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PubMed2005

Dexamethasone stimulates differentiation of odontoblast-like cells in human dental pulp cultures.

Regenerative dental pulp strategies require the identification of precursors able to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells that secrete reparative dentin after injury. Pericytes have the ability to give rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, a feature that has led to the suggestion that odontoblast-like cells could derive from these perivascular cells. In order to gain new insights into this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid employed to induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro, in a previously reported model of human dental pulp cultures containing pericytes as identified by their expression of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and their specific ultrastructural morphology. Our data indicated that Dex (10(-8) M) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and markedly reduced the proportion of SMA-positive cells. Conversely, Dex strongly stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and induced the expression of the transcript encoding the major odontoblastic marker, dentin sialophosphoprotein. Nevertheless, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, core-binding factor a1/osf 2, osteonectin, and lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels were not modified by Dex treatment. Dex also increased the proportion of cells expressing STRO-1, a marker of multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells. These observations indicate that glucocorticoids regulate the commitment of progenitors derived from dental pulp cells to form odontoblast-like cells, while reducing the proportion of SMA-positive cells. These results provide new perspectives in deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to reparative dentinogenesis.

Actins↗
PubMed1984

Diagnosis of late infantile neuronal "ceroid-lipofuscinosis" from histochemical and ultrastructural changes in dental pulp.

Sections of dental pulp were removed from a tooth of a boy 3 years 10 months of age with myoclonic seizures. When stained with hematoxylin and eosin, these sections showed eosinophilic inclusions. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions were large cytosomes filled with whorls of electron-opaque substance. The opaque material consisted of bilaminate strands, approximately 15 nm in diameter, arranged in a curvilinear pattern compatible with that seen in the late infantile form of "ceroid-lipofuscinosis." Most histochemical staining reactions were compatible with ceroid or lipofuscin, with the exception of the diamine silver reaction. Late infantile ceroid-lipofuscinosis represents another disease in which asymptomatic accumulation of storage material occurs in the dental pulp.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of inorganic anions on the activity of dental pulp lactate dehydrogenase].

Pig dental pulp lactate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.27; LDH) isozymes were separated by DEAE Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, and LDH-1 isozyme was purified by blue dextran affinity chromatography. The specific activity of pig dental pulp LDH-1 was 193.2 units/mg protein, and the purified enzyme showed a single protein band on disk electrophoresis. In this paper, we studied the effect of inorganic ions on the activity of pig dental pulp LDH-1 isozyme, and compared it with that of affected by anions. Dental pulp and heart muscle LDH-1 isozymes were inhibited at a low pyruvate concentration; otherwise, at a high pyruvate concentration, each enzyme activity was enhanced by the anions. But the effect of SO2(2-) was different from that of the other anions: SO2(2-) did not activate the enzyme at a high pyruvate concentration. In the dental pulp, the Km values for pyruvate were 1 order of magnitude smaller by SO2(2-), and 1 order higher by other anions than the control value. In the heart muscle, the Km values were not changed by anions, except by SO2(2-).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pulp capping: conserving the dental pulp--can it be done? Is it worth it?

Emphasis has shifted from the "doomed" organ concept of an exposed pulp to one of hope and recovery. The era of vital-pulp therapy has been greatly enhanced with the introduction of calcium hydroxide (CH) products. The sequence of events leading to dentinal bridge formation with various CH formulas is detailed. Those factors usually considered liabilities to direct pulp capping (pulps cariously exposed, contaminated by saliva, previously carious or restored, periodontally involved, or from older patients and primary teeth) are disputed. Those factors that must be considered to improve the success rate of pulp capping are emphasized: control bleeding, make certain the CH contacts vital-pulp tissue, minimize dentinal chip invasion, avoid embolization of CH particles, and be aware of the depth of penetration of the chemical cautery effect.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of lipoxygenase of rat dental pulp and human platelets by phenolic dental medicaments.

The effects of phenolic dental medicaments on lipoxygenase activities of rat dental pulp and human platelets were studied. The major product derived from [14C] arachidonic acid by the homogenate of rat dental pulp was 12-HETE (15-HETE). Eugenol and p-chlorophenol dose-dependently inhibited HETEs formation. The IC50 values of eugenol and p-chlorophenol were 0.62 and 0.34 mM respectively. The concentrations of these compounds that inhibit lipoxygenase were similar to those required to inhibit cyclooxygenase. These compounds also inhibited 12-lipoxygenase of human platelets with a similar range of concentrations. The results show that phenolic dental medicaments inhibit pulpal and platelet lipoxygenase. Thus, inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism by phenolic dental medicaments via the lipoxygenase pathway may be involved in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the medicaments in endodontic therapy.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed2007

Teeth: malignant neoplasms in the dental pulp?

