Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “DIETS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

A diet containing rapeseed oil-based fats does not increase lipid peroxidation in humans when compared to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a rapeseed oil-based diet containing an increased proportion of easily oxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid with a diet rich in saturated fatty acids on the degree of lipid peroxidation in the human body. DESIGN: A randomised cross-over study. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Nineteen healthy moderately hyperlipidemic subjects (six women and 13 men, age 50+/-8 y and body mass index (BMI) 24.5+/-2.6 kg/m(2)) were given a rapeseed oil-based diet (RO) and a control diet (SAT) rich in saturated fatty acids during two consecutive 4 week periods separated by a 4 week wash-out period. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were analysed in plasma and urine. RESULTS: No significant differences in plasma or urinary levels of free 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), plasma total 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) plasma hydroperoxides or plasma malondialdehyde were observed between the RO and SAT diets (P=0.14-0.95). A higher concentration of serum gamma-tocopherol was detected after the RO diet compared to the SAT diet (P<0.001), whereas the serum alpha-tocopherol concentration and plasma antioxidative capacity did not differ between the two test diets. The total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio were lower after the RO diet compared to the SAT diet (P<0.001), while HDL cholesterol and total triglyceride levels were similar after the two diets. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a rapeseed oil-based diet rich in alpha-linolenic acid does not seem to increase the degree of lipid peroxidation in plasma and urine compared to a diet rich in saturated fats. This is possibly due to a sufficient content of antioxidants in the rapeseed oil diet to increase circulating concentrations of antioxidants that may protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. SPONSORSHIP: Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research and Foundation for Geriatric Research.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1996

Effects of inherent responsiveness to diet and day-to-day diet variation on plasma lipoprotein concentrations.

We studied the biological variability and responsiveness to dietary fat of plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Ten normal persons were studied on 3 consecutive days while they were eating their unrestricted usual diets and after 8, 9, and 10 d of eating a constant high-fat and low-fat diet administered in a crossover design. The changes in plasma low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations from baseline with the high-fat diet were inversely correlated with the changes from baseline with the low-fat diet (r = -0.74, P = 0.01), as well as with the changes from the low-fat to high-fat diet (r = -0.93, P < 0.001). The extent of increases in plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations from the baseline to the high-fat diet were positively correlated with the increases from the low-fat to the high-fat diet (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). The responses of high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were not consistently correlated. The within-person between-day CV of LDL decreased from 10% with the unrestricted diet to 6% (P < 0.05) with the high-fat diet and to 7% with the low-fat diet (NS). The CV of total triacylglycerol (22%) and very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol (48%) on the unrestricted diet significantly decreased by 51-59% during both controlled diets (P = 0.03-0.06). The CV of HDL cholesterol was 5.3% during baseline, 4.2% during the high-fat diet, and 3.2% during the low-fat diet (P = 0.4, 0.19, respectively). In summary, individuals have a reproducible plasma LDL-cholesterol response when changing their dietary fat intake. The day-to-day variation in total triacylglycerol, VLDL triacylglycerol, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreases when day-to-day dietary variation is eliminated.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Breath hydrogen concentrations of cats given commercial canned and extruded diets indicate gastrointestinal microbial activity vary with diet type.

Breath hydrogen (H(2)) concentration, an indicator of intestinal microbial abundance, was determined in cats given purified and commercial canned and dry-type diets. Before measurements, the cats were fed diets for more than 2 wk and habituated to a daily feeding interval of 4 hr. Breath H(2) concentrations were determined before a meal (approximately 25% daily MER) and then every 20 min for 8 hr or hourly for 10 hr. A clear rise above baseline breath H(2) concentrations, 1-2 ppm, was not observed in 6 males given a casein-based purified diet. A mean (+/- SEM) peak breath H(2) concentration of 22 +/- 4 ppm was observed in 6 other males, 6.3 hr after ingestion of a canned diet with protein, fat, and carbohydrate proportions similar to those of the purified diet. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) breath H(2) responses to the canned diet were substantially greater (p < 0.05) than responses observed in 5 males given a dry-type diet, but similar to responses observed in 12 males given an uncooked form of the canned diet. Gamma irradiation to inactivate microbes in the uncooked diet did not affect the breath H(2) response. Breath H(2) responses to 2 other canned and 2 other dry-type diets were evaluated in 8 adult females using a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. Peak and AUC responses to the canned diets were similar but approximately 2 times greater (p < 0.05) than responses to the dry diets. Relative to dry-type diets, canned diets induce a substantially greater breath H(2) production, and therefore appear to support a greater intestinal microbial population.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Use of a raw meat-based diet or a dry kibble diet for sand cats (Felis margarita).

