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PubMed2004

Effect of point-of-use disinfection, flocculation and combined flocculation-disinfection on drinking water quality in western Kenya.

AIMS: Point-of-use drinking water disinfection with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to improve water quality and reduce diarrhoeal disease. However, the chlorine demand of highly turbid water may render sodium hypochlorite less effective. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated a novel combined flocculant-disinfectant point-of-use water treatment product and compared its effect on drinking water quality with existing technologies in western Kenya. In water from 30 sources, combined flocculant-disinfectant reduced Escherichia coli concentrations to <1 CFU100 ml(-1) for 29 (97%) and reduced turbidity to <5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for 26 (87%). By contrast, water from 30 sources treated with sodium hypochlorite reduced E. coli concentrations to <1 CFU 100 ml(-1) for 25 (83%) and turbidity to <5 NTU for 5 (17%). CONCLUSIONS: For source waters over a range of turbidities in western Kenya, combined flocculant-disinfectant product effectively reduces turbidity to <5 NTU and reduces E. coli concentrations to <1 CFU 100 ml(-1). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The novel flocculant-disinfectant product may be acceptable to consumers and may be effective in reducing diarrhoeal disease in settings where source water is highly turbid.

Alum Compounds↗

PubMed1981

[Identification of bacteria from use-surface disinfectant solutions and their sensibility against disinfectants (author's transl)].

The investigations are concerned with bacteria which had been isolated from use-surface disinfectant solutions originated from 19 disinfection dosage apparatus of different hospitals and from 8 taps of a centralised disinfection dosage apparatus in an other hospital. The greatest part of the isolated bacteria belonged to the genus Pseudomonas. Beyond it there were yellow-pigmented bacteria like Xanthomonas, Flavobacterium and Micrococcus. After subculture on solid peptone-containing media most of the isolated bacteria turned out to be sensitive to the disinfection solutions in a concentration range, that had been applied in the dosage apparatus. The examination of 6 disinfectants showed, that there were considerable differences in the efficiency to kill the bacteria. Even one preparation pointed out to be absolutely ineffective at applied concentrations.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1989

A method to evaluate the cleaning and disinfectant action of surface disinfectants.

Surface disinfection tests, used to evaluate new disinfectants, do not take into account the effects of detergents or of the mechanical cleaning process. We describe methods which evaluate both the disinfection and cleaning effect of disinfectants on organic matter. When testing alcohols at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 70%) on blood spots contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, we found that the organisms were trapped and fixed to the test surface, probably due to denaturation of the blood. This gave a low inactivating factor (IF), as well as a poor subjective cleaning effect (SC). If serum was used instead of blood, we observed less pronounced trapping, resulting in a high IF although the SC was still poor. When broth was used, both IF and SC were satisfactory. With alcohols at a concentration of 42%, trapping was markedly reduced which improved the SC in blood contamination, with serum or broth contamination trapping did not occur. However, 42% ethanol lost its killing effect (i.e. low IF), whereas 42% isopropanol still demonstrated a high IF.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1991

Disinfection of alginate impression material using disinfectants as mixing and soak solutions.

Disinfectant solutions were used as water substitutes in the preparation of specimens of alginate impression material. Chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium peroxysulphate solutions were tested. The alginate specimens were infected by sucking, subsequently disinfected in the solution used in the alginate preparation, and then tested for infectivity by 24-h incubation in thioglycollate broth. Bacterial growth was measured by changes in turbidity using a turbidimeter. The results indicate that chlorhexidine gluconate is an effective alginate disinfectant, when it is used as the liquid for alginate preparation and post-setting disinfection solution.

Alginates↗

PubMed2006

Risk assessment on disinfection by-products of drinking water of different water sources and disinfection processes.

