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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children: academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence, and control.

The cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression was tested in a sample of 439 children in grades 5 and 6. Attributional style and cognitions about academic competence and control over achievement were assessed before the occurrence of a potentially stressful event--receiving unacceptable grades on a report card. Depressive symptoms were assessed 1 week before the event, the morning after, and 5 days later. Replicating G. I. Metalsky, L. J. Halberstadt, and L. Y. Abramson (1987), stressor level and negative cognitions predicted depressive symptoms the morning after the event, controlling for initial symptom levels. Depressive symptoms 5 days later were predicted by the interactions of negative cognitions with stressors, supporting a cognitive diathesis-stress model. Students who reported a negative explanatory style or lack of academic control and competence expressed more distress after receiving unacceptable grades than did students without such cognitions.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: the case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism.

A congruency between personality and life stress is assumed to pose a particular risk for depression. The authors review relevant research as a way of examining broader issues entailed in diathesis-stress models of depression. Topics include the identification of distinct personality modes and the differentiation of these modes from the phenomena of depression and the influence of the social context. Diathesis-stress models face formidable conceptual and methodological challenges. More complex models are needed to accommodate the dynamics of a person's life course, involvement in significant social contexts, and fluctuations in vulnerability to depression. Base rates of key phenomena favor development of models of depression recurrence in high-risk samples rather than its onset in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Life-long bleeding diathesis: effect of orthotopic liver transplantation.

Proper regulation of the fibrinolytic system is critical to the prevention of both thrombosis and hemorrhage. Patients with inherited or acquired excess fibrinolysis may have a bleeding tendency, usually characterized by delayed and posttrauma or postoperative bleeding. The liver plays many roles in this regulation, including the synthesis of plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin (alpha 2-AP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and the clearance of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). Inherited deficiencies of alpha 2AP, PAI-1 and inherited excess t-PA associated with clinically significant bleeding have been reported. The authors describe a patient with a life-long bleeding diathesis who demonstrated evidence of excess t-PA. One of two daughters also had a bleeding tendency and demonstrated excess t-PA. The patient developed cirrhosis and underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. Following transplantation, all fibrinolytic parameters returned to normal, and the bleeding diathesis appeared to no longer exist. The effect of liver transplantation on this patient's fibrinolytic abnormalities and the effect of cirrhosis on this patient's laboratory evaluation are discussed.

Aminocaproic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Profound imbalance of pro-fibrinolytic and anti-fibrinolytic factors (tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) and severe bleeding diathesis in a patient with cirrhosis: correction by liver transplantation.

A 49-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis suffered several spontaneous, life-threatening, deep muscle bleeding episodes. Laboratory evaluation indicated excessive fibrinolysis with low plasminogen, low alpha2-antiplasmin, undetectable plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) activity, high tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity and high t-PA antigen. Treatment with oral anti-fibrinolytic agents prevented further bleeding episodes. Decompensated cirrhosis eventually necessitated orthotopic liver transplantation. Post-operatively, the patient did not require oral anti-fibrinolytic agents, and there were no significant bleeding events. Circulating PAI-1 activity, t-PA activity and antigen normalized by 3 months post transplant. In short, the profound bleeding diathesis, as well as the imbalance in t-PA and PAI-1 levels, corrected after liver transplantation. Recognition of such patients is important, because the bleeding diathesis is an indication rather than a contraindication for orthotopic liver transplantation.

Hemorrhagic Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Epithelial barrier function and atopic diathesis in rosacea and perioral dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea and perioral dermatitis (PD) are common dermatoses, the aetiology and pathogenesis of which remain speculative. Objectives To investigate skin barrier function and features of atopy in both diseases. METHODS: We studied 75 patients with rosacea and 75 with PD. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured in three regions of the face (lateral chin, perinasal cheek, side of the nose) and the patients were assessed for atopy by clinical criteria, prick tests and specific IgE against a mixture of aeroallergens (CAP SX1). The control group consisted of 125 individuals with no history of rosacea, PD or active atopic disease. RESULTS: In patients with PD, TEWL was significantly increased (P < 0.001) at all measurement points in comparison with the rosacea and control groups. Significantly (P < 0.001) higher values were also found regarding history and clinical signs of an atopic diathesis, prick test reactivity and specific IgE against aeroallergens. CONCLUSIONS: PD is characterized by a skin barrier disorder of facial skin. It differs from rosacea in that it involves a significantly increased TEWL and features of an atopic diathesis. However, it remains disputed as to whether PD is an individual skin disease or a subtype of rosacea in atopic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Vascular pattern of the palms--a clinical feature of atopic skin diathesis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic skin diathesis is a clinical term to describe skin atopics with previous, present or future atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). In clinical practice, an unequivocal assessment of atopic skin diathesis in non-eczematous patients may be difficult. The majority of the known clinical features included in diagnostic scores are characteristic, but not specific markers of atopy. Especially, the vasoreactivity of atopic skin is disturbed. This is manifested by white dermographism, an irregular vascular response to thermal stimuli, and paradoxic skin reactions to histamine, cholinergic agents, and nicotinates. OBJECTIVE: The aims of our study were to investigate the clinical morphology of palmar vascular reactions in skin atopic and non-atopic individuals, and to determine whether this abnormal vascular reaction is more pronounced in skin atopic individuals. METHODS: Forty persons, 20 of them skin atopics, assessed by the Erlangen Atopy Score and an elevated serum IgE level (>150 U/ml), were included in a prospective single-centre study. Standardized digital photographs of the palms were presented in a blinded manner to five dermatologists in random order by means of the computerized imaging analysis system KS400 3.0. RESULTS: Evaluation of the original rgb (red, green, blue) color images and modified gray-level images showed that a pronounced reticular pattern of erythema of the palms was significantly (P < 0.0001) more common in skin atopics (72% and 69.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The gross vascular pattern of the palm might be an additional diagnostic feature of atopy, and further studies are needed to establish its exact prevalence.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed1990

