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PubMed1991

Sleep and dreaming in Holocaust survivors. Dramatic decrease in dream recall in well-adjusted survivors.

Sleep data were obtained on 12 well-adjusted and 11 less-adjusted Holocaust survivors and on 10 control subjects. Each was also awakened from rapid eye movement sleep for dream recall. The less-adjusted survivors had more prolonged sleep latency than the well-adjusted and the control groups and lower sleep efficiency than the control subjects. The well-adjusted group had a significantly lower dream recall rate (33.7%) than the less-adjusted (50.5%) and control groups (80%). There were also significant between-groups differences in dream structure and dream content, in the direction of less complex and less salient dreams in the well-adjusted survivors. It is suggested that the decrease in dream recall is one of the forms of long-term adjustment to severe traumatic events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Freud's private mini-monograph on his own dreams. A contribution to the celebration of the centenary of The interpretation of dreams.

A virtually unknown brief commentary by Freud on the characteristics of his own dreams is described and discussed. Freud's mini-monograph, discovered after some 80 years, has autobiographical, theoretical and organisational significance in the enigmatic context of the early development of psychoanalysis. Found among papers of Alfred Adler, this extraordinary document adds to our knowledge of psychoanalytic history, including the significance of dreams in the evolution of psychoanalytic thought. Freud's commentary permitted the identification of a particular dream as his own. This dream had been presented in anonymity to the fledgling Vienna Psychoanalytic Society for interpretation. The dream was later inserted, again anonymously, into The Interpretation of Dreams with Freud's own remarkable pre-oedipal interpretation. Freud's conflicted relationships with Adler and Jung are considered in historical context.

Dreams↗
PubMed1999

A language of dreaming: dreams of an Amazonian insomniac.

The author describes a series of psychoanalytic interviews conducted on the banks of an Amazonian stream, in the course of which a lively old Parintintin woman, wife of a chief, acknowledges and comes to terms with her lifelong insomnia. When she sleeps, she is plagued with anxious dreams; and her dreams take her back to her childhood as the daughter of a prominent chief and to memories of the strife between her parents. The way she talks about her dreams illustrates how cultural beliefs may facilitate the communication of dreams and introspective reflection on them, but may at the same time intensify anxieties. This article explores the cultural context of psychoanalytic understanding of dreams: how are dreams shaped by the dreamer's cultural beliefs about them and ways of interpreting them? How are they affected by the social uses the dreamer makes of them? The work also examines relationships formed in anthropological field-work, especially the separation that occurs when the anthropologist leaves (not unlike termination of an analysis)--an issue inadequately discussed in the anthropological literature and in the psychoanalytic literature on cross-cultural research.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The phenomenology of the self and its objects in waking and dreaming: implications for a model of dreaming.

The current psychoanalytic emphasis on self psychology allows attention to be drawn to the nature of the self, internal and external object representations, and possibilities involving the self in relationship to aspects of self and objects in dreams. An emphasis on the self, applied to dreams, appears to fit well with current concepts of REM sleep that involve this sleep stage's importance for the individual in learning, adaptation, and assimilation of emotionally meaningful information. Examples have been provided to indicate possible contributions of self psychological perspectives to an understanding of dreams. A model describing changes in the self and its objects in dream mentation compared to the self and its objects in waking mentation has been described. The model suggests that the self of the dream relates to separated off, changed, or newly cathected attitudes, beliefs, and object representations in a manner that describes the state of the individual and possibilities for change available to the individual. This model, having historical roots in Jungian psychology, adaptive/learning theories of REM sleep, and current Kohutian initiated self-state dream theory, provides an opportunity to review with the dreamer the relationships of self and objects as these representations are concerned with problematic developmental or emotional situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Conscious dream synthesis as a method of learning about dreaming: a pedagogic experiment.

Stimulated by Freud's comments on the unique perspectives offered by "building up dreams by synthesis," the authors applied this idea to the St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute's introductory course on the psychology of dreaming. Each student was assigned the task of purposefully and consciously synthesizing a dream, utilizing certain assigned information and meeting the specified criteria. In the use of this device, it was anticipated that the conscious active effort required to duplicate the usually passively experienced processes of dreaming and the unconscious dream work would lead to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the dream.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Dreams and dreaming in relation to trauma in childhood.

Mrs C experienced two types of repetitive dream linked with childhood trauma. The first type consisted of primal scene experience expressed in images utilizing typical primary process organization, i.e. condensation, displacement, symbolization and representation in visual or auditory imagery. Associated anxiety was intense but relieved with awakening. The second type of repetitive dream was an experience 'beyond anxiety', 'like being buried in a wave' and was without remembered imagery. The overwhelming anxiety did not dissipate with awakening and only gradually receded over succeeding days. It is hypothesized that these two types of dream are derived from quite different forms of mental organization. The former is linked to typical primary process organization, requiring representational thought, the capacity to manipulate mental images. Condensation, displacement, and symbolization are defining aspects of early forms of representational thought. Piaget has demonstrated that this capacity for manipulation of mental images begins at about 15-24 months. The second type of dream, with imageless terror and diffuse feelings of loss and emptiness, was derived from trauma Mrs C sustained at 2 years of age. It is suggested that this form of dream makes use of sensori-motor organization of mental experience and is similar to phenomena described by Lewin and Isakower. Vignettes from three additional analyses are presented as further examples of dream formation following childhood trauma. Piaget's findings concerning early forms of mental organization are briefly considered. These discoveries are helpful in understanding phenomena derived from early childhood experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Dreams and dreaming in relation to trauma in childhood.

