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PubMed2004

Critique of the Philip Morris study of the cost of smoking in the Czech Republic.

This critique analyzes the methodology used in a study of the economic burden imposed on public finances in the Czech Republic by the consumption of cigarettes. The study was prepared by a consulting firm on behalf of the Phillip Morris Company. This critique, by using economic theory and a cost-benefit methodology, refutes the conclusion of the Phillip Morris study that smoking represents an economic benefit to Czech state finances. In fact, the correction of only one among numerous errors in assumptions and calculations in the Phillip Morris study leads to the opposite conclusion: Instead of savings of $150 million per year, smoking drains at least $373 million from the state budget annually, nearly.8% of the Czech gross domestic product. The net loss to the society is even greater if all pertinent costs and benefits are calculated properly. The critique demonstrates how to craft a rigorous economic response to common industry attempts to influence public opinion in which the industry employs specious or erroneous assumptions and data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Critiquing anesthetic management: the "ATTENDING" computer system.

ATTENDING, a computer system under development using Artificial Intelligence techniques, is designed to critique an anesthetist's preoperative plan for anesthetic management. The system receives as input: 1) a list of a patient's medical problems; 2) a planned surgical procedure; and 3) an anesthetic plan outlining the agents and techniques to be used for premedication, induction, intubation, and maintenance of general or regional anesthesia. ATTENDING critiques this plan, discussing the risks and benefits of the proposed approach and of other reasonable approaches. To critique a physician's plan, the ATTENDING system must be able to 1) explore alternative approaches to a patient's management in a flexible fashion; 2) assess the relative risks and benefits of these alternatives; and 3) produce a readable, easily understood analysis written in English prose. This article describes how these design issues are addressed in ATTENDING's current implementation. The ATTENDING system is presently being used in a tutorial mode which allows self-evaluation by an anesthetist.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critiquing as a method of evaluation in the classroom.

The criticism model of evaluation in a humanistic educative paradigm is a shared teacher/student evaluative activity based on a trusting relationship in which students become connoisseur critics. Among the standards for critiquing are criteria for student/teacher interactions and criteria for learning activities. The author provides examples of student/teacher critiquing activities employed in a graduate nursing course and suggests ways for faculty to develop skills in the critique method of evaluation.

Education, Nursing, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mastering research critique and statistical interpretation. Guidelines and golden rules.

Mastery of statistical analysis research critique is an important skill for professional nurses. A Guideline for Statistical Analysis and Golden Rules for Statistical Analysis Adequacy are presented and applied to classroom use. Students who learn how to critique research and statistics usage effectively are satisfied consumers and report using knowledge in other clinical courses. Effective strategies to teach statistical analysis critique are discussed.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1993

Feminist critique: searching for meaning in research.

Feminist critique is presented as an important method for examination of prior knowledge for androcentric and ethnocentric bias in all aspects of knowledge development, from theoretical underpinnings through the steps of the research process. The history and implications for using feminist critique as a mode of inquiry for nursing science are developed. In addition, pragmatic information for the conduct of feminist critique is provided.

Bias↗
PubMed2001

A feminist critique on the use of the Internet in nursing research.

With the increasing use of the Internet, the importance of incorporating this new technology in nursing research increases. Yet nursing has been slow in adopting this new technology as a research method, and the use of the Internet in nursing research rarely has been discussed and critiqued. In this article, use of the Internet in nursing research is analyzed and critiqued from a feminist perspective. The analysis indicates that use of the Internet in research frequently brings about selection biases because of a limited pool of potential participants, it usually does not provide contextual data on research encounters, it might not uncover women's subjective experiences under marginalized situations, and it tends to raise power issues related to the relationships between researchers and participants. Despite the limitations, use of the Internet in research provides better communication channels for research participants, more flexibility in time and place of data collection, and less expense for data collection. Based on the critique, feminist challenges for future use of the Internet in nursing research are proposed.

Bias↗
PubMed2001

A feminist critique of research on cancer pain.

A number of studies on cancer pain have been conducted but the researchers rarely considered gender and ethnic differences in cancer pain. In this article, nursing research on cancer pain is critiqued from a feminist perspective, and directions for future nursing research are proposed. A total of 82 nursing articles published in the United States were retrieved through MEDLINE and MELVYL data retrieval systems, and analyzed and critiqued in terms of four basic elements of research from a feminist perspective (bias as resources, dependability, credibility and adequacy, and intersubjectivity). In this article, the critique is presented with four themes that may provide reasons why nursing research on cancer pain rarely incorporated gender and ethnic differences: absence of participants' own views and experiences, androcentrism and ethnocentrism, lack of consideration on contextual factors, and distant relationships between researchers and research participants. To overcome the limitations, six critical elements including gender and ethnic sensitivity, avoidance of distorted views, respectfor participants' own views and interests, trust and openness, empowerment, and multiple methods are suggested to be incorporated in future nursing research on cancer pain.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HYDRA: a knowledge acquisition tool for expert systems that critique medical workup.

