for individual and family treatment in the recovery from an eating disorder. Could this be part of the dynamic that led to the eating disorder, a result of the stress on the whole family related to the eating disorder or some combination?

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Adult mother-daughter relationship and mother's psychological well-being].

This study examined the relationship between the quality of a middle-aged mother's current relationship with her adult daughter and such indices of her well-being as depressive symptoms and self-definition. A cross-sectional sample of 231 middle-aged women with an adult daughter completed questionnaires. The results showed that middle-aged mothers with a married daughter felt closer to their daughter than did mothers with an unmarried daughter. The association between the quality of mother-daughter relationship and mother's psychological well-being changed, depending on whether the daughter was married or employed, and whether the mother was employed. Among the mothers who were not employed, with a married daughter, a positive mother-daughter relationship was associated with reports of high self-definition and lack of depressive symptoms while the mother's dependence on her daughter had a negative association with her psychological well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Relations of black mothers' and daughters' body fatness, physical activity beliefs and behavior.

OBJECTIVES: 1) Examine the association between Black mothers' and daughters' body fatness, physical activity (PA) beliefs and levels of PA, and daughters' PA behavior; 2) determine whether family sociodemographic factors influence these relationships. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional; Black girls recruited from elementary schools in a low socioeconomic area. Data collected at the Georgia Prevention Institute. PARTICIPANTS: 133 Black girls (8-12 years of age) and their mothers (24-66 years of age). ANALYSES: Spearman correlations, regressions. OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI) as a measure of body fatness. Moderate and vigorous PA collected from a 7-d recall. Beliefs about PA collected from questionnaires. RESULTS: There was a positive relation between mothers' and daughters' BMI (rs=0.34, P<.0001). Mothers' and daughters' PA beliefs were positive but not significantly related. A significant inverse relation was seen between vigorous PA (rs=-0.16, P<.05); and a non-significant correlation between moderate PA (rs=0.05). Mothers' body fatness, PA beliefs and behavior did not predict daughters' PA. The BMI association was stronger when spouse lived in household (P<.01). Daughters' BMI was lower (P<.05) and intent to be active higher (P<.05) when more people lived in the household. Family income accentuated the relation of mothers' belief in the usefulness of PA and daughters' PA physical outcomes beliefs (P=.1). Mothers' age and education had no significant influence on daughters' PA beliefs and behaviors. CONCLUSION: Mothers and daughters believed PA to have beneficial outcomes. Mothers' body fatness, PA beliefs and behaviors were not associated with daughters' PA. Family income and structure appeared to influence these relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The role of the mother-daughter relationship in explaining weight concern.

OBJECTIVE: The literature highlights two possible roles for the mother-daughter relationship in the development of weight concern in young girls. The first is simply as a forum for modeling the mother's own concerns and the second is as an interaction between two individuals, which is either protective or facilitative of weight concern. The present study aimed to assess both the modeling and the interactive hypotheses. METHOD: Thirty mothers and their daughters (aged 16-19) completed a questionnaire concerning their weight concern (restrained eating and body dissatisfaction) and their beliefs about aspects of their relationship (daughter's autonomy, mother's autonomy, projection, intimacy, mother's role). RESULTS: The results found no support for the modeling hypothesis, with no significant correlations between the mothers' and daughters' aspects of weight concern. However, the results showed support for the interactive hypothesis. In particular, the daughters were more likely to show restrained eating if their mothers reported a low belief in their own autonomy and if both the mother and daughter rated projection as important in their relationship. Similarly, the daughters were more likely to show body dissatisfaction if their mothers reported a low belief in both their own and their daughter's autonomy and if they rated projection as important. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the role of the mother-daughter relationship may be more complex than simply as a forum for modeling and are discussed in terms of the impact of aspects of the relationship on subsequent psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Familial resemblance of bone mineralization, calcium intake, and physical activity in early-adolescent daughters, their mothers, and maternal grandmothers.