The aim of this paper is to show how some childhood fantasies which were part of the early traumas or of traumatic dreams may continue to dominate the psychic life of the adult and be revealed in the transference neurosis. A trauma is presented as an experience which becomes a prototype not only of that which is most frightening but also of that which is sexually most stimulating and gratifying. It is thus doubly invested in a contradictory way. Extensive clinical material is described to show that many of a woman patient's transference fantasies, produced and recounted during her session, were similar to those which had been part of a childhood traumatic dream. A link is established between these same fantasies and her principal symptoms. In particular it is pointed out that her most disturbing symptom, an inability to have an orgasm, was rooted in the fact that she continued to believe that an orgasm was a trauma, i.e. the most intensely desired yet most terrifying experience in which the anticipated consequences, as depicted symbolically in her dream, were simultaneous ecstasy and castration. The traumatic childhood dream exerted an irresistible fascination on the patient who felt it still controlled her in mysterious and unconscious ways. In essence the dream dramatized unforgettably her relations to her oedipal objects and became the model for what she was repetitively seeking, yet dreading, with later substitutes. It is shown how the dream, which became a remembered trauma, served as a point of fixation upon which her drives were focused and around which her fantasies revolved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Symposium: Dream research methodology: The quest for dream sources.

Within a Human Information Processing (HIP) framework, dreaming can be subdivided into three main components: Input, Processing and Output. Until recently, only the Output has been extensively studied due to its relatively easy accessibility in the form of dream reports. Much less is known about the other two components. A method is presented by which one can get information on the nature of the input component to dream processing. In this method the subjects are requested to identify the memory sources of their dreams, collected upon experimental awakenings. The materials thus obtained are then classified into categories derived from Tulving's distinction between Episodic and Semantic memory. Several aspects, including interviewing and scoring procedures, had to be specified in order to use the method, which was applied in a series of studies. The aim was to clarify the similarities as well as the differences between REM and NREM dreams. The main results give further support to the hypothesis of the existence of a unique dream production system that operates at different levels of engagement during the various sleep phases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Pregnant dreaming: search for a typology of a proposed dream genre.

Dreams during pregnancy were collected from post-partum women on the maternity ward of an Israeli hospital. Our data indicate that primipara women and women with complicated obstetrical histories were more likely to report increased dreaming during pregnancy. The collected dream corpus suggests that dreams during pregnancy can be viewed as a distinct dream genre. This paper develops a tentative typology of that genre. In addition, the authors argue that the context of disclosure was highly relevant to the sorts of manifest contents that were reported.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2006

Evolutionary function of dreams: A test of the threat simulation theory in recurrent dreams.

proposed an intriguing and detailed evolutionary theory of dreams which stipulates that the biological function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events and to rehearse threat avoidance behaviors. The goal of the present study was to test this theory using a sample of 212 recurrent dreams that was scored using a slightly expanded version of the DreamThreat rating scale. Six of the eight hypotheses tested were supported. Among the positive findings, 66% of the recurrent dream reports contained one or more threats, the threats tended to be dangerous and aimed at the dreamer, and when facing a threat, the dreamer tended to take defensive or evasive actions that were possible and reasonable. However, less than 15% of the recurrent dreams depicted realistic and probable situations critical for one's physical survival or reproductive success and the dreamer rarely succeeded in fleeing the threat despite important and appropriate efforts. The findings thus provide mixed support for the threat simulation theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dreaming scientists and scientific dreamers: Freud as a reader of French dream literature.

The argument of this paper is to situate The Interpretation of Dreams within an historical context. It is, therefore, impossible to believe Freud entirely when he staged himself in his letters to Fliess as a mere discoverer. In reality Freud also felt he belonged to a learned community of dream specialists, whom I call "dreaming scientists" and "scientific dreamers." Instead of speaking, as Ellenberger does, in terms of influence, I will be offering as an example a portrait of Freud as a reader of two French authors, Maury, and indirectly, Hervey de Saint-Denys. I will analyze how Freud staged himself as replacing Maury and dreaming sometimes like Hervey de Saint-Denys. My premise in this work is that we must forget Freud, in order to adventure into a learned dream culture peculiar to the nineteenth century. Only afterwards can we come back to Freud and place him in this context as a creative heir.

Australia↗
PubMed1990

The multiplicity of dreams: cognitive-affective correlates of lucid, archetypal, and nightmare dreaming.

