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PubMed1985

[200 years of education in veterinary medicine and veterinary activity in Czechoslovakia].

The development of veterinary medicine in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is evaluated on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the first lectures on veterinary science at Charles University in Prague (1784). Efforts to found a special veterinary school in Prague date back to the beginning of the 19th century; more than 20 petitions and interpellations concerning the establishment of such a school had been presented to the Bohemian Diet and the Imperial Parliament since 1841. The efforts for the establishment of this school were gradually conjoined with the national-revivalist and national-liberation movement. However, the veterinary university was established only in 1918, in Brno, when Czechoslovakia won independence. The development of veterinary medicine in the territory of today's Czechoslovakia is appreciated positively, mainly in the last 100 years. However, it was only after 1948--in the process of the transition from small-scale farming to large-scale socialist agricultural production--that all the needed practical and economic conditions were created for the development of veterinary medicine. The veterinary service was nationalized in 1951 and adequate material and technical backgrounds were built. Another veterinary university schools was introduced, and post-graduate studies and veterinary extension activities were started.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1979

Some epidemiological outlooks on cancer mortality in Czechoslovakia.

Study of the total mortality evolution of the population in Czechoslovakia indicated the steadily increasing and recently 20% participation of the malignant neoplasms and their leading, second position among main causes of deaths. The crude cancer mortality rates of all sites showed in the period 1946--1975 substantial increase more expressed in males, while the pattern of age-adjusted mortality rates of men were lower and in the women remained quite stable during the whole evaluated period. Cancer mortality in this period was characterized also with increasing overmortality of men. Analysis of age-specific death rates revealed not only higher mortality of males but also the shifting of the peaks to older age groups in both sexes. The malignant neoplasms of lung, stomach, prostate and rectum in men and the tumors of breast, stomach, colon, rectum and of genital organs in women were the most important individual sites. Finally, the actual cancer mortality rates of all sites in Czechoslovakia were compared with those of some European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Incidence of influenza C virus in Czechoslovakia and German Democratic Republic.

Out of 1091 and 2275 influenza virus strains isolated in Czechoslovakia (C.S.S.R.) and German Democratic Republic (G.D.R.) from 1969 to 1981, six and two were type C strains. All type C strains were isolated in the course of type A or B influenza epidemics. Double-diffusion tests indicated a relationship between the type C strains isolated in both countries in 1981 and the prototype strain C/Taylor/49; however, haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) showed a heterogeneity within the 1981 group of viruses and their antigenic distinctness from the strain C/Taylor/49. The low number of type C isolates was in a sharp contrast with the antibody titres found in most adult sera. Only 10-30% of 275 and 2750 serum samples collected from persons aged 6-50 years in Czechoslovakia and G.D.R., respectively, were negative. The percentage of positive sera rose steadily in children 2-4 years of age. These serological findings suggest that influenza C virus was more or less permanently circulating among population, but the disease caused by it tends to take an inapparent or very mild course, so that the virus was isolated only exceptionally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Experience with urban traffic noise maps in Czechoslovakia and German Democratic Republic.

Noise mapping represents one of the valuable working tools in the implementation of communal noise abatement programs. Over the years 1965-1979 the communal noise conditions were mapped in several tens of towns, both in Czechoslovakia and GDR. In Czechoslovakia, noise mapping is based on standardized methodology of noise level measurement and on methodical guidelines for noise map construction; in GDR, unified basis is represented by provisions in execution of the law on environmental protection. The noise map data have led in many cases to revision of existing town development and transportation plans, to more accurate delimitation of urban zones, to establishment of noise-free zones, to prohibition of night-time traffic, and to acceptance of anti-noise measures at stable sources of communal noise. Decisive for the effective use of urban noise maps is, as a rule, the quality of accompanying written statement, the extent of cooperation with town planning and local government authorities, and whether the map had been produced in order to accomplish a clearly specified objective. However, it will take undoubtedly much more time to assess definitively the usefulness of noise mapping as a methodical tool in the control of community noise.

Automobiles↗
PubMed1976

Protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): a comparative study of their occurrence in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, with the description of Trichodina perforata sp.N.