Limited information is available on the utilization of different types of diets by captive exotic felid species. Utilization of diets by small exotic felids may differ depending on the diet fed. Eight sand cats (Felis margarita), which are small, 2- to 4-kg cats, were used to examine the digestibility of two types of diets: a raw meat-based diet and a dry kibble diet. Dry matter, crude protein and energy intakes and digestibilities were evaluated. Digestibilities for dry matter, energy, and crude protein were 83.5 +/- 4.8, 89.6 +/- 5.2, 92.4 +/- 5.3% for the raw meat-based diet and 72.7 +/- 12.3, 76.8 +/- 14.5, and 77.9 +/- 13.5% for the kibble diet. Physiological variables also were examined and included plasma taurine, vitamin A, retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, calcium, and phosphorus. Plasma taurine means were 91.4 +/- 8.4 mumol/L in cats consuming the raw meat-based diet and 248.0 +/- 23.2 mumol/L in cats consuming the kibble diet. Plasma phosphorus was 5.2 +/- .1 and 4.5 +/- .1 mg/dL, respectively, in cats consuming raw meat-based and kibble diets. beta-Carotene was 25.2 +/- 2.9 and 2.9 +/- .3 micrograms/dL, respectively, for cats consuming the raw meat-based and kibble diets. These results indicate that diets formulated for small captive exotic felid species should be evaluated with respect to diet type and nutrient utilization.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Protection against methotrexate toxicity by a soybean protein- and omega-3 fatty acid-containing diet: comparative study with a casein-containing diet.

Effects of two clinically used liquid diets on toxicity and antitumor activity of methotrexate (MTX) were investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and tumor-bearing mice, respectively. Diets tested were commercially available formulas enriched either with soybean and omega-3 fatty acids or with casein. The soybean-containing diet offered significant protection against MTX toxicity in rats compared with the casein-containing diet, completely alleviating MTX-induced anorexia, diarrhea, and weight loss, when ingested as the sole diet and fed 7 days prior to and 7 days following intraperitoneal MTX injection. As a result, 90% of rats were alive on soybean-containing diet while all rats were dead on casein-containing diet. Histologic examination of the small intestine of MTX-treated rats revealed that the soybean-containing diet significantly prevented loss of mucosal villus tips compared to the casein-containing diet. Pharmocokinetic examination indicated that plasma MTX concentrations were similar for rats in the two diet-defined groups. No significant differences were observed between diets in survival of mice injected with L1210 mouse leukemia cells and subsequently with MTX. Thus the soybean-containing diet appeared to be superior to the casein-containing diet in preventing gastrointestinal toxicity while preserving antitumor activity. A soybean diet enriched in omega-3 fatty acids may be a useful adjunct to MTX treatment of human cancers.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of a low-fat diet compared with those of a high-monounsaturated fat diet on body weight, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: An important therapeutic goal for patients with type 2 diabetes is weight loss, which improves metabolic abnormalities. Ad libitum low-fat diets cause weight loss in nondiabetic populations. Compared with diets higher in monounsaturated fat, however, eucaloric low-fat diets may increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and worsen glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether, in type 2 diabetes patients, an ad libitum low-fat diet would cause greater weight loss than would a high-monounsaturated fat diet and would do this without increasing plasma triacylglycerol concentrations or worsening glycemic control. DESIGN: Eleven patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet or a high-monounsaturated fat diet, each for 6 wk. The diets offered contained 125% of the estimated energy requirement to allow self-selection of food quantity. The response variables were body weight; fasting plasma lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, glycated hemoglobin A(1c), and fructosamine concentrations; insulin sensitivity; and glucose disposal. RESULTS: Body weight decreased significantly (1.53 kg; P < 0.001) only with the low-fat diet. Plasma total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations tended to decrease during both diets. There were no interaction effects between diet and the lipid profile response over time. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity did not differ significantly between the 2 diets. CONCLUSION: Contrary to expectations, the ad libitum, low-fat, high-fiber diet promoted weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes without causing unfavorable alterations in plasma lipids or glycemic control.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acceptability of a low-fat vegan diet compares favorably to a step II diet in a randomized, controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the acceptability of a low-fat vegan diet, as compared with a more typical fat-modified diet, among overweight and obese adults. METHODS: Through newspaper advertisements, 64 overweight, postmenopausal women were recruited, 59 of whom completed the study. The participants were assigned randomly to a low-fat vegan diet or, for comparison, to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step II (NCEP) diet. At baseline and 14 weeks later, dietary intake, dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger, as well as the acceptability and perceived benefits and adverse effects of each diet were assessed. RESULTS: Dietary restraint increased in the NCEP group (P <.001), indicating a greater subjective sense of constraint with regard to diet requirements, but was unchanged in the vegan group. Disinhibition and hunger scores fell in each group (P <.001 and P <.01, respectively). The acceptability of both diets was high, although the vegan group participants rated their diet as less easy to prepare than their usual diets (P <.05) and the NCEP participants foresaw continuation of their assigned diet to be more difficult than continuation of their baseline diets (P <.05). There were no between-group differences on any acceptability measures. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptability of a low-fat vegan diet is high and not demonstrably different from that of a more moderate low-fat diet among well-educated, postmenopausal women in a research environment.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The effects of continuous naltrexone infusions on diet preferences are modulated by adaptation to the diets.