OBJECTIVE: To describe familial relationships among bone mineral density (BMD), calcium intake, and physical activity in early-adolescent daughters, their premenopausal mothers, and postmenopausal maternal grandmothers. SUBJECTS: Healthy, early-adolescent daughter and premenopausal mother pairs (n=72) were enrolled in the study. In addition, a cohort of 22 postmenopausal maternal grandmothers were measured for comparison of related triads (n=22). DESIGN: Cross-sectional measurements of hip (three sites) and lumbar spine BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), body height and weight, menstrual function, current calcium intake, and current and past physical activity patterns were assessed using recalls and questionnaires. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Correlational analysis was used to establish relationships between bone characteristics and body size, menstrual function, calcium intake, and physical activity. Multiple regression analyses with backward elimination were used to examine heritability of bone characteristics in daughter-mother and mother-grandmother pairs and daughter-mother-grandmother triads. Quick cluster analysis and cross-tabulation with Pearson's chi(2) were used to evaluate familial patterns for bone characteristics and lifestyle practices. RESULTS: Height, weight, and lumbar spine BMD were significantly correlated within mother-daughter pairs. Current and past calcium intakes were not related within pairs or triads or to BMD in the daughters or the grandmothers. A weak inverse relationship between calcium intake and the hip trochanter and lumbar spine BMD was observed in the mothers (R(2)=-0.25; P=.05). Physical activity, independent of calcium intake, was strong predictor of BMD for daughters and mothers. Among the daughters, the hertiability estimates for trochanter and lumbar spine BMD were 0.56 and 0.70, respectively (P<.01). The heritability estimate for premenopausal mothers were significant for lumbar spine BMD (h(2)=0.66; P<.01). Daughter-mother-grandmother triads with low physical activity had low femoral neck BMD whereas those with high physical activity had high femoral neck BMD (P<.001). APPLICATIONS: Making physical activity a part of the daily routine, in addition to an adequate intake of calcium and bone-related nutrients, is an important goal for maintaining or improving bone health for women of all ages.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Yeast Cbk1 and Mob2 activate daughter-specific genetic programs to induce asymmetric cell fates.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mothers and daughters have distinct fates. We show that Cbk1 kinase and its interacting protein Mob2 regulate this asymmetry by inducing daughter-specific genetic programs. Daughter-specific expression is due to Cbk1/Mob2-dependent activation and localization of the Ace2 transcription factor to the daughter nucleus. Ectopic localization of active Ace2 to mother nuclei is sufficient to activate daughter-specific genes in mothers. Eight genes are daughter-specific under the tested conditions, while two are daughter-specific only in saturated cultures. Some daughter-specific gene products contribute to cell separation by degrading the cell wall. These experiments define programs of gene expression specific to daughters and describe how those programs are controlled.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2001

Daughters-in-law in Korean caregiving families.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the emotional and physical health and experiences of daughter-in-law (DIL) caregivers compared with daughter caregivers who care for cognitively and/or functionally impaired older people in Korea. BACKGROUND: In Korea, DILs are the predominant caregivers of impaired older people, but little is known about DIL caregivers. A study which explores the emotional and physical health outcomes of DIL caregivers who care for impaired parents-in-law in the sociocultural context of Korea is necessary. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted to examine the emotional and physical health of 93 DIL caregivers compared with 27 daughter caregivers who care for the cognitively and/or functionally impaired older people in Korea. This study hypothesized that DIL caregivers would have poorer emotional and physical health than daughter caregivers and that the type of relationship with the care-recipient is an important predictor of caregivers' health outcomes. t-tests, chi-square and hierarchical regression analyses were used for hypotheses testing. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, this study found that caregivers' health outcomes were very similar for DILs and daughters in Korean families. The type of relationship was not an important predictor of caregivers' health outcomes, and neither was the quality of intergenerational relationship. However, Korean DIL and daughter caregivers reported relatively poor emotional and physical health compared to those of Western caregivers in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Daughter-in-laws caregivers were not at greater risk group of negative health outcomes than daughter caregivers. However, DIL and daughter caregivers in Korea were a vulnerable group regardless of their relationship with the care-recipient. The cultural norms and social expectations regarding family-centred caregiving in Korea may cause negative health outcomes for Korean caregivers. Further family caregiving studies in the Korean context are recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from old mothers display a reduced life span.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically divides asymmetrically to give a large mother cell and a smaller daughter cell. As mother cells become old, they enlarge and produce daughter cells that are larger than daughters derived from young mother cells. We found that occasional daughter cells were indistinguishable in size from their mothers, giving rise to a symmetric division. The frequency of symmetric divisions became greater as mother cells aged and reached a maximum occurrence of 30% in mothers undergoing their last cell division. Symmetric divisions occurred similarly in rad9 and ste12 mutants. Strikingly, daughters from old mothers, whether they arose from symmetric divisions or not, displayed reduced life spans relative to daughters from young mothers. Because daughters from old mothers were larger than daughters from young mothers, we investigated whether an increased size per se shortened life span and found that it did not. These findings are consistent with a model for aging that invokes a senescence substance which accumulates in old mother cells and is inherited by their daughters.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed2005