In the course of a long-term study of protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), a total of 27 protozoan species were discovered in Czechoslovakia and 26 species on the Bulgarian territory. Their list is supplemented with remarks on their pathogenicity, frequency of occurrence and morphology. There is no essential difference in the constituents of protozoan parasitofauna of carp between the two territories studied; a very similar fauna of protozoans can be anticipated on carp in other European regions. A new species, Trichodina perforata sp.n. is described from carps on Bulgarian territory; it is absent in Czechoslovakia. It is characterized by very thin, obliquely set thorns of denticles and by perforations in denticel blades. Throughout the area of the present distribution of the carp, records of its protozoan parasites include a total of 76 determined species, 6 parasites determined only to the generic level and 8 facultatively parasitic ciliates. Attention is drawn to several pathogenic species, which constitute a potential threat to carpiculture in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Detection and dispensary care of groups of persons at increased risk of bronchogenic cancer disease in Czechoslovakia].

Epidemiological and clinical studies organized by the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Research Institute, Prague, revealed that the main high-risk factors associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Czechoslovakia are as follows: are and sex, heavy cigarette smoking, persistent cough, expectoration and other symptoms of chronic respiratory disease, and lung lesions of tuberculosis or probably tuberculosis origin. The methods used in Czechoslovakia for lung cancer detection include photofluorography, which has been combined in some investigations with a standard questionnaire eliciting smoking habits and symptoms of respiratory disease. Cytological sputum investigation in suspicion to lung cancer was found to be a useful contribution to the diagnosis. The systematic dispensary control of persons with bronchogenic carcinoma or at high risk for this disease is provided by polyclinic Departments for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases of the District Institutes of National Health in collaboration with general physicians, oncological and other specialized departments. Further studies on methods for detection and dispensary control of lung cancer high-risk groups represent an important research task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Development of the tuberculosis situation in Czechoslovakia in 1966--1974 (author's transl)].

There were declining trends of main epidemiological indices of tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia from 1966 to 1974 (Fig. 1 and 2). The smallest average yearly decrease of 4.9% was in the incidence of newly detected cases of active tuberculosis, the largest one of 21.6% in the prevalence of "tuberculous chronics" excreting tubercle bacilli in the last two years or longer. The total of newly detected cases of active tuberculosis and relapses per 100,000 inhabitants of corresponding groups of sex and age decreased in 1966--1974 in nearly all age groups of both sexes, the highest rates being in persons aged 45 years and over (Fig. 3). The participation of corresponding groups of population in BCG vaccination procedures was very high at the national scale during 1966--1974. The highest relative number of active cases of respiratory tuberculosis newly detected by photofluorography per 100,000 examinees of the appropriate group was found in persons with "fibrotic" lung lesions, less in persons investigated for their symptoms, still less in contacts with tuberculosis cases and least in persons not registered for lung lesions and investigated in mass X-ray examinations. The number of beds in institutions for special care of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases per 1,000 population by the end of the corresponding year decreased in Czechoslovakia from 1.1 in 1966 to 0.8 in 1974. The decrease of rates of tuberculous patients was accompanied by a decrease of the number of cases under ambulatory chemotherapy of tuberculosis. At the same time there was an increase in the number of cases treated for nontuberculous respiratory diseases in out-patients' and in-patients' departments of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. In spite of the favourable epidemiological development of tuberculosis there remain large groups of the population -- especially in middle and higher age groups -- infected with tuberculosis in the past in which new cases of active tuberculosis may appear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Alkaptonuria in the Trencín District of Czechoslovakia.

For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Trencín in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and heterozygotes in this portion of the Trencín District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect - genetic drift and inbreeding - are thought to account for the high prevalence of AU.

Alkaptonuria↗
PubMed1993

Haplotype distribution at the phenylalanine hydroxylase locus in PKU families from the Moravian area of Czechoslovakia.

