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PubMed1986

Potential responses to and impacts of epidemiological and experimental data on dietary fat and cancer. Dietary guidelines.

The majority of dietary guidelines discussed above suggest a reduction in the % of dietary calories derived from fat. Currently, approximately 40% of calories in Western countries come from fat. Some of the more recent guidelines call for a reduction in fat intake to 30% of calories. Indeed, the Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer (National Academy of Sciences 1982) and the World Health Organization Report on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (WHO 1982) suggested that the evidence warranted an even lower fat intake, but 30% of calories is a moderate and practical target. Diets containing 30% of calories as fat are undoubtedly safe for the general population. During and immediately after the Second World War in Britain, dietary fat intake was at or about this level and no deleterious effects in the population were noted. (Greaves and Hollingsworth 1966). Indeed, the overall state of health of the population seemed improved. Furthermore, most of the world population exists and has existed on a primarily plant based diet, low in fat content, with no apparent ill effects and lower rates of chronic disease. (Mintz 1985). Most dietary guidelines recommend a reduction in saturated fat intake. The more recent guidelines suggest saturated fat should be restricted to less than 10% of total calories. While some of the earlier guidelines suggested an increase in polyunsaturated fat intake, more recent guidelines stress that polyunsaturated fat intake should not exceed 10% of calories. Thus, the focus of more recent guidelines appears to be to decrease total fat intake. Essentially all guidelines stress avoidance of obesity by avoiding excess caloric intake and increasing caloric expenditure. Diets low in total fat content are beneficial in this regard, a fact acknowledged in the Food and Nutrition Board's report "Towards Healthful Diets." (Food and Nutrition Board 1980 b) Most guidelines advise a decrease in calories derived from processed sugars and a concomitant increase in complex carbohydrate intake. This is best achieved by stressing whole grain cereals, fruits and vegetables in the diet. More recent recommendations advise moderation in the use of alcohol. Moderation in salt use is also a common theme. It is our belief that guidelines should be general in nature and not identify specific nutrients, e.g. vitamin A and C in foods, or specific foods themselves, e.g. cabbage, as conferring special benefits. The available data base does not support such specific claims.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1991

The protective role of glucose on ischemic-reperfused hearts: effect of dietary fats.

The dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids are well known to promote the cardiac output and to protect the myocardium against arrhythmias. The exogenous glucose is generally considered as a protective agent against arrhythmias resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. But the effects of dietary fats, which also influence arrhythmias, on this beneficial effect of glucose has not been yet considered. We have studied the effects of a 7 days diet with or without polyunsaturated fatty acids on the cardiac performance and arrhythmias of isolated rat hearts, perfused with saline containing either glucose 5.5 mM or 11 mM. Acute regional ischemia was produced by ligature of the left main coronary artery with subsequent release to achieve reperfusion for some hearts. Previously, our results showed that the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids led to an enhancement of the cardiac performance and to a decreased susceptibility to arrhythmias. The present data showed that the protective action of the exogenous glucose appeared to be dependent of the dietary lipid profile. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids increase cardiac performance under ischemia and decrease ventricular arrhythmias' occurrence under ischemia and on reperfusion. It might be related to endogenous substrate utilization and exogenous glucose availability which was influenced by the coronary flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of two dietary fat levels and four dietary linoleic acid levels on mammary tumor development in Balb/c-MMTV mice under ad libitum feeding conditions.

The relationship between dietary fat intake (level and type) and the development of breast cancer in humans is a matter of concern in Western society. A high fat intake is associated with a greater mammary cancer risk in humans and in animal models. Higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans shows little or no association with mammary tumor development in epidemiologic surveys. From literature data, it appears that a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) is related to an increase in mammary tumorigenesis in animal studies in which chemical carcinogens like dimethylbenz[a]anthracene are used as tumor initiator. Mostly the latency period of these chemically induced models in rather short. In this study, the Bald/c-MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) mouse strain was chosen as an animal model: MMTV leads to tumor initiation, and dietary factors influence tumor promotion over a relatively long latency period. The mice were fed diets with two fat concentrations: a high [36% of energy (en%)] or low (16 en%) fat level; fat was isocalorically replaced by carbohydrates (cornstarch). At both dietary fat levels, linoleic acid was given at four levels: 2, 3, 6, and 10 en%. Linoleic acid-rich fat was isocalorically replaced by oleic acid-rich fat. The diets were consumed ad libitum over a lifetime. Animals were euthanized as soon as mammary tumor diameter was > or = 1 cm or when the animals were in a poor clinical condition. The incidence of mammary tumors at 18 months was significantly higher in one group only: 36 en% fat and 2 en% linoleic acid. This group also showed the shortest mean latency period for mammary tumor development. Mean mammary tumor incidence was higher and mean onset time shorter in the four high-fat groups than in the low-fat groups. No (linear) dose-response relationship between dietary linoleic acid concentration and mammary tumor incidence and latency period was observed. This indicates that a higher dietary linoleic acid intake does not increase the incidence or shorten the latency period of breast cancer in the Balb/c-MMTV mouse strain at two different dietary fat levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Feasibility of using volunteer research staff to deliver and evaluate a low-fat dietary intervention: the American Cancer Society Breast Cancer Dietary Intervention Project.