An exploratory study of mother-daughter physicians: an intergenerational comparison of professional and personal experiences.

OBJECTIVES: Physician daughters of physician mothers may experience unique advantages in their career development and in combining career and family. The objective of this exploratory study, the first on mother-daughter physicians, was to compare the professional and personal characteristics of physician mothers and their physician daughters. METHODS: Two hundred fourteen families with at least one mother-daughter physician pair were identified through a nationwide search; 84% of the mothers and 87% of the daughters contacted returned a 56-item questionnaire. Data were analyzed to compare professional and personal characteristics of the subset of mothers and daughters who had both responded (n = 136 pairs). RESULTS: Compared to their physician mothers, physician daughters were less satisfied with their career, less likely to feel in control of their work environment, more likely to report moderate or severe daily stress at work, and less likely to want their children to become physicians or to want to become physicians again if they were to relieve their lives. They were also less likely to want to change specialties. Physician daughters were more likely than their physician mothers to be 30 years or older when they had their first child, to have taken parental leave, and to have a spouse who took parental leave and less likely to experience their caregiving as a hindrance to their professional work and advancement. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of a physician mother role model, physician daughters reported less career satisfaction and more work-related stress than their physician mothers. These findings warrant further exploration and support the need for new work-family paradigms in medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Young daughter cladodes affect CO2 uptake by mother cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Drought damages cultivated C3, C4 and CAM plants in the semi-arid lands of central Mexico. Drought damage to Opuntia is common when mother cladodes, planted during the dry spring season, develop young daughter cladodes that behave like C3 plants, with daytime stomatal opening and water loss. In contrast, wild Opuntia are less affected because daughter cladodes do not develop on them under extreme drought conditions. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the number of daughter cladodes on gas exchange parameters of mother cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica exposed to varying soil water contents. METHODS: Rates of net CO2 uptake, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll content and relative water content were measured in mature mother cladodes with a variable number of daughter cladodes growing in spring under dry and wet conditions. KEY RESULTS: Daily carbon gain by mother cladodes was reduced as the number of daughter cladodes increased to eight, especially during drought. This was accompanied by decreased mother cladode relative water content, suggesting movement of water from mother to daughter cladodes. CO2 assimilation was most affected in phase IV of CAM (late afternoon net CO2 uptake) by the combined effects of daughter cladodes and drought. Rainfall raised the soil water content, decreasing the effects of daughter cladodes on net CO2 uptake by mother cladodes. CONCLUSIONS: Daughter cladodes significantly hasten the effects of drought on mother cladodes by competition for the water supply and thus decrease daily carbon gain by mother cladodes, mainly by inhibiting phase IV of CAM.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2005

Effectiveness of national and regional sire evaluations in predicting future-daughter milk yield.