The occurrences of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetics (HAAs) in the water supply in Beijing and Canada were investigated. The concentrations of THMs and HAAs in Beijing and Canada were below the maximum contaminant levels specified by the USEPA and WHO standards. The multi-pathway risk assessment (assessed through oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation exposure to drinking water) was used to assess the cancer risk and the hazard index of THMs and HAAs from fifteen waterworks in Beijing, China and three treatment plants using different disinfection processes in Canada. Residents in Beijing and residents who were served by three treatment plants using different disinfection processes in Canada had a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The cancer risk resulted from disinfection by-products (DBPs) was 8.50E-05(for males), 9.25E-05(for females) in Beijing, China, while it was 1.18E-04, 1.44E-04 in Canada. The risk was higher when water treatment plants used surface water source than when they used ground water source and mixture water source in Beijing. The risk showed different changes in three treatment plants using different disinfection processes in Canada. The lifetime cancer risk for THMs followed the order: Plant 2>Plant 1>Plant 3. And, the lifetime cancer risk for HAAs was: Plant 1>Plant 2>Plant 3.

Canada↗

PubMed2002

The higher disinfectant resistance of nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca: how reliable are indicator organisms in disinfectant testing?

The Children's Clinic in Giessen, Germany recently reported several severe infections with Klebsiella oxytoca resulting in deaths of two neonates. The putative source of the infections was a contaminated infusion solution. The resistance to disinfectant of the K. oxytoca isolates was investigated in three independent laboratories and was indeed found to be significantly increased. Comparative tests with standard strains of K. oxytoca and other recommended bacterial surrogates showed the disinfection procedures used were fully effective. The higher resistance of the nosocomial isolates may have developed due to improper handling and storage of the cleaning utensils. This report describes the events and draws conclusions concerning the use of disinfectants, the treatment of cleaning utensils, the reliability of procedures for testing disinfectants, and suggests additional measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Bacterial contamination of heat-sterilized, heat-disinfected and chemically-disinfected haemodialysis monitors.

The bacterial contamination of one heat-sterilized, three heat-disinfected and four chemically-disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis. All monitor types were contaminated. In the heat-treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design. They were less contaminated than the chemically-disinfected recirculating single-pass monitors. The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply. Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus. Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate. The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses, and the flora of the dialysate.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

[Virucidal activity of disinfectants. Influence of the serum protein upon the virucidal activity of disinfectants].

Five disinfectants were tested for virucidal activity on three DNA viruses and three RNA viruses in the presence or absence of serum protein. Disinfectants of the aldehyde and halogen groups had a virucidal activity on human herpes virus, bovine rhabdo virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human adeno virus, porcine parvo virus, and polio virus. Disinfectants of the invert and amphoteric soap groups, and biganide group had a destructive effect on RNA and DNA viruses possessing an envelope. The presence of serum protein exerted great influence upon the virucidal activity of disinfectants of the invert and amphoteric soap groups.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1981

[Studies on the corrosive action of some disinfectants suitable for aerosol-disinfection (author's transl)].

Under defined conditions the corrosive effect of several disinfectants (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone, Wofasteril, Lysoformin and Tegodor 73) was investigated with different metals and synthetic products after repeated aerosolation. At 6 plastics no alterations of their surface quality, their tensile strength and their compression resistance were observed. The strongest corrosive effect was produced by hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid resp. the commercial preparation Wofasteril. Two aldehyde-containing disinfectants caused little changes of the colour coat of silver, brass, titanium and zinc, steel showed strong alterations; the effect of formaldehyde was very similar. The repeated disinfection with beta-propiolactone produced little colour changes on the surface of brass, titanium and zinc, on steel a strong corrosion was observed. In a control test without disinfectants colour changes of metal surfaces and strong damage of steel was produced by a high humidity. These results and the practical applicability are discussed.

Corrosion↗

PubMed1993

Review of disinfectant susceptibility of bacteria isolated in hospital to commonly used disinfectants.