Common pathologies of the dental pulp differentiate between acute and chronic inflammatory states caused by caries or dental trauma. Inflammations of the dental pulp as a result of neoplastic alterations are generally considered non-existent. In fact, using the search phrase "dental pulp" combined with "sarcoma", "carcinoma", or "neoplasms" in PubMed when using the MeSH search mode yielded no reports on primary malignant neoplasms. However, a hand search yields clinical reports on pulpal tumours that were published over a century ago. In this Essay, the results of a hand search in historic published work are presented. Furthermore, deductive reflections are done on general tumour pathogenesis with respect to specific anatomical prerequisites of the dental pulp. Because of the restricted space in a tooth, tumour expansion will probably lead to the formation of irritation dentine by secondary odontoblasts and, subsequently, to a haemorrhage infarct of the pulp. One hypothesis states that a purported neoplasm of the dental pulp leads to a chronic appositive pulpitis and-sooner or later-will be treated likewise by root-canal treatment or extraction. Further research, including stem-cell studies, is recommended.

Dental Pulp Diseases↗
PubMed1985

The extracellular matrix of the dental pulp and dentin.

The dental pulp is a loose connective tissue, characterized by its specific anatomical location. Its extracellular components are obvious subjects for study, since such components are largely responsible for the physiological properties of the tissue. Several clinically important processes occur extracellularly, e.g., defense mechanisms such as inflammatory reactions and formation of calcified tissue. The dental mesenchyme has a crucial role during early tooth morphogenesis. The dental pulp, or rather the dental papilla, seems to have only an indirect role during dentinogenesis. This review discusses proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, fibronectin and other non-collagenous proteins, and the different types of collagen that have been studied in pulp connective tissue. With regard to its biochemical constituents, the pulp is similar to other loose connective tissues. Collagen type I is the major fibrous component, but collagen type III also constitutes a large portion. Fibronectin is present, as is a high content of proteoglycan. In the proteoglycans, all normally occurring connective tissue glycosaminoglycans can be demonstrated. The composition of the pulpal extracellular matrix during tooth development is quite different from that of the mature tooth. Thus, it is important not to draw any too-far-reaching conclusions about the situation in human pulp from results obtained by studying pulp from animal teeth with ongoing dentinogenesis. In spite of their common ancestry, pulp and dentin differ considerably in extracellular matrix composition. Proteoglycans and collagen type I are present in dentin. No type III collagen or fibronectin can be found in the dentin, although it is present in the dental pulp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of lipopolysaccharides on human dental pulp cells.

Human dental pulp cells were treated with 1, 10, and 100 micrograms/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects of treatment were examined by measurement of the DNA content, protein content, and alkaline phosphatase activity of the cells. LPS samples were purified from Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from root canals, and Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS was used as a positive control. At a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, none of the LPSs caused any change in the production of DNA or protein, whereas the amount of DNA was increased at 10 micrograms/ml and inhibited at 100 micrograms/ml. Protein synthesis was decreased by LPSs at both 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. Alkaline phosphatase activity was not changed at any concentration of LPS tested.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Different expressions of connexin 43 and 32 in the fibroblasts of human dental pulp.

The expression and localization of gap junctional proteins connexin (Cx) 26, 32, and 43 was examined in human dental pulp. Dental pulp tissues were obtained from human third molars immediately after extraction. Some pulp tissues were used for cell culture, and the rest for histological observations. Immunostaining for cultured dental pulp fibroblasts (DPFs) showed that Cx32 and 43 were expressed in human DPFs, and proteins corresponding to 27 (Cx32) and 43kDa (Cx43) were identified by Western blot analysis. Immunostaining for tissue sections showed that the expression of Cx32 and 43 was observed in the entire region of the pulp and further strong expression of Cx32 was established beneath the cell-rich zone. Considering the close relationship between Cx types and cell functions, the results indicate that DPFs beneath the cell-rich zone may have specific, Cx32-related functions. The cell rich zone is thought to contain progenitor odontoblasts that can be induced to differentiate into mature odontoblasts in response to wounding. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that DPFs just beneath the cell-rich zone produce proteins and induce odontoblast differentiation from the cells in the cell-rich zone.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Immunohistochemical demonstration of lymphatic vessels in human dental pulp.