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis and diffuse hepatic necrosis in Down's syndrome with prominent bleeding diathesis.

The first case known to us with Down's syndrome with transient abnormal myelopoiesis and diffuse hepatic necrosis is reported. The infant had prominent bleeding diathesis and hepatosplenomegaly. She died on the 7th day because of intractable bleeding. The autopsy disclosed extramedullary hematopoiesis and extensive hepatic cell necrosis. Characteristic in our case was the outstanding bleeding diathesis due to coagulopathy.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1984

Factor V (Quebec): a bleeding diathesis associated with a qualitative platelet Factor V deficiency.

Studies were performed on a French-Canadian family afflicted with a bleeding disorder exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and a severe bleeding diathesis after trauma. Clinical laboratory coagulation tests were unimpressive; the only persistent abnormalities include mild thrombocytopenia and moderately reduced Factor V clotting activities. Some individuals had prolonged Stypven times when platelet-rich plasma was used, suggesting that their platelets could not support functional prothrombinase complex assembly. Detailed studies were performed by use of plasma and isolated, washed platelets from a sister and brother. Bioassay data indicate that both individuals had Factor V activities of approximately 40 and 36% of normal, respectively. A comparison of the Factor V radioimmunoassay and bioassay data on the brother's plasma indicated that the circulating amount of Factor V functional activity was low relative to Factor V antigen concentration (approximately 65-75%). In both individuals, the platelet Factor V functional activities were extremely low (2-4%) relative to antigen levels present as determined by radioimmunoassay. These discrepancies between Factor V activities and antigen concentration do not appear to be due to an unstable Factor V molecule or to the presence of a Factor V or Factor Va inhibitor or inactivator. Kinetics of prothrombin activation by use of purified clotting factors indicated that thrombin-activated platelets from both individuals supported prothrombinase complex assembly identical to controls in the presence of added purified Factor Va. Consequently, their bleeding diathesis appears to reflect their platelet, rather than their plasma, Factor V activity. These results suggest that platelet Factor V is an essential component in maintaining stable and prolonged hemostasis after trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: a diathesis-stress model of dissociative symptomatology.

OBJECTIVE: The authors propose a diathesis-stress model to describe how pathological dissociation may arise from an interaction between innate hypnotizability and traumatic experience. METHOD: To support the proposition that pathological dissociation may reflect autohypnotic process, the authors highlight clinical and research data indicating parallels between controlled hypnotic dissociative states and uncontrolled pathological dissociative symptoms and summarize evidence of hypnotizability in persons with psychiatric disorders that manifest these symptoms. The authors present this evidence by examining dissociative symptomatology in four psychological domains: perception, behavior and will, affect, and memory and identity. In addition, modern cognitive and neuropsychological models of dissociation are briefly reviewed. RESULTS: Several lines of evidence converge in support of the role of autohypnosis in pathological dissociation. There is considerable evidence that controlled formal hypnosis can produce a variety of dissociations of awareness and control that resemble many of the symptoms in uncontrolled pathological dissociative conditions; and it is possible to discern in dissociative pathology the features of absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility/automaticity that characterize formal hypnotic states. There is also accumulating evidence of high levels of hypnotic capacity in all groups with dissociative symptomatology that have been systematically assessed. In addition, the widespread and successful therapeutic use of hypnosis in the treatment of many dissociative symptoms and conditions (and the potential for hypnosis to induce dissociative symptomatology) also supports the assumption that hypnosis and pathological dissociation share an underlying process. CONCLUSIONS: High hypnotizability may be a diathesis for pathological dissociative states, particularly under conditions of acute traumatic stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Beck's cognitive theory of depression: a test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study tested the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of Beck's (1967, 1983) cognitive theory of depression. DESIGN: In order to allow for a stringent test of the aetiological component of Beck's theory, we used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants' dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event. METHODS: In all, 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a priming task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemata. Participants also completed measures of depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future shortly after they received their admissions decision (Time 2) and four days later (Time 3). RESULTS: Consistent with the diathesis-stress component of Beck's theory, dysfunctional attitudes predicted increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, consistent with the causal mediation component of the theory, in negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was mediated by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not mediated by negative views of the self. In addition, contrary to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events is mediated by negative views of the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Hemorrhagic diathesis in Weber-Christian disease.

