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PubMed1975

Masculinity-femininity in creative college women.

The possible relationship between masculinity and creativity in college women was investigated through a battery of masculinity-femininity scales that tapped both manifest and latent masculinity, factorially derived clusters, and an ipsative measure. Two samples (n = 45 each) of women who had scored above the 75th percentile and below the 25th percentile respectively on two measures of creativity were used. High creative subjects scored higher on activity and described themselves as more masculine; indications are that they possess a broader, less stereotyped sex-role identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The measurement of creativity by the Stroop Color and Word Test.

The development of a valid and reliable measure of creativity has been a challenging problem to psychologists. Gamble and Kellner (1968) have suggested that the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) might be such a measure. The advantages of the Stroop include that it tests basic processes, is stable over long periods of time, and is easy to administer and score. The present study investigated the relationship of the Stroop to three independent measures of creativity: a verbal task, a nonverbal task, and ratings by teachers. In all cases a significant relationship was found between these measures and the Stroop interference score. A concept of creativity as a basic underlying process is discussed by the author as well as implications for further research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Homosexuality and creativity.

Despite heightened interest in both homosexuality and creativity, as well as theoretical and anecdotal evidence linking the two, there are virtually no empirical data relevant to this hypothesized relationship. Four groups of homosexuals (activists, social homosexuals, clients of a college counseling center, and artistic homosexuals) and four groups of control heterosexuals matched on age, educational level, and verbal intelligence were administered a battery of tests that included nine measures of aspects of creativity. Of the 36 possible comparisons, nine significant mean differences were obtained, but in all cases homosexuals scored lower. There is thus no support for the contention that homosexuals are more creative.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Relationship of non-verbal rigidity and creative perceptions.

The relationship of rigidity and creative perceptions of 214 Hungarian adolescent males and females was explored using a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) and a measure of creative perceptions (Something About Myself). Males and females were divided into Moderately Rigid and Low Rigid groups. An analysis of variance of the data showed no significant differences in creative perceptions relative to rigidity level, sex, or interaction of rigidity level and sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Preference for stimulus complexity and architectural creativity.

Previous research linking creativity with preference for stimulus complexity was questioned. A measure of preference for stimulus complexity was derived from a previous study in which mean ratings of complexity of stimuli in the Welsh Figure Preference Test were obtained. Preferences for complexity by 116 architects in MacKinnon's (1961) study were unrelated to judged creativity. Barron-Welsh Art Scale scores of these subjects were significantly related to creativity only after the effects of preference for stimulus complexity were statistically removed.

Architecture↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol and creative writing.

A repeated-measures design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creative writing as measured by use of novel figurative language. 11 male social drinkers participated in a creative writing task under two conditions, alcohol (high dose: 1.1 ml. ethanol/kilogram body weight) and placebo. In the alcohol condition, within-subject comparisons indicated significantly greater quantity of creative writing while intoxicated. These results were interpreted as supporting the belief that alcohol can reduce "writer's block," at least amongst nonalcoholic subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

An investigation of the relationship between cognitive tempo and creativity in preschool-age children.

70 preschool-age children were administered a modified version of the Matching Familiar Figures test as well as a modified version of the picture completion task from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Sex of subject and cognitive tempo were combined factorially with type of creativity measure in a 2 times 2 times 4 repeated-measures design. A significant effect for cognitive tempo was found showing reflective subjects scoring higher than impulsive subjects on each measure of creativity.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

[Creative moments during analytical processes].

Examples from his clinical work are used by the author to illustrate creative instances during analysis. First, there appear a dis-idealization and a threat of chaos, followed by mourning, reparation and sublimation. The creative function originates in a patient's attempt to objectify his or her ego in different ways--which involves a phantasy of being re-born in order to love someone and be loved in turn. It represents a triumph of life over death, of health over madness. In other words, the creative function means putting psychic chaos into order with pre-existing elements by means of original, new, better-integrated changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The curative and creative aspects of insight.

Insight is a sine qua non of the psychoanalytic process and is a condition, catalyst, and consequence of the psychoanalytic process. Analytic insight is defined and differentiated from other types of self-knowledge and awareness and from pseudo insight; there are different levels and underlying processes in the development of insight. The importance of insight is delineated in theory and therapy, in analyst and patient, and in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis aims to minimize noninsightful influences and to maximize insight leading to structural change. Psychoanalysis is not without a goal, but has the inexorable goal of expanded insight. Clinical limitations to gaining and retaining insight are recognized. Stress is placed on the acquisition and creation of insight and its relation to ego development, analytic progress, and adaptive mastery. Insight and creativity are complementary, and insight has creative and novel configurations. Although it is organized and consolidated in conscious verbalization, insight may proceed outside awareness. An unnoticed case of Freud's provides an example of creative insight. The achievement of insight effects and reflects structural change. Clinical psychoanalysis maximizes insight and minimizes other therapeutic influences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Imaginary companions in childhood and adult creativity.