National and regional bull evaluations were compared for ability to predict standardized milk yield of future daughters. Correlations between evaluations and first-, second-, and third-parity yields of future daughters were calculated within herd-year-month group. Mean correlations with predicted yield of future daughters across the United States were higher for national (0.109, 0.111, and 0.082 for first, second, and third parities, respectively) than for Northeast (0.098, 0.085, and 0.061) Holstein evaluations; corresponding correlations for future Northeast daughters were similar. Bull evaluations based on the first 5 parities of daughters that first calved through 1991 from either California, North Central, Northeast, or Southeast regions as well as from the entire United States were compared with standardized milk yields of daughters that calved later. Correlations with first-, second-, and third-parity yields of future daughters were higher (from 0.001 to 0.011) for national than for regional evaluations. National evaluations were better predictors of future-daughter yield, especially for California and the Southeast. Evaluations based on only first parity were slightly better than those based on the first 5 parities in predicting first-parity yield for 3 of 4 regions but were far less useful in predicting second-or third-parity yield regardless of region. Regional evaluations included fewer bulls because of limited numbers of daughters in each region. The top 100 bulls for genetic merit for milk yield based on regional rankings were inferior to the top 100 bulls based on national ranking by 25 to 173 kg. Reliance on regional rather than national evaluations would reduce current US genetic gains.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Within-herd heritability estimated with daughter-parent regression for yield and somatic cell score.

Estimates of heritability within herd (h(WH)(2) ) that were generated with daughter-dam regression, daughter-sire regression, and REML were compared, and effects of adjusting lactation records for within-herd heritability on genetic evaluations were evaluated. Holstein records for milk, fat, and protein yields and somatic cell score (SCS) from the USDA national database represented herds in the US Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, and West. Four data subsets (457 to 499 herds) were randomly selected, and a large-herd subset included the 15 largest herds from the West and 10 largest herds from other regions. Subset heritabilities for yield and SCS were estimated assuming a regression model that included fixed covariates for effects of dam yield or SCS, sire predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for yield or SCS, herd-year-season of calving, and age within parity. Dam records and sire PTA were nested within herd as random covariates to generate within-herd heritability estimates that were regressed toward mean h(WH)(2) for the random subset. Heritabilities were estimated with REML using sire models (REML(SIRE)), sire-maternal grandsire models (REML(MGS)), and animal models (REML(ANIM)) for each herd individually in the large-herd subset. Phenotypic variance for each herd was estimated from herd residual variance after adjusting for effects of year-season and age within parity. Deviations from herd-year-season mean were standardized to constant genetic variance across herds, and records were weighted according to estimated error variance to accommodate h(WH)(2) when estimating breeding values. Mean h(WH)(2) tended to be higher with daughter-dam regression (0.35 for milk yield) than with daughter-sire regression (0.24 for milk yield). Heritability estimates varied widely across herds (0.04 to 0.67 for milk yield estimated with daughter-dam regression), and h(WH)(2) deviated from subset means more for large herds than for small herds. Correlation with REML(ANIM) h(WH)(2) was 0.68 for daughter-dam and was 0.45 for daughter-sire h(WH)(2) for milk yield. The correlation between daughter-sire h(WH)(2) and REML(MGS) was greater than the correlation between daughter-dam h(WH)(2) and REML(MGS). Data adjustments had a minimal impact on breeding value bias. Within-herd heritability can be estimated rapidly using regression techniques with moderate accuracy, but adjusting lactation records for h(WH)(2) resulted in only a small improvement in the accuracy of genetic evaluations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of heritability estimates from daughter on dam regression with three models to account for production level of dam.

Three models were used to estimate heritabilities for milk yields at different production levels and for different years as twice the regression of daughter residual effects on dam residual effects. The denominator is the residual mean square for dams. The numerator is the difference between the residual term for sum of dam's and daughter's records and sum of residual terms for records of dams and daughters. Model 1 included sire of daughter and herd-year-season of daughters only. Model 2 included sire of daughter, herd-year-season of dam, and herd-year-season of daughter. Model 3 included sire of daughter and herd-year-season of dam and herd-year-season of daughter combination. The weighted mean estimates for each method were, respectively, .35, .38, .38 for milk production and .61, .67, .67 for fat test. Yearly time trends in heritability were slightly positive for both milk production and fat test. Standard errors of heritability estimates from model 1 were 40 to 50% smaller than those from models 2 and 3 due to the smaller number of effects in the model. Estimates for model 2 from low to high production levels averaged .30, .38, .38, and .42 for milk yield and .64, .68, .67, and .71 for fat test.

Animals↗