The existence of lymphatic vessels in dental pulp has been a matter of continuing controversy because of the difficulty of discriminating them in ordinary stained tissue sections. Recently, we have succeeded in establishing a new identification method for lymphatic vessels in human frozen sections by using a commercial monoclonal antibody specific for the human thoracic duct and anti-human laminin antiserum. The present study aimed to examine the lymphatic vessels in human dental pulp using the new immunostaining method, and compared the results with those in human small intestine. The study clearly demonstrated the distribution of lymphatic vessels in human dental pulp. Large lymphatic vessels are located in the central part of the pulp and there are small lymphatic vessels in the periphery of the pulp. This suggests that lymphatic drainage of the human dental pulp starts from the periphery of the pulp and collects in the central part of the pulp. A notable difference between the small intestine and dental pulp was found in the immunoreactivity of lymphatic vessels to anti-human laminin anti-serum. In small intestine, immunoreactivity was significantly weaker than that of the blood vessels, whereas in dental pulp, that of lymphatic vessels was almost the same as blood vessels, except for some lymphatic vessels showing very weak reactivity. These findings suggest that the development of the basement membrane in both the lymphatic and blood vessels of human dental pulp is not as marked as in other tissue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Application of DNA techniques for identification using human dental pulp as a source of DNA.

Dental pulp tissue could be obtained in most cases from materials obtained under experimental conditions and from forensic casework (air accidents, burned and putrefied bodies). Teeth extracted during dental treatment (n = 30) were stored for 6 weeks and 4 years at room temperature. In addition teeth (n = 10) extracted from jaw fragments that had been stored for 15 years at room temperature, and teeth extracted post mortem from actual identification cases (n = 8) were investigated. Following extraction from dental pulp tissue the DNA concentration was measured by fluorometry. The amount of DNA obtained from the dental pulp tissue of a single tooth varied from 6 micrograms to 50 micrograms DNA. In most cases high molecular weight DNA was still present although the major portion consisted of degraded DNA. Genomic dot blot hybridization for sex determination using the biotinylated repetitive DNA probe pHY 2.1 was performed and sex was correctly classified in all cases using 50-100 ng target DNA. PCR typing of the HLA-DQ alpha and ApoB 3' VNTR systems from dental pulp tissue DNA was in agreement with the results obtained from blood, bloodstains, or lung tissue. In addition, Southern blot analysis of selected samples using the single locus VNTR probe pYNH24 was successfully performed. In all cases the DNA recovered from dental pulp was unsuitable for multilocus probe analysis.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1982

[Detection of Gm, Km, and EsD phenotypes in the dental pulp of human cadavers ].

Dental pulps of human cadavers (some of them putrefied) were investigated to determine the immunoglobulin markers G1m(1,2,3), G3m(5,10,21), Km(1), and the isozyme EsD. Reliable results were obtained in the Gm and Km typings, also in putrefied or skeletonized cadavers. EsD typings revealed that the phenotypes EsD(1) and EsD(2-1) are expressed in the dental pulp and can also be detected there in putrefied cadavers.

Carboxylesterase↗
PubMed1996

The identification of proteoglycan-associated mRNAs in human dental pulp cells.

Characterization of the dental pulp proteoglycans has been largely confined to the glycosaminoglycan component of the proteoglycan molecule, while the protein core has received little attention. This study was conducted to identify mRNAs of previously well-characterized proteoglycans-biglycan, decorin and versican-and link protein in dental pulp cells. Dermal fibroblasts were used as a positive control. Oligonucleotide probes were constructed based on published sequences for the four proteins from human tissues. Total RNA was isolated from cultured human pulp and dermal cells, separated according to size by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis and subsequently transferred to a nylon filter. Northern hybridizations using the oligonucleotide probes revealed the expression of biglycan, decorin, versican and link protein mRNAs. Biglycan and decorin are small proteoglycans that have a regulatory effect on collagen fibrillogenesis. Assuming expression of link protein and versican in vivo, the larger proteoglycans in the dental pulp are capable of forming large proteoglycan aggregates.

Biglycan↗