The analysis of 21 families affected with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) from the Moravian area of Czechoslovakia has revealed 12 different RFLP haplotypes. Nine and eight haplotypes were associated with the normal and with the mutant alleles, respectively. Most normal alleles are associated with haplotype 1 (42.9%). Almost 80% of all mutant alleles are confined within only three haplotypes (1, 2 and 4). There was a strong association between haplotype 2 and the Czech mutant alleles (61.9% of the mutant alleles compared with 4.8% of the normal alleles). There was linkage disequilibrium between this haplotype and the R408W mutation in exon 12. Two mutant haplotypes 7 were found and in both cases they were tightly linked with G272ter mutation. Our finding is in agreement with observations in other Eastern European countries. These data provide further support for the theories of the spread of the R408W mutation from east to west in European populations.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of atrazine in water from Czechoslovakia.

Twenty-two water samples from Bohemian Paradise in Czechoslovakia were analyzed for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three samples were drinking water, the others were creek water. The amount of atrazine found by EIA ranged from 0.2 to 12,700 ng/ml and 0.10 to 10,300 ng/ml by HPLC. Agreement between the methods was good. Nine samples containing the highest concentrations of atrazine were used to check the day-to-day reproducibility of both methods at high atrazine levels. The percent coefficients of variation (% CVs) ranged from 5.9 to 26.2 for the EIA and 1.5 to 33.2 for the HPLC. Day to day % CV values for each calibrator concentration ranged from 5.7 to 10.9 for EIA and 9.9 to 13.9 for HPLC. Sensitivity of the EIA was 0.2 ng/ml while it was 0.1 ng/ml for solid phase extraction HPLC and slightly less than 60 ng/ml for direct injection HPLC.

Atrazine↗
PubMed1978

Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the United States of America (USA) and Czechoslovakia (CSSR) were categorized by clinical, pathological, and radiological criteria as having Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and were tested with five skin test antigens [Candida, mumps, purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), and trichophytin] at two different dilutions in an attempt to elicit some evidence of anergy. No significant differences were encountered between the USA and CSSR populations or between any patient group and its controls.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Heliophysical activity and incidence variations of skin malignant melanoma in Czechoslovakia: a regional study.

Cyclic variations in the incidence of skin malignant melanoma during the years 1964-1985 in East Bohemia (excluding the districts of Pardubice and Svitavy), Czechoslovakia have been studied, as linear correlations with solar activity indexes have been revealed. The following statistical methods were applied: periodogram regression analysis, phase-correlation analysis, sigma-method and Student's t-test. The discretization of the data is on the basis of 1 year. Different cycles were found in the incidence variations (T = 7.5 years, T = 11.5 years, etc.), and this has been correlated with the variations of two heliophysical indexes (sigma, W) for the same time period. A few significant statistical relationships have been established with a time difference (lag-period) between the extremes of the data series; the incidence maxima follow the peaks of solar activity and appear about the minima of solar indexes, mainly.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vero cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli in children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and diarrhoea in Czechoslovakia.

The presence of verotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli (VTEC) was examined in six children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and one child with haemorrhagic colitis. Stools were screened for strains of serogroup O157 on sorbitol-MacConkey agar for VTEC of other serogroups by serotyping. Verotoxin (VT) was tested on Vero cell monolayers: the antigenic variant of VT was assessed by neutralization experiments. Strains producing verotoxin 1 or verotoxin 2 or both were detected in the stools of all seven children. Three strains belonged to serogroup O157 (two of them to serotype O157:H7, one was non-motile) and another five belonged to serogroups O26 (two strains), O1, O5 and O18. The faeces of five children available for testing contained free VT. Production of VT was also examined retrospectively in 32 E. coli strains of serotype O26:H11 isolated from children with diarrhoea; eight (25%) of them produced moderate to high levels of verotoxin 1 despite several years storage in vitro. In conclusion, VTEC including strains of serogroup O157 seem to be an important cause of haemolytic uraemic syndrome, haemorrhagic colitis and diarrhoea in children in Czechoslovakia.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Verotoxigenic (enterohaemorrhagic) Escherichia coli in infants and toddlers in Czechoslovakia.