Two groups of male rats were placed on a feeding regimen in which a fat/protein diet and a carbohydrate/protein diet were available ad lib. Naltrexone was infused via osmotic minipumps either at the time the diets were introduced or after one week of adaptation to the diets. In rats adapted to the diets, naltrexone caused a decrease in the intakes of fat/protein and carbohydrate/protein diets. Relative preferences for the two diets were generally unchanged. In contrast, when naltrexone was infused at the time of introduction of the diets, a polarization phenomenon was observed: rats tended to consume nearly all of their daily calories from either one diet or the other. Six rats (out of 10) showed a stronger preference for the carbohydrate/protein diet than did any of the saline-treated rats, while 3 showed a stronger preference for the fat/protein diet than did any of the saline-treated rats. Thus, the effect was not diet- or macronutrient-specific. These preferences became significantly less extreme after termination of naltrexone infusions. Conditioned aversions and naltrexone-induced reductions in exploratory behavior are discussed as potential explanations for this polarization effect. These results indicate that naltrexone has differential effects on the development versus the maintenance of diet preferences. Further, they emphasize the importance of examining individual differences as well as baseline preferences in studies on the control of intake and diet selection.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in normal men on an American Heart Association Step 1 diet or a Step 1 diet with added monounsaturated fat.

The design of diets to achieve optimal changes in plasma lipid levels is controversial. In a randomized, double-blind trial involving 36 healthy young men, we evaluated the effects on plasma lipid levels of both an American Heart Association Step 1 diet (in which 30 percent of the total calories were consumed as fat: 10 percent saturated, 10 percent monounsaturated, and 10 percent polyunsaturated fats, with 250 mg of cholesterol per day) and a monounsaturated fat-enriched Step 1 diet (with 38 percent of the calories consumed as fat: 10 percent saturated, 18 percent monounsaturated, and 10 percent polyunsaturated fats, with 250 mg of cholesterol per day). The effects of these diets were then compared with those of an average American diet, in which 38 percent of the total calories were consumed as fat: 18 percent saturated, 10 percent monounsaturated, and 10 percent polyunsaturated fats, with 500 mg of cholesterol per day. The men consumed the average American diet for 10 weeks before random assignment to one of the two Step 1 diets or to continuation of the average diet for an additional 10 weeks. Caloric intake was adjusted to maintain a constant body weight. As compared with the mean (+/- SD) change in the plasma total cholesterol level in the group that followed the average American diet throughout the study (-0.05 +/- 0.36 mmol per liter), there were statistically significant reductions (P less than 0.025) in the plasma total cholesterol level in the group on the Step 1 diet (-0.37 +/- 0.27 mmol per liter) and in the group on the monounsaturated fat-enriched Step 1 diet (-0.46 +/- 0.36 mmol per liter). There were parallel reductions in the plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in these two groups. Neither the plasma triglyceride levels nor the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations changed significantly with any diet. We conclude that enrichment of the Step 1 diet with monounsaturated fat does not alter the beneficial effects of the Step 1 diet on plasma lipid concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Growth and food intake responses to diets of different protein contents and a choice between diets containing two concentrations of protein in broiler and layer strains of chicken.