The susceptibility of clinical isolates and indigenous bacteria to commonly used disinfectants was investigated during different time periods. Among the clinical isolates tested during Period I (August 1985-July 1986, 6 genera, 9 species, 353 strains) there were many resistant strains not killed within a short period of time by the recommended concentration of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) or benzalkonium chloride (BAC). During Period II (October 1987-May 1988, 6 genera, 9 species, 152 strains), however, a reduction in the number of strains resistant to these disinfectants was observed. The use of the broad spectrum disinfectant povidone-iodine (PVP-I) increased between those two time periods. With regard to the susceptibility of indigenous bacteria, tests were carried out on bacteria isolated from sinks and physicians' hands in the gastroenterology division of the Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery at the hospital. During Phase I (April-June 1987), strains of Pseudomonas and Serratia resistant to CHG and BAC were isolated from sinks, while the same strains of Serratia were also isolated from physicians' hands. During Phase II (March-May 1988), however, no resistant strains were isolated. A comparison of the consumption of disinfectants during the two phases revealed that a greater amount of CHG was consumed during Phase I, while a greater amount of PVP-I was consumed during Phase II. There was a strong indication, therefore, that bacteria resistant to CHG and BAC decrease with the increased use of PVP-I.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2004

Disinfectant decay and disinfection by-products formation model development: chlorination and ozonation by-products.

Comprehensive disinfectant decay and disinfection by-product formation (D/DBP) models in chlorination and ozonation were developed to apply to various types of raw and treated waters. Comparison of several types of models, such as empirical power function models and empirical kinetic models, was provided in order to choose more robust and accurate models for the D/DBP simulations. An empirical power function model based on dissolved organic carbon and other parameters (Empirically based models for predicting chlorination and ozonation by-products: haloacetic acids, chloral hydrate, and bromate, EPA Report CX 819579, 1998) showed a strong correlation between measured and predicted trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation for raw waters. Internal evaluation of kinetic-based models showed good predictions for chlorine decay and THM/HAA formation, but no significant improvements were observed compared to the empirical power function model simulations. In addition, several empirical models for predicting ozone decay and bromate (ozonation disinfection by-product) formation were also evaluated and/or developed. Several attempts to develop kinetic-based and alternative models were made: (i) a two-stage model (two separate decay models) was adapted to ozone decay and (ii) an ozone demand model was developed for bromate formation. Generally, internal evaluation of kinetic-based models for ozone decay showed significant improvements, but no significant improvements for the simulation of bromate formation were observed compared to the empirical power function model simulations. Additional efforts were performed to reduce the gaps between specific models and their actual application. For instance, temperature effects and configuration of ozone contactors were considered in actual application.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed1981

[Studies on the usefulness of different disinfectants for the aerosol disinfection of surfaces (author's transl)].

In a glove-box made of stainless steel germ-carriers of lime-wood and aluminium were layed out after having been contaminated with different vegetative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis). Disinfectant aerosols of several germicidal substances belonging to different chemical groups were brought into the glove-box. The aerosol was produced by a commercial generator. The following substances proved to have a good disinfectant effect under the conditions used: hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde, beta-propiolacton, Lysoformin resp. Lysoformin 2000 and Tegodor 73, whereas triethylenglycol, phenol-derivatives (Gevisol, Environ), Chloramine 80 and detergents were not able to kill all the bacteria on the germ-carriers within 2 h. Determination of the natural mortality rate showed, that at relative humidities of over 58% the test bacteria die within 72 h on the germ-carriers without presence of disinfectants. At a relative humidity of 77%, Staphylococcus aureus on wooden germ-carriers died within 24 h.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1994

[Microbiological contamination of disinfectants used in the hospitals for the disinfection of medical instruments. Part I].

Among the 10 bactericidal agents which were used in the hospitals to disinfection of medical instruments, Aldesan was the preparation exerting the strongest bactericidal effect. The highest bacterial counts were observed in the used solutions of Sterinol and preparations containing chlorhexidinum gluconicum. The bacterial contamination of ethyl alcohol 70% v/v shows that this solution should not be used to disinfection of "clean" medical instruments. The considerable proportion of samples contained Gram-positive cocci. It is reasonable, therefore, to compare the sensitivity of bacteria strains isolated from hospitals to disinfectants with that of the laboratory test strains.