This preliminary research is the first to compare lucid, nightmare, and archetypal-mythological dreams on dimensions important in previous research on each. A first study of 100 subjects showed all three forms significantly correlated with each other and with estimates of dream recall. In a second study, 41 subjects were selected from the above on the basis of relative specialization in each dream form, with a control group equally high on dream recall. Here, the lucid and archetypal dreamers tended to separate themselves from nightmare sufferers on the basis of high imaginativeness, proclivity to waking mystical experience, spatial/analytic skills, and physical balance. It appears that the intensification of dreaming is expressed positively or negatively, depending on variations in these cognitive dimensions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of hemispheric lateralization in dream recallers and non-dream recallers.

Eighteen right handed females reporting 6 or more dreams per week on a home dream and sleep diary (Dream Recallers: DR), and 11 reporting 1 or 0 dreams per week (Non Dream Recallers: NDR) drawn from a sample of 233 college students, were individually tested on two tasks assessing the hemispheric lateralization of visuo-constructive and verbal-semantic functions. NDR showed a significant degree of hemispheric asymmetry of both visuo-constructive (right asymmetry of both visuo-constructive (right hemisphere advantage) and semantic (left hemisphere advantage) functions. DR showed no hemispheric advantage on both tasks. The two groups of subjects did not differ in mean daily amount of sleep time. In keeping with previous studies showing that NDR have an imbalance of interhemispheric activation upon REM awakenings, results from the present research suggest that DR and NDR can be characterized by a different pattern of hemispheric lateralization of cognitive skills. This finding may stimulate further research aimed at evaluating both the possible existence of differences in the lateralization of functions not considered in this study and the concomitance of REM sleep dependent differences in balance of hemispheric functioning.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

[The termination dream. On the significance of last dreams in psychoanalysis].

In the main, recent psychoanalytic literature on dreams proceeds on the assumption a) that the final dream in a course of psychoanalytic treatment directly reflects concrete themes associated with termination; b) that it reproduces, albeit in a strongly modified form, central themes from the initial stages; c) that initial symptomatologies recur; and d) that the analyst appears in a close and overt relation to this modified symptomatology. With reference to three cases from her own practice the author contends that a typology of "concluding" dreams does not reflect the reality of treatment and its success or failure and that there is little justification for generalizing about such dreams. The analysis of dreams, she insists, will always differ in accordance with the individual case.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Dream sequences. On the psychodynamic aspects of the dramaturgy of dreams].

Unlike Freud with his emphasis on the defensive function of dreams, the author concentrates on the creative aspect and compares the sequencing of dreams with a quasi-dramaturgical "scenic" organization of experience displaying notable analogies to a theatrical "production". Mentzos proceeds from two working hypotheses: dream sequences are not random but organized, in the sense that they reflect the succession of different life-stages or the presence of conflicting tendencies within the dreamer's mind; hence the order of the various sequence mirrors the "staging" of the various conflicts and the various attempts made to resolve them. The author attempts to substantiate this hypothesis with reference to a number of dreams and dream sequences.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dream recall frequency in epilepsy patients with partial and generalized seizures: a dream diary study.

PURPOSE: The frequency of dream recall (DR) in patients with brain diseases has proved to be indicative of the relation between sleep disturbances and the functioning of cognitive processes during sleep. In this study we attempted to ascertain whether DR frequency in patients with complex partial seizures (CPSs) is higher than that in those with generalized seizures. METHODS: DR frequency was assessed by means of a 60-day dream diary in patients with CPSs, whose epileptic focus was in the right (n = 12) or left temporal lobe (n = 28), and with idiopathic generalized seizures (n = 21). The patients enrolled in the study were not impaired in global cognitive and memory functioning. RESULTS: The ability to recall dreams was established in nearly all patients with either CPSs or generalized seizures. DR frequency resulted significantly higher (about twice) in patients with CPSs, regardless of (a) the side of the epileptic focus, (b) the presence of a cerebral lesion detectable on a computed tomography (CT) scan, or (c) the occurrence of seizures in the previous day. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that overall, DR occurs in medicated epilepsy patients with CPSs more frequently than reported in previous studies. The high DR frequency observed in these patients, regardless of the side of the epileptic focus, is in agreement with the assumption that tempoparietal areas of both hemispheres are involved in the production and recall of the dream experience.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Big dreams, little sleep: dreams during pregnancy after prior pregnancy loss.

Sleep patterns and dream content may be affected by stressful life events such as pregnancy loss. Women who are pregnant subsequent to a prior pregnancy loss tend to have anxious and emotionally charged experiences during their pregnancies. Dreams can affect pregnancy outcomes, specifically premature birth. This qualitative study is the first investigation to explore sleep disturbances caused by dreams as experienced by a diverse group of women pregnant subsequent to a pregnancy loss. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 4 categories of dreams. We offer clinical assessment and intervention strategies to support these women prenatally and present suggestions for research to facilitate our understanding of their experiences.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