1. Food intake, protein intake and body weight gain were measured in male broiler and layer strains of chickens offered approximately isocaloric diets containing various concentrations of protein from 4 to 9 weeks of age. The carcases were analysed for protein, fat and ash. 2. In the first experiment 5 birds of each strain were given diets containing either 65, 115, 172, 225 or 280 g protein/kg fresh matter. The sixth group was given a choice between 65 and 280 g/kg. There was an approximately linear increase in protein deposition with dietary protein content up to 280 g/kg with broilers and 225 g/kg with layers. When a choice of diets was offered, birds of both strains grew at a rate not significantly different from that of birds on the diets with the lowest protein content which gave maximal growth given singly, by making an apparently appropriate choice from the two diets. 3. In the second experiment broilers were offered a choice of two diets in the following combinations: 65 and 115, 65 and 225, 115 and 225, 225 and 280 and 280, and 320 g/kg protein. They were able to differentiate successfully between two diets on the basis of their protein content and, where the two diets were on either side of the optimum, to change the proportions selected as they grew to match their changing requirement for dietary protein. When given two diets, both of which had protein contents lower than the single diets which gave maximal growth, birds ate predominantly from that closer to that optimal diet. When both diets had a higher protein content than the optimum birds ate mostly from that closer to optimum. 4. The results show that growing chickens can match their protein intake closely to their requirements when given a pair of diets that allows this; if both diets are on the same side of the optimum then the one closest to that required is predominantly chosen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Mineral balances of human subjects consuming spinach in a low-fiber diet and in a diet containing fruits and vegetables.

The effects of spinach in the diet on mineral balances were examined in 12 men who consumed three controlled diets for 4 wk each. Diet 1, a low-fiber diet, contained spinach, which is high in oxalic acid, every other day. Diet 2 contained fiber in fruits and vegetables, including spinach every other day. Diet 3 was the same as diet 2 except that cauliflower, which is low in oxalic acid, replaced the spinach. During wk 4, mean balances of calcium, magnesium, and zinc on diet 2 were negative and significantly lower than those on diet 1. Magnesium and zinc balances during wk 4 were also significantly lower on diet 2 than on diet 3. Mean balances of these minerals were not significantly lower on diet 2 during wk 3, nor were there any significant differences among mineral balances when wk 3 and 4 were considered together. Fecal oxalic acid was significantly greater on diet 2 than on diet 1 during both wk 3 and 4.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Energy balance and facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in mice fed a high-fat diet.

The present study was aimed at studying energy balance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Albino mice were divided into three groups. One group had free access to the stock diet, whereas the two other groups consumed a high-fat diet. One of the high-fat fed groups was fed ad libitum, whereas the other was offered a restricted amount of the same diet so that its energy intake was comparable to the group of mice given the stock diet. Energy balance measurements, which included indirect calorimetry and carcass analysis, were performed. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) properties were also investigated. The results show that gains in both body weight and fat were higher in mice that had free access to high-fat diet than in mice fed the stock diet. In animals given a restricted amount of the high-fat diet, fat gain increased, whereas protein gain was reduced in comparison with animals fed the stock diet. Unrestricted access to the high-fat diet led to an increase in both energy intake and energy gain. As revealed by both slaughter and indirect calorimetry techniques energy expenditure was, in high-fat fed mice, 40% higher than in animals fed either stock or a restricted amount of high-fat diet. Nadolol was shown to suppress a large part of the elevated metabolic rate seen in mice fed an unrestricted high-fat diet. In those mice, BAT mitochondrial GDP binding was also increased. In summary, the present results confirm that adaptive diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) develops in mice made hyperphagic by an energy-dense palatable diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1991

Effect of diet composition and feed intake level on diet digestibility and ruminal metabolism in growing lambs.