HYDRA is a computer-based knowledge acquisition tool under development to assist in the creation of expert systems which critique medical workup. To use HYDRA, a domain expert first outlines the recommended approaches to the workup of a chosen medical problem, using the Augmented Transition Network formalism. From this model, HYDRA produces a list of the various conditions for which critiquing comments may be required to react to all possible approaches that might be proposed by the user of the critiquing system. Domain-specific constraints can be used to restrict the number of conditions suggested. In this way, HYDRA assists the domain expert by providing a model for structuring the problem, and by breaking down the domain expert's work into a set of small, easily understood tasks.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

AsthmaCritic: issues in designing a noninquisitive critiquing system for daily practice.

The noninquisitive critiquing system, AsthmaCritic, uses routinely recorded electronic patient data to select and analyze records of patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The system generates critiquing comments and adds these comments to the patient record. The system was developed by using and expanding an existing generic critiquing system. After a brief overview of the system, this report focuses on the authors' design choices in light of existing literature and the issues that underlie these design choices. Currently, AsthmaCritic is used by primary care physicians and is undergoing clinical evaluation.

Asthma↗
PubMed1995

Where have all the flowers gone? Nursing's escape from the radical critique.

The radical critique, born out of the social unrest of the 1960s and early 1970s, has provided a strong basis for criticism of most social institutions. This paper examines the basic tenets of the radical critique and the extent to which competing paradigms within nursing have silenced the radical critique for nursing.

Freedom↗
PubMed2003

A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting 'chronic whiplash injury'. Part II. Reviews, editorials, and letters.

In an earlier publication (part I) we conducted a critique of the literature supporting whiplash as a 'chronic injury', specifically examining original research which contradicts scientific measures and efforts showing that the highly prevalent problem of chronic whiplash is a cultural and psychosocially determined phenomenon. We reviewed the biomedical and engineering literature relating to whiplash syndrome, searching for articles that supported the construct of 'chronic whiplash injuries' and found that all of the articles contained significant methodologic errors relative to their respective authors' statements regarding chronic whiplash. The most frequent concerns reside with sampling, experimental design and interpretation of data. In Part II of this critique we examine other article types (reviews, editorials, letters). The authors of the current critique found that these articles also contained significant errors or biases relative to their respective authors' statements regarding chronic whiplash. The most frequent concerns reside with terminology, citation methods, scientific reasoning, and lack of address of contrary evidence.

Bias↗
PubMed2003

Private wealth and public health: a critique of Richard Epstein's defense of the "old" public health.

This article is a response to Richard Epstein's recent legal and economic critiques of contemporary public health law. The power of Epstein's critical position stems from the convergence of three problems, each with distinctive intellectual histories: (1) an age-old debate within political liberalism about the proper relationship of individual right and state power; (2) a somewhat more recent biomedical policy contest over the necessary scale and scope of public health interventions in modern societies; and (3) an ongoing legal-jurisprudential argument about the overall trajectory and implications of American constitutional history. My critique of Epstein's position follows this same tripartite format, moving from an initial discussion of the history of liberalism to the history of public health and, finally, to a critique of Epstein's general legal history of state regulation in America.

Coercion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expert videotape analysis and critiquing benefit laparoscopic skills training of urologists.

INTRODUCTION: Teaching laparoscopic skills has become the focus of the latest generation of hands-on laparoscopic courses. METHODS: Thirty-four practicing urologists, ages 31 to 61 years (mean, 46.6 years) with laparoscopic experience (range, 0 to 200, mean, 27.6 cases), 32 of whom had taken prior American Urological Association (AUA) laparoscopy courses, participated in an AUA-sponsored hands-on laparoscopic skills course over a 2-day period in August 2002 or March 2003. They all took a knowledge assessment examination and performed standardized tasks (rope passing, ring placement, and laparoscopic suturing and knot tying) at the beginning and the end of the course with a videotape analysis and critique. Prior to the repeat-skills assessment, each participant was individually critiqued and instructed based on a videotape review of their initial performance. The urologists also participated in a porcine laboratory and a pelvic trainer session totaling 6 hours between skills assessments. None of the participants had performed significant laparoscopic suturing prior to the course. RESULTS: Using Wilcoxon's signed rank test, the participants improved from a mean of 119.32 seconds to 98.36 seconds with the rope pass (P = 0.0001), and with the ring placement from a mean of 9.70/minute to 12.09/minute (P = 0.0001). All participants had significantly fewer false passes (mean, 9.35 compared with 5.21) during repeat skills assessments (P = 0.0001). Participants improved from 0.54 sutures/minute to 1.22 sutures/ minute following the video critique and practice (P = 0.0001). Degree of laparoscopic experience (number of cases), age of the urologist, and precourse knowledge (examination score) had no significant bearing on results in the initial skills assessment or in the improvement of task time (Spearman correlation coefficients). CONCLUSION: Urologists with some laparoscopic experience (mean 27.6 cases) can improve laparoscopic skills using mentored videotape analysis and experience gained from a 2-day hands-on course. Prior knowledge, degree of experience, and urologist age had no significant bearing on performance in this setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nursing contributions to the elimination of health disparities among African-Americans: review and critique of a decade of research--Part III.