Disinfectants↗

PubMed1977

[Study of the feasibility and conditions for disinfecting materials made of chemical fibers by immersion in solutions of several disinfectants].

The authors studied the disinfection regimens of materials made of lavsan, capron, acetate, triacetate, viscose by the method of immersion into the disinfecting solutions of dichlor-I, chloramine calcium hypochlorite salt, potassium and sodium salt of dichlorisocianuric acid, sulfochloranthin, dichlordimethylhydantoin, catapin, amphocept, sodium metasilicate, hydrogen, peroxide, formalin, phenol, benzylphenol. As revealed, solutions of the following preparations could be recommended for the disinfection of linen made of chemical fibers at the foci of intestinal and droplet infection, except tuberculosis: sulfochloranthin (0.2%), amphocept and chloramine B (1%), sodium metasilicate, formalin, catapin, hydrogen peroxide with a 0.5% of washing solution (2%); these solutions gave a reliable effect in 60 minutes at room temperature, and in 20 to 30 minutes at a temperature of 40--45 degrees C.

Disinfectants↗

PubMed1998

[The disinfection of impressions to prevent hospital infections. Sodium hypochlorite as a disinfecting agent].

Effect of sodium hypochlorite disinfection of impressions on the size and quality of plaster models is studied. Twenty-minute submerging of silicone impressions in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution did not change their size and did not deteriorate the quality of surface and hardness of plaster models. Stomalgin impressions cannot be disinfected by sodium hypochlorite solution because of expressed destructive effect of this disinfectant on the impressions.

Alginates↗

PubMed1989

A comparison of hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants for disinfection of clean and soiled surfaces and blood spillages.

Suspension test methods were used to compare phenolic and hypochlorite disinfectants under conditions as recommended for use in hospitals. Using plasma to simulate soiled conditions, Clearsol (1% v/v) and Stericol (2% v/v) produced satisfactory disinfection, (i.e. 5 log reduction in 5 mins against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of up to 50% v/v plasma (25 mg ml-1 plasma protein). Although sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) at 2500 ppm AvCl2 was effective in the presence of up to 20% plasma, compared to 10% plasma for sodium hypochlorite 2500 ppm, sensitivity of NaDCC to inactivation was greater than for phenolics. In the presence of blood, both hypochlorites and phenolics were substantially inactivated, although here the effectiveness of NaDCC at 10,000 ppm was equivalent to the phenolics. Our results indicate that hypochlorites at 10,000 ppm, Clearsol 1% and Stericol 2% may be ineffective for treatment of blood spills unless applied at v:v ratios of 9 parts disinfectant to 1 part blood. In this situation, chlorine-releasing powder formulations, which produce higher AvCl2 concentrations and contain spilled material, offer an effective alternative.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1999

Disinfection of endoscopes: review of new chemical sterilants used for high-level disinfection.

Chemical sterilants are used to high-level disinfect heat-sensitive semicritical items such as endoscopes. Most endoscopes have been reprocessed between each patient use with glutaraldehyde (>2%) or the Steris System 1. Several new chemical sterilants have been developed recently, including 7.5% hydrogen peroxide, 0.08% peracetic acid plus 1.0% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.55% orthophthalaldehyde. In order to aid the infection control professional in choosing the appropriate disinfection methodology, this article reviews the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of high-level disinfectants intended for reprocessing endoscopes.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1985

Skin disinfection before intravenous cannulation. Intraluminal contamination after disinfection with 70% isopropyl alcohol.

A prospective randomized study evaluating the effects of skin disinfectants before intravenous cannulation was undertaken. 187 intravenous cannulae were examined. Patients were divided into two groups: in one, 70% isopropyl alcohol was used as a skin disinfectant while in the other, no skin disinfectant was used. Intraluminal contamination rates, colony counts and organisms isolated were analysed. No significant differences were found between the two groups. There was no correlation between the use of the sideport and contamination. It appears, therefore, that 70% isopropyl alcohol cannot prevent or even reduce the intraluminal contamination.

1-Propanol↗