Lambs (29 +/- 2.5 kg) were fed three diets at various intakes to determine whether diet composition or level of intake was reflected in changes in diet digestibility or ruminal fluid characteristics. In Exp. 1, a 90% concentrated, pelleted diet or a whole shelled corn diet with a pelleted protein supplement was fed at three levels of intake: ad libitum and 92.5 and 85% of ad libitum (n = 15). Exp. 2 compared the 90% concentrate diet with diets in which the energy density was diluted to 55 or 72.5% concentrate by including alfalfa hay as a possible method of restricting energy intake (n = 6). Lambs were adapted to diets for 13 d; feces were collected for 6 d and ruminal fluid was collected 0, 3, and 6 h after feeding on the day following fecal collection. Restricting intake in Exp. 1 did not affect DM digestibility or digestibility of CP or starch. Digestibility of ADF was increased (P less than .10) by restricting intake. Ruminal fluid pH, ammonia concentration and VFA concentrations were affected little by either restricted intake level. Digestibility of DM was 4% higher (P less than .001) and starch 5% higher (P less than .001) for the whole shelled corn diet than for the pelleted, high-concentrate diet. Ruminal pH of lambs fed the whole shelled corn diet was higher and fluctuated less than the ruminal pH of lambs fed the high-concentrate, pelleted diet. In Exp. 2, diet digestibility was reduced (P less than .01) and ruminal pH was increased (P less than .002) by addition of hay. Restricted feeding of lambs did not seem to increase diet digestibility or alter ruminal conditions.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1992

Rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets enhance platelet in vitro aggregation and thromboxane production in healthy men when compared with milk fat or habitual diets.

In this highly controlled trial, 26 normolipidemic men (average age 28 years, range 18 to 60) were fed a baseline diet high in milk fat (MF) (fat 36% of energy, saturates 19%, monounsaturates 11%, polyunsaturates 4%), followed by a diet high in sunflower oil (SO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 13%, monounsaturates 10%, polyunsaturates 13%) and another diet high in low erucic-acid rapeseed oil (RO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 12%, monounsaturates 16%, polyunsaturates 8%). All diets were mixed natural diets with the same cholesterol contents. The baseline milk fat diet was given for 14 days and the oil diets for 24 days in a blind cross-over design. The platelet in vitro aggregation (slope %/min) induced by 1, 2 and 3 microM ADP and collagen (25 micrograms/ml PRP) was highly significantly (p less than 0.001) increased after both oil diets when compared with the results from the milk fat diet. The aggregation pattern determined by threshold collagen concentration confirmed increased collagen sensitivity of the platelets after the rapeseed oil diet (p less than 0.001). The enhancement of platelet aggregation was associated with increased in vitro platelet thromboxane production after the oil diets vs. the milk fat diet (p less than 0.05 after the sunflower oil diet and p less than 0.001 after the rapeseed oil diet).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Low-energy-density diets are associated with high diet quality in adults in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated food choices made by individuals consuming diets differing in energy density and explores relationships between energy density and diet quality. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, nationally representative survey. SUBJECTS: 7,500 adults (older than 19 years) in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Energy density values were calculated from reported food intake. Subjects were classified as consuming a low-energy-density diet, medium-energy-density diet, or high-energy-density diet using tertile cutoffs. For each group, the percentage consuming various foods/beverages and the mean amount of foods/beverages they consumed was determined along with mean nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Compared with participants consuming a high-energy-density diet, those with a low-energy-density diet had a lower energy intake but consumed more food, by weight, from most food groups. A low-energy-density diet included a relatively high proportion of foods high in micronutrients and water and low in fat, such as fruits and vegetables. Subjects with a low-energy-density diet consumed fewer (nonwater) beverages such as caloric carbonated beverages. They also consumed less fat and had higher intakes of several important micronutrients, including vitamins A, C, and B-6, folate, iron, calcium, and potassium. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses further demonstrate the beneficial effects of a low-energy-density diet, which was associated with lower energy intakes, higher food intakes, and higher diet quality than a high-energy-density diet. To achieve a low-energy-density diet, individuals should be encouraged to eat a variety of fruits and vegetables as well as low-fat/reduced-fat, nutrient-dense, and/or water-rich grains, dairy products, and meats/meat alternatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Self-reported dieting: how should we ask? What does it mean? Associations between dieting and reported energy intake.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether self-reports of dieting to control weight are associated with reported energy intake, how this association varies with the phrasing of questions on dieting behaviors, and whether this association differs by educational level and weight status among adult male and female respondents. METHODS: The study population included 996 women and 227 men, aged 20-45, who volunteered to participate in a weight gain prevention trial. Participants completed surveys at baseline regarding their dieting behaviors and nutritional intake. RESULTS: The association between self-reported dieting and energy intake varied according to the phrasing of the questions assessing dieting behaviors. Multi-item scales and nonambiguous single-item questions (e.g., "current dieting") were more strongly associated with reported energy intake than more general single-item questions (e.g., "doing anything to lose weight"). Overweight dieters reported lower energy intake than overweight nondieters. Among nonoverweight persons, associations between dieting and energy intake were not significant. The association between dieting and energy intake did not differ by educational level among women. Among men, dieting predicted lower energy intake in those with low educational levels, although the number of men with low educational levels who were dieting was small. Reported dieting was not associated with energy intake among men with higher educational levels. DISCUSSION: Associations between self-reports of dieting and reported energy intake vary according to the phrasing of specific questions about dieting, gender, education, and weight status. These factors should be taken into account in the design of instruments for measuring these behaviors and in the interpretation of results, especially across studies using different methodologies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