This report presents the results of a study to examine the feasibility of using volunteers as research staff for a randomized trial of whether reduction in dietary fat intake could prevent or delay breast cancer recurrence. We examined whether volunteers could be trained to recruit study participants, deliver a complex and intensive dietary intervention, and monitor intervention effectiveness. Volunteers, who were mostly employed nurses and dietitians, screened 521 women, of whom 293 were eligible and 144 were randomized. Participants were postmenopausal women under age 75, who had recently been diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with either mastectomy or lumpectomy. At 1 year postrandomization, 77% of intervention and 75% of control participants remained active in the study. Intervention effects (change in intervention group minus change in control group) at 3, 6, and 12 months postrandomization were 5.9, 8.4, and 7.2% energy from fat and 1.7, 3.0, and 3.5 kg body weight (all P < 0.001). These results were similar to those from other studies that used paid, professional staff to deliver and monitor interventions. Results from this feasibility study suggest that volunteer-based health organizations can provide research opportunities for health practitioners and can conduct high-quality research at lower costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Determination of trace elements in dietary fats and emulsifiers by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium in dietary fats].

The knowledge of the trace metal contents in dietary fats is of considerable interest from the viewpoints of food hygiene and and storage stability. In the framework of the present paper, it is dealt with the determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Problems related to trace analysis in dietary fats are discussed. Problem-oriented surveys in the form of tables inform about:--analytical conditions of the AAS technique,--metal contents as compared to data with the approved standard method,--contents of the ionogenically bound toxic trace elements cadmium, zinc and lead in samples of various dietary fats currently used in the German Democratic Republic.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1999

Dietary fat: a history.

Dietary fat intake and its effect on human health is a hotly debated issue and major point of interest in nutrition research and practice today. This review traces the history of dietary fat intake, the influence of human evolution on dietary fat intake, and the relationship between dietary fat and health.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The role of dietary fats in plant-based diets.

In the United States, the notion that low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets are essential for health has grown into an obsession, driven largely by an effort to reduce heart disease and, more recently, certain types of cancer. We know that saturated fatty acids are more closely associated with risk factors for heart disease than are unsaturated fatty acids. Many people believe that plant-based diets are healthy because they are low in fat. However, plant-based diets are not necessarily low-fat. In true plant-based diets, unsaturated fatty acids predominate, whereas saturated fatty acids come largely from animal sources such as dairy products and eggs. Plant-based diets include foods that contain fats, such as nuts and seeds and oils from grains and seeds. The fats in these foods are not associated with increased risk for heart disease. In addition, for people with insulin resistance, higher-fat diets protect against the heart disease risk factors of low HDL-cholesterol concentration, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Because humans can synthesize fat from dietary carbohydrate, and because our adipose stores and circulating fatty acids reflect dietary intake, scientists understand the relations between the amounts and types of dietary fats and the types of fats found in body fat depots. Consuming dietary fats that are not associated with increased risk of disease can be a part of a healthful diet.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1997

Dietary fat and colon cancer: modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by types and amount of dietary fat during the postinitiation stage of colon carcinogenesis.

Several epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated a strong relationship between different types of dietary fats and risk of colon cancer. However, the modulating effects of these nutritional factors at the molecular level are not fully elucidated. It has been documented that the modulation of tumorigenesis is associated with changes in the levels of prostaglandins production. To provide an understanding of the mechanism(s) of dietary fat-induced modulation of colon tumor development, we have analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a critical step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Male F344 rats were fed the semipurified AIN-76A diet containing low-fat corn oil and were s.c. injected azoxymethane (AOM) dissolved in normal saline at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg of body weight, once weekly, for 2 weeks. Vehicle controls received s.c. equal volumes of normal saline. One day after the second AOM or saline injection, rats intended to receive experimental diets were provided high-fat corn oil (HFCO) or high-fat fish oil (HFFO) mixed in semipurified AIN-76A diet, and the remaining rats continued to receive the low-fat corn oil diet. Animals were sacrificed 1, 12, or 36 weeks after the last AOM or saline injection, and their colonic mucosa, as well as the grossly visible colon tumors from rats sacrificed 36 weeks after the last AOM injection, were analyzed for the expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2. The results indicate that AOM induced increasingly high levels of COX-2 expression with advancing stages of colon tumorigenesis. HFCO further enhanced the AOM-induced COX-2 expression. In contrast, HFFO ingestion resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 expression both in the colonic mucosa and in tumors. These results correlate with increased incidence and multiplicity of grossly visible colon tumors in AOM-treated animals that were fed the HFCO diet versus decreased tumor incidence and lower tumor multiplicity in animals that were fed the HFFO diet. No significant differences were observed in expression levels of COX-1. The data suggest that HFCO may promote colon tumorigenesis by up-regulating the COX-2 expression, whereas HFFO may exert its antitumor effect by inhibiting the COX-2 expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Dietary fat and mammary cancer. I. Promoting effects of different dietary fats on N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis.

The promoting effects of diets varying both in type and amount of fat on N-nitrosomethylurea [(NMU) CAS: 684-93-5]-induced mammary tumorigenesis were assessed in female inbred F344 rats. Two seed oils (safflower and corn) and two fruit oils (olive and coconut), varying widely in their diene, monoene, and saturated fatty acid ratios, were fed in the casein-based AIN-76A diets at 23% [high-fat (HF) diet] and 5% [low-fat (LF) diet] by weight, with the exception of coconut oil which was fed only at 23%. The predominant fatty acid in safflower and corn oils was linoleic acid (82 and 56%, respectively), while the predominant fatty acids in olive and coconut oils were oleic (79%) and myristic (54%), respectively. The test diets were fed beginning 2 days after administration of NMU and continued until termination of the experiment at 22 weeks post NMU administration. Analysis of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity data obtained from the 7 experimental groups indicated that animals fed the HF safflower and corn oil diets exhibited enhanced mammary tumor yields when compared to animals fed HF olive or coconut oil diets or their LF counterparts. Since weight gains and total caloric intake were similar in all 4 HF groups, the results of this study indicate that the tumor-promoting properties of HF diets are more of a function of differences in fatty acid composition than of fat content per se or of total caloric intake.

Animals↗