A case of a 21-year-old woman with Weber-Christian disease, associated with consumption coagulopathy and adequately controlled over the past year or more by corticosteroid and heparin therapy, has been described. Through the study on this case, it was concluded that a hemorrhagic diathesis complicating Weber-Christian disease, at least in advanced cases, was characterized by consumption coagulopathy associated with enhanced blood coagulability which arises from hyperlipemia due to abnormal lipid metabolism and further, that the consumption coagulopathy was modified by diminished synthesis of clotting factors and activation of the fibrinolytic system due to the secondary hepatic impairment. It might also be likely that systemic vascular changes contribute to the activation of the clotting system as a trigger of clotting factor consumption. The complex pathophysiology of a hemorrhagic diathesis in this disease seemed to be brought about by a complex combination of such a variety of factors. In addition, decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate observed characteristically during hemorrhage might probably have a direct correlation with hypofibrinogenemia due to consumption coagulopathy in advanced cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sacral epithelioid angiosarcoma associated with a bleeding diathesis and spinal epidural hematoma: case report.

Epithelioid angiosarcoma of bone is a rare, high-grade lesion that is highly vascular and can be associated with a bleeding diathesis. An association has been reported in angiosarcomas in other locations with coagulopathy from tumor-related disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and fibrinolysis. The authors report the case of a rare occurrence of a primary sacral epithelioid angiosarcoma associated with a large epidural hematoma and a severe bleeding diathesis. A 25-year-old woman presented with weakness, fatigue, neck and low-back pain, and progressive left S-1 radiculopathy. Imaging studies revealed a large ventral epidural hematoma extending from the sacral region rostrally to C-2 and a vascular tumor located in the sacrum. The patient underwent a sacral laminectomy, complicated by postoperative bleeding from the wound, and required massive transfusions. Ultimately, multimodal therapy was required to obtain hemostasis, including the use of endovascular embolization, radiation therapy, and an infusion of epsilon-aminocaproic acid with heparin. This case represents the first report of a primary epithelioid angiosarcoma in the sacrum and emphasizes that the coagulopathy seen in angiosarcoma is also a feature of this epithelioid variant.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Induced exudative diathesis in chicks by dietary silver.

Two experiments were conducted with chicks to compare the effectiveness of vitamin E,selenium and cystine in preventing the deleterious effects of dietary silver. Adding 900 p.p.m. silver to a diet marginal in vitamin E and selenium significantly depressed growth and caused a high mortality during the four-week experiment. Most of the mortality was due to exduative diathesis. Including either 1 p.p.m. selenium or 100 I.U. vitamin E per kg. in the diets with silver prevented the growth depression and mortality. Adding 0.15% cystine stimulated growth, but failed to rpevent mortality. In a second experiment, chicks were grown on the diet containing silver with and without cystine to 15 days of age, at which time approximately 50% of the chicks exhibited signs of exudative diathesis. At that time they were either continued on the same diet of fed diets supplemented with selenium or vitamin E. Both vitamin E and selenium reduced mortality during the following two-week period, but vitamin E. was more effective than selenium.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Study of paranoid ideation in college students: an approach using the diathesis-stress model].

A recent study reported that normal people who have social anxiety and attention to social and interpersonal cues show paranoid ideation (Martin & Penn, 2001). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether people with these diatheses show paranoid ideation in the diathesis-stress framework. Questionnaires were administered to 177 college students three times. At Time I, social anxiety and attention to social and interpersonal cues were assessed. These variables were used in Martin and Penn (2001) as the diathesis factor of paranoid ideation. At Time 2, paranoid ideation during the period, and at Time 3, paranoid ideation and stress events between Time 2 and Time 3 were assessed. Setwise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to predict the change in the incidence of paranoid ideation from Time 2 to Time 3. Result revealed significant interaction effects between social anxiety and stress. Students with high score on the social anxiety scale showed an increase in paranoid ideation when they experienced more stress events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Orthotopic liver transplantation: an experimental study on mechanisms of hemorrhagic diathesis and thrombosis.