High-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet has effects similar to a high-carbohydrate diet on fasting and postprandial state and metabolic profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Whether metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is best achieved with the traditional high-carbohydrate (CHO), low-fat diet or a low-CHO, high-fat diet is still controversial. In a randomized crossover study, we compared the effects of a low-fat (30% of daily energy) diet and a high-fat (40% of daily energy), high-monounsaturated-fat diet for 6 weeks each on fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein concentrations in 12 patients with well-controlled type 2 DM (fasting blood glucose, 176 +/- 54 mg/dL; hemoglobin A1c, 6.4% +/- 0.7%) and no overt dyslipidemia (serum total cholesterol, 235 +/- 43 mg/dL; triglycerides, 180 +/- 63 mg/dL). Home-prepared foods were used and olive oil was the main edible fat, accounting for 8% and 25% of daily energy requirements in the low-fat and high-fat diets, respectively. For postprandial studies, the same mixed meal containing 36% fat was used in both dietary periods. Body weight and fasting and 6-hour postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein levels were similar after the two diets. The mean incremental area under the curve of serum triglycerides 0 to 6 hours after the challenge meal, adjusted for baseline levels, did not change significantly after the high-fat diet compared with the low-fat diet (1,484 +/- 546 v 1,714 +/- 709 mg x 6 h/dL, respectively, P = .099). Mean postprandial triglyceride levels at 6 hours were increased about 2 times over fasting levels and were still greater than 300 mg/dL after either diet. A diet high in total and monounsaturated fat at the expense of olive oil is a good alternative diet to the traditional low-fat diet for patients with type 2 DM. However, ongoing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia with either diet points to the need for other therapies to decrease triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and the inherent atherogenic risk in type 2 diabetics.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2001

Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat diets, as compared to maize diets with added guar gum.

1. Three maize diets containing 0, 1 or 3 g of guar gum per kg and 2 wheat diets were given to male broiler chickens for measurements of growth performance and nutrient digestibility. 2. The intestinal viscosities found with wheat diets were within the range of those observed with the 3 maize diets. The correlations between in vivo and in vitro viscosities were higher with real than with potential applied viscosity. 3. The gain:food ratio decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of 3 g guar gum/kg. The mean gain:food ratio observed for wheat diets was lower (P = 0.007) than the mean value found for the 3 maize diets. 4. The negative effects of increased intestinal viscosity due to guar gum addition on nutrient digestibility were highest for lipids and lowest for starch. 5. Wheat diets resulted in much lower (P < 0.001) starch apparent digestibility compared to maize diets with added guar gum despite similar mean intestinal viscosities in the 2 groups of diets. Apparent lipid digestibility with wheat diets was lower (P < 0.01) than the value predicted from intestinal viscosity, the predictive model having been calculated with the guar gum added maize diets. Apparent protein digestibility did not differ between wheat diets and guar gum added maize diets. 6. It was concluded that the low apparent digestibilities of starch and lipid observed with wheats could not be attributed only to intestinal viscosity and that other factors appear to be implicated in the low digestibilities observed with the wheat samples tested in the present experiment.

Animal Feed↗