The excessive burden of disease experienced by African-Americans has long been described by authorities in the public, private, and professional sector as a national health concern. Several reports have been published in the peer-reviewed literature that describe the outcomes of nurse-directed studies aimed at addressing the factors associated with the disparities experienced by African-Americans and these reports were also aimed toward the design of interventions to reduce and/or eliminate them. However, little is known about the scope, quality, and impact of these efforts relative to the promotion of health and the prevention of disease among African-American population groups. This report presents the results of a review, analysis, and critique of reports of outcomes of nursing research aimed toward reducing health-related disparities among African-Americans. These reports were described in a selected group of African-American nursing organizations and journals dedicated to providing a forum for the discussion of issues focused on cultural diversity, transcultural nursing, and multicultural health care issues. Included among the journals were the Journal of the National Black Nurses Association, the Journal of the Association of Black Nursing Faculty, the Journal of Chi Eta Phi Sorority, the Journal of Cultural Diversity, the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, and the Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health. Results of the review will be reported in three parts. The first part was reported in an earlier edition (Journal of National Black Nurses Association, Volume 15, No. 1), the second part was reported in Volume 16, No 1, of the Journal of National Black Nurses Association, and the third part is reported here. The results of this critique revealed that this body of nursing research provides the profession with a broad base of knowledge and insights. This knowledge is relative to the individual and familial impact of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, mental health and mental illness, and sickle cell disease within the African-American community. Knowledge and insights relative to the concerns and needs of childbearing, parenting, the elderly caregivers and care giving in African-American population groups is essential if health care disparities are to be truly eliminated. This review, analysis, and critique also revealed several gaps and limitations within this body of nursing research.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Enabling protocol-based medical critiquing.

This paper investigates the combination of expert critiquing systems and formal medical protocols. Medical protocols might serve as a suitable basis for an expert critiquing system because of the ongoing acceptance of medical protocols and the rise of both evidence-based practice and evidence-based protocols. A prerequisite for a critiquing system based on medical protocols is the ability to match the actions a physician performs in practice to actions prescribed by a protocol. Previous research has shown that this is quite difficult, due to the fact that computerized systems are unable to handle deviations from a protocol, which are common in the medical domain. Our solution to this problem is based on extracting the intention underlying a physician's action and uses the intention as the basis for matching performed actions to prescribed actions. We propose an algorithm for the intention-based matching process and we evaluate the matching algorithm on 12 cases of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term newborns.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1980

Toward a critique of the psychology of the self.

A critique of Kohut's "psychology of the self" is presented. This critique derives from the author's view that paradigm competition often unnecessarily polarizes and accentuates differences while obfuscating rather than facilitating communication. An attempt is made to delineate Kohut's valuable contributions and to integrate them within the structural hypothesis . In addition, a critique of a number of issues that are incompletely or "inexactly" elaborated within Kohut's paradigm is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

United States Department of Veterans Affairs Chiropractic Services Pilot Program evaluation study SDR #86-09: a critique.

The following critique of the Chiropractic Services Pilot Program (SDR #86-09) focuses on two major issues: the terms of reference established for the study and the research constraints that arose from either the terms of reference or their interpretation; the technical design and execution of the research. The review suggests that the constraints invalidated the study and ensured that no comparisons are possible between chiropractic and medical care for VA patients based on these results. The constraints resulted in the use of a nonexperimental design, distinct samples being chosen and nonequivalent care settings being compared. The critique also reveals that in each of the design steps (eligibility criteria, sampling, protocols, data collection, analysis, interpretations) there were serious methodological flaws. These ensured that the two populations being compared (chiropractic patients versus medical patients) were in fact noncomparable. In terms of the economic cost comparisons, the design guaranteed the comparison was unfair, pitting a private, fee-for-service chiropractic practice against a not-for-profit, managed-care, federally regulated and budgeted institution. Furthermore, the allocation of costs to the two groups was done inaccurately. The critique concludes that the results are not valid, they cannot be used for generalizing, they cannot be used for statistical analysis and they should not be used to establish policy. The research design and the methodological flaws meant that the objectives of the study could not be met.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1999

A feminist critique of research on menopausal experience of Korean women.

Despite the increasing number of studies on the menopausal experience of Asian women, the focus of the studies has been on simple comparisons of their symptoms with Western women's and other disease-oriented research topics. To propose directions for future research on menopause, we analyzed and critiqued 158 studies on the menopausal experience of a group of Asian women-Korean women. The studies were retrieved through a search of computerized databases in the United States and South Korea, and they were reviewed, analyzed, and critiqued with a feminist perspective. Many of the studies have problems with (a) conceptualization, including ethnocentric and androcentric views of menopause, biomedical perspectives, and language difficulties; (b) research methods, such as inadequate instruments, passive relationships between researchers and research participants, culturally inappropriate communication styles, inadequate study designs, and homogeneous research participants; and (c) interpretation and communication of study findings. These issues undermine the conclusions drawn about the nature of the menopausal experience of Korean women.

Communication Barriers↗