Case material is presented to illustrate the thesis that the ability to create an imaginary companion during childhood is an early expression of the special ego aptitudes found in creative individuals in adult life. Such "companions" allow these children to attempt to master creatively a variety of narcissistic mortifications suffered in reality and to displace unacceptable affects. In creative adults who had imaginary companions in childhood, the early fantasies serve as an organizing schema in memory for the childhood traumata. Stimuli in adult life which evoke the earlier traumata may revive the original imaginary companion fantasies. These then serve as nodal bases for the creation of specific adult works of art.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Creativity in adolescence].

The phenomen of transitory artistic creativity in adolescence is discussed. Although adolescents have the same qualities as adults their artistic productivity varies. Various concepts of creativity as found in the literature are discussed, especially those comparing adult and adolescent personality. The different developmental stages of adolescence correspond to different stages of creativity which are the products of various ego stages and ego defense mechanisms during the three adolescent periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

EEG frequency patterns associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia and "creativity" in normals.

This study attempts to define EEG power spectral patterns associated with hallucinatory behaviors in schizophrenia. Six unmedicated schizophrenics with Schneiderian criteria were interviewed and their tongue potentials were monitored and recorded on FM tape. Eye movements and tongue potentials were monitored and segments with artifacts were not used. Consecutive 4-sec intervals of EEG were analyzed in the frequency domain using fast Fourier transorm methods and serial power spectra plots obtained. The intrusiveness of the hallucinatory experience may be similar to the sudden internal experience of perceptual resolution in a creative task. Six normal controls were similarly monitored and analyzed while responding to tests of "creativity." In the 4-sec interval prior to reports of hallucinatory experiences, a frequency pattern of predominatly delta and theta power was found in 71.7% of the EEG segments. In the control group, 78.1% of the EEG segments preceding a creative response demonstrated a similar low frequency pattern which also differed significantly from the base line EEG frequency pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Competency-based education and creative thinking.

When creativity is considered as an approach to problem-solving, rather than as an innate talent, then education can play an important role in its development. This paper postulates that competency-based education, because of its emphasis on stated objectives, feedback, self-evaluation, and alternative learning experiences, is an approach to curriculum design that should lead students to become more creative thinkers. A description of competency-based-education is given, and research on educational methods and creativity is surveyed. The implications of this type of program for occupational therapy education are considered.

Creativity↗
PubMed1976

Homospatial thinking in creativity.

"Homospatial thinking" consists of actively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same space, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities. Homospatial thinking has a salient role in the creative process in the following wide variety of fields: literature, the visual arts, music, science, and mathematics. This cognitive factor, along with "Janusian thinking," clarifies the nature of creative thinking as a highly adaptive and primarily nonregressive form of functioning.

Art↗
PubMed1992

Creative musical behavior and sex hormones: musical talent and spatial ability in the two sexes.

Creative musical behavior, musical intelligence, and spatial ability were investigated in relation to salivary testosterone (T). In a cross-sectional study with 117 adults and in an 8-yr longitudinal study with 120 adolescents, composers, instrumentalists, and nonmusicians of both sexes were compared by analyses of variance. Results indicate that an optimal T range may exist for the expression of creative musical behavior. This range may be at the bottom of normal male T range and at the top of normal female T range. In addition, musicians were found to attain significantly higher spatial test scores than nonmusicians, both, in an 8-yr-period of adolescent development and in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Similarity in general cognitive ability, creativity, and cognitive style in a sample of adolescent Russian twins.

Data on five tests of general and specific cognitive abilities, cognitive styles, and creativity, obtained from members of 60 identical and 63 fraternal Russian adolescent twin pairs, are presented. All tests are adaptations of standardized instruments widely used outside of the Soviet Union. Identical and fraternal twin correlations for general cognitive ability yielded a lower estimate of heritability (0.29) than generally found in other countries worldwide (0.52) although the twin correlations themselves are fairly comparable to figures from other countries and cultures--0.83 and 0.69 for Russian identical and fraternal twin pairs, respectively, vs 0.86 and 0.60 for non-Russian identical, and fraternal twin pairs. Twin correlations for other cognitive-related abilities assessed were also comparable to correlations obtained outside the Soviet Union with the exception of creativity which yielded higher within-pair resemblance than reported in previous twin studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Family constellation and creativity: firstborn predominance among classical music composers.

Biographies of classical musci composers were examined for family constellation information. Usable data were found for 80 composers. Firstborns, especially only children, were found significantly more frequently than in a sample of creative writers studied by Bliss. Increased frequency of firstborns was also suggested in a study of musical performers by Raychaudhuri. Classical musci composition was seen as an ability more similar to usual academic pursuits than creative writing.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1979

Einstein's creative thinking and the general theory of relativity: a documented report.

A document written by Albert Einstein has recently come to light in which the eminent scientist described the actual sequence of his thoughts leading to the development of the general theory of relativity. The key creative thought was an instance of a type of creative cognition the author has previously designated "Janusian thinking," Janusian thinking consists of actively conceiving two or more opposite or antithetical concepts, ideas, or images simultaneously. This form of high-level secondary process cognition has been found to operate widely in art, science, and other fields.

Creativity↗