The hemorrhagic diathesis after transplantation of preserved livers generally is attributed to intravascular coagulation, whereas postoperative "hypercoagulability" of the blood is considered the main cause of thrombosis of the hepatic artery anastomosis. Since our preliminary studies, however, suggested other mechanisms, parameters of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function were prospectively studied before and after 28 orthotopic liver transplantations, with and without preservation, in dogs and pigs. In addition, the arterial anastomoses were evaluated routinely by angiography and, after removal at reintervention or autopsy, inspected for thrombosis and tested for fibrinolytic activity and fibrin deposition. Concerning the hemorrhagic diathesis, prolongation of bleeding time without concomitant thrombocytopenia was the main abnormality found and occurred only in the nine dogs with liver transplants previously preserved for 3 to 6 hours. As only two of the nine dogs had postoperative hemorrhage of clinical significance, we consider surgically imperfect hemostasis facilitated by an acquired platelet dysfunction the principal cause of hemorrhage. Thrombosis of the arterial anastomosis was found in 38 percent of animals in which an end-to-end anastomosis was made but was not encountered with celiac artery-aorta anastomoses. Local factors due to surgical technique therefore appear most important in the pathogenesis of thrombosis of the hepatic artery anastomosis, although the postoperative hyperfibrinogenemia and diminished local and systemic fibrinolytic activity may contribute as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Propylthiouracil-related hemorrhagic diathesis: a case report and review of the literature.

We present an unusual case of a drug-related hemorrhagic diathesis. One month prior to admission, the patient was diagnosed at another medical center as having Graves' disease and propylthiouracil therapy (PTU) was initiated. Since clinical recovery was not achieved, the PTU was quickly increased to an unconventional daily dose of 1,000 mg. The patient was referred to our hospital because of spontaneous epistaxis, multiple ecchymoses and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which developed soon after the increase in PTU dose. Drug-related hemorrhagic diathesis was considered, after other possible causes had been eliminated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous hemorrhage due to PTU use.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Hemorrhagic diathesis and oral surgery].

Dental and/or periodontal diseases are an important clinical and social problem in patients with hemorrhagic diathesis. The possibility to overcome it successfully depends on the type of hemorrhagic disease and on the organization of hematological and odontostomatological centres: in fact, the best results in the surgery of these patients are obtained through the balanced combination of general and local treatments. The right diagnosis of coagulopathy is the first important goal: it can be obtained through the screening tests of hemostasis and, when necessary, through additional tests. Therapeutic protocols are available for each congenital or acquired hemorrhagic diathesis to prepare the patient for surgery; by so doing the risk of hemorrhagic complications is negligible. A better homogeneity in the approach to these patients in the different centres is highly desirable: the present review can offer a contribute in this respect.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children with hemorrhagic diathesis: correct diagnostic and therapeutic approach].

Bleeding defects are of great interest in pediatrics since the prevalence of congenital forms and the early appearance of acquired ones. The pathology itself and the therapy indeed can often interfere with the growing-up patients. Bleeding defects have been identified with an heterogeneous group of clinical disease that differs from one another in etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and incidence in population. Bleeding diathesis is the common symptom: bleeding tendency may be mild, moderate or severe, localized or generalized, cutaneous or mucosal, superficial or deep. Bleeding disorders may be classified as a) defects in the primary haemostasis, which include quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of platelets and vascular disorders and b) defects in secondary haemostasis, which include intravascular disorders (blood coagulation). Careful history and clinical examination are essential in diagnosis of bleeding disorders. History of patient should be taken a) to differentiate acquired from congenital disease and to know the way of hereditary transmission (family history); b) to know exactly the disease's start and the mutual relation with former or accompanying disease; c) mutual relation with drugs token. Subsequently a careful physical examination should be done. A specific hemorrhagic diathesis has been seen with a deficiency of primary or secondary haemostasis. A deficient or late haemostatic plug in small vessels can cause superficial, interstitial bleeding that may be intracutaneous or intramucosal and is called purpura. In coagulation factor deficiency the haemostatic plug cannot be consolidated by fibrin: spontaneous hematomas, hemarthrosis and ecchymoses often occurs. The initial laboratory work up for screening patients with bleeding disorders should include first step tests to differentiate bleeding disorders for bone-marrow malignancies; from virus infections carrying screening of major viruses and from hepatic diseases. Second step laboratory examination includes a) platelet count or estimation of platelet number on blood smear; b) bleeding time to test small vessel integrity and platelet function; c) aPTT, PT, AP to measure clotting activity; d) fibrinogen determination. With this battery of screening test it is usually possible to determine the general area of the defect (abnormalities of platelets number or function or congenital defect of one or more clotting factors activity). Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is the most common bleeding disorders in childhood. Usually no therapy may be required no matter platelet count. Patients with a significant hemorrhagic tendency are treated either with prednisone (2 mg/kg orally in divided daily doses) for a period of 2 weeks or with a 5 days course of special polyvalent intact immunoglobulin (400 mg/kg/die) for intravenous use.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