The results of the investigation indicate that verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) belonging to enteropathogenic and other serogroups including Escherichia coli O157:H7 or H- are important enteropathogens in infants and toddlers in Czechoslovakia. As to enteropathogenic serotypes, verotoxin (VT) production was proved most frequently in strains of serogroup O26, and also O111 and O128. Diseases caused by them were as a rule manifested by febrile watery diarrhoea with mucus in the stool. In two of five infants with Escherichia coli O26 :H11 with VT1 production in titres of greater than or equal to 1:512 (blood was present) in the stool and one suffered from marked abdominal pain. In one infant haemorrhagic colitis due to Escherichia coli O157:H- was found. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with VTEC of serogroups O157, O26, O18, O5 and O1 with VT1 and/or VT2 was observed in six children including five who contracted the disease during an outbreak in a small town, and the source of infection was probably contaminated water. Five children recovered and one died; the postmortem examination revealed haemorrhagic colitis and necrosis of the renal cortex. Haemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157 in infants and toddlers differed from the course hitherto described in older subjects by fever and the presence of mucus in the stools.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1982

A survey of colicin types and phage types of Shigella sonnei in Czechoslovakia 1976-1978.

Inthe years 1976-1978 3,552 strains of Shigella sonnei obtained from the whole Czechoslovak territory by the method of colicin typing and phage typing was examined. Each strain represented always one focus. 81.3% of the strains were colicinogenic. Twenty-one colicin types, 41 characteristic and 105 non-characteristic phage types participated in bacillary dysentery. Of the total number, 77.4% belonged to 9 phage types (2, 3, 6, 65, 67, 75, NC IV-VIII- and NC III-IV-VIII-), which are endemic in Czechoslovakia. Of the 2,889 colicinogenic strains, 85% belonged to 3 colicin types: 2 = Ia (31%), 6/11 = E1 (27%), 12 = E6 (27%). Some phage types produced predominantly colicin of a certain type.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1989

Countrywide perinatal surveillance in Czechoslovakia.

Countrywide perinatal surveillance in four 10-year periods of Maternal Child Health (MCH) care development in Czechoslovakia is described. During this time maternal mortality decreased from 137 to 17/100,000 live births, and perinatal mortality (PMR) from 51 to 12/1000. On the basis of study results, countrywide intervention strategies concerning organization as well as medical measures were gradually drawn up. The greatest decrease in PMR was found through basic perinatal care for all; greatest efficiency followed employment of a risk approach.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1980

Mycobacterium kansasii infection in an endemic area of Czechoslovakia.

Over the period 1968-1979, Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated from a total of 297 persons residing in the district of Karviná, North-Moravian Region, Czechoslovakia. Repeated M. kansasii isolations were recorded in 153 patients with clinical symptomatology of chronic respiratory disorders, single isolations in another 144 persons (121 isolations from sputum and/or laryngeal swabs, 22 from urine, and one from the aspirate of a lymph node with tuberculoid granuloma). The incidence of infection with repeated M. kansasii isolation increased from 1.1 to 11.8 per 100 000 population. The ratio of these infections to the number of newly notified cases of pulmonary tuberculosis increased from 3.7 to 33.7%. The average age of patients was 46 years, 84% of all notified cases occurred by 54 years of age and morbidity was highest in the age group 45-54 years and reached 143/100 000 population. The proportion of male patients was 88% and 56% were heavy industry workers occupationally exposed to high dust concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Accumulation of trace elements in the fruiting bodies of macrofungi in the Krusné Hory Mountains Czechoslovakia.

The concentrations of some trace elements (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni) were determined in fruiting bodies of 20 fungal species from seven families (order Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) growing in the Krusné Hory Mountains, Czechoslovakia, where the air pollution is characterized as moderate. Samples were collected from three stands: a spruce forest, the waterlogged margin of a peat bog, and the peat bog itself. The biomass of fruiting bodies of all macrofungi was determined simultaneously. The trace element concentrations varied among trophic groups of fungi: saprophytic species (S) and those parasitic on Sphagnum (Sph) exhibited the highest concentrations, while wood-decomposing (Wd) species displayed the lowest. Several species mycorrhizal with spruce (Ms), such as Amanita umbrinolutea, Russula ochroleuca, and Xerocomus badius, also attained higher concentrations than were found for other mycorrhizal fungi. The trace element concentrations were higher in the caps than in the stems of the fungi. The fraction of trace metals retained by the biomass of fruiting bodies of fungi with respect to annual fallout is estimated at 1 0/00. Factors affecting fungal uptake of trace elements are discussed.

Air Pollutants↗