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PubMed1975

Clinical application of a second generation electrocardiographic computer program.

An electrocardiographic computer program based on multivariate analysis of orthogonal leads (Frank) was applied to records transmitted daily by telephone from the Veterans Administration Hospital, West Roxbury, Mass., to the Veterans Administration Hospital, Washington, D. C. A Bayesian classification procedure was used to compute probabilities for all diagnostic categories that might be encountered in a given record. Computer results were compared with interpretations of conventional 12 lead tracings. Of 1,663 records transmitted, 1,192 were selected for the study because the clinical diagnosis in these cases could be firmly established on the basis of independent, nonelectrocardiographic information. Twenty-one percent of the records were obtained from patients without evidence of cardiac disease and 79 percent from patients with various cardiovascular illnesses. Diagnostic electrocardiographic classifications were considered correct when in agreement with documented clinical diagnoses. Of the total sample of 1,192 recordings, 86 percent were classified correctly by computer as compared with 68 percent by conventional 12 lead electrocardiographic analysis. Improvement in diagnostic recognition by computer was most striking in patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease or chronic obstructive lung disease. The multivariate classification scheme functioned most efficiently when a problem-oriented approach to diagnosis was simulated. This was accomplished by a simple method of adjusting prior probabilities according to the diagnostic problem under consideration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Plasmid mapping computer program.

Three new computer algorithms are described which rapidly order the restriction fragments of a plasmid DNA which has been cleaved with two restriction endonucleases in single and double digestions. Two of the algorithms are contained within a single computer program (called MPCIRC). The Rule-Oriented algorithm, constructs all logical circular map solutions within sixty seconds (14 double-digestion fragments) when used in conjunction with the Permutation method. The program is written in Apple Pascal and runs on an Apple II Plus Microcomputer with 64K of memory. A third algorithm is described which rapidly maps double digests and uses the above two algorithms as adducts. Modifications of the algorithms for linear mapping are also presented.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

A review of Iliad and Quick Medical Reference for primary care providers. Two diagnostic computer programs.

Two diagnostic computer programs, Iliad (Applied Informatics Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah) and Quick Medical Reference (Camdat Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa), are commercially available. Both describe a large subset of internal medicine diseases. These programs, also called knowledge bases, have different structures and diagnostic methods and emphasize somewhat different experimental observations regarding problem solving and expert diagnostic behavior. Quick Medical Reference has more diverse reference features and emphasizes diagnostic competitors (diseases that explain similar features in a case). Iliad has better developed teaching features and emphasizes a probabilistic approach. The histories and methods of these programs place various constraints on their diagnostic capabilities, especially from a primary care perspective. Although neither program is currently likely to fill the role of an expert diagnostic consultant for a family practitioner, both have potential as unique reference and teaching tools in primary care.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Antibiotic combinations and serum concentrations: a study using a computer program].

An original computer program developed to study antibiotic combinations is presented. In vitro combination effects were determined by broth microtiter checkerboard method. Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for each antibiotic alone and in combination were registered on a microcomputer (Apple Lisa). The program (Pascal UCSD) allowed to determine FIC and FBC index and a therapeutical index (IFT) based on reduction of concentrations under mean serum levels for the two antibiotics. An IFT less than 1 correlated to a combination of antibiotics with achievable therapeutic levels. More the IFT was low more the combination was effective. This therapeutical index was calculated for various combinations of antibiotic concentrations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Clinical placements by computer program.

A computer allocation and recording system was developed and implemented to permit an integrated, sequesntial and, to some extent, individually tailored clinical experience for occupational therapy students. Necessary technical information is described for those who may wish to adapt the program to their needs. A difficult administrative task was solved by a machine well known for its speed and accuracy, extensive memory, and copy-typing capabilities.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

A new computer program (GlycoX) to determine simultaneously the glycosylation sites and oligosaccharide heterogeneity of glycoproteins.

A new computer program, GlycoX, was developed to aid in the determination of the glycosylation sites and oligosaccharide heterogeneity in glycoproteins. After digestion with the nonspecific protease, each glycan at a specific glycosylation site contains a small peptide tag that identifies the location of the glycan. GlycoX was developed in MATLAB requiring the entry of the exact masses of the glycopeptide and the glycan spectra in the form of a mass-intensity table and taking advantage of the accurate mass capability of the mass analyzer, in this case a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometer. This program computes not only the glycosylation site but also the composition of the glycans at each site. Several glycoproteins were used to determine the efficacy of GlycoX. These glycoproteins range from the simple, with one site of glycosylation, to the more complex, with multiple (three) sites of glycosylation. The results obtained using the computer program were the same as those determined manually. Model glycoproteins yielded the correct results, and new glycoproteins with unknown glycosylation were examined with the site of glycosylation and the corresponding glycans determined. Furthermore, other functions in GlycoX, including an auto-isotope filter to identify monoisotopic peaks and an oligosaccharide calculator to obtain the oligosaccharide composition, are demonstrated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

A computer program for long term anticoagulation control.

A computer program is described which calculates suggested daily anticoagulant dose schedules for long term patients. This program is a part of the real-time Information System for Thrombosis Centres. The program requires only the most recent information on the patient from the Information System's data base. This information consists of the latest two measured coagulation times, the previous dose schedule, the target and limiting values set by the physician to the coagulation time, and a very limited number of parameters accounting for the patient's anticoagulation history. A simple dose-response model is used to simulate and predict a coagulation time. By comparing this prediction with the measured coagulation time the program computes the necessary adjustment in the average dose and the appointment period. It gives remarks, if necessary. The Information System is used successfully for the majority of patients of Leiden Thrombosis Centre, where it operates as a part of a real-time Hospital Information System.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of habitual masticatory patterns in men and women using a custom computer program.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Though computer-based systems for recording three-dimensional jaw motion and muscle activity during mastication are common, few computer programs are available to analyze the resultant data. Few studies have discussed the variability over time of the many parameters of the masticatory cycle now measurable by computer systems. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to (1) use a custom computer program, (MAS), for analysis of long-term repeated measurements of mandibular motion and muscle activity; (2) determine sex differences for mandibular movements and activity of the muscles involved during mastication; and (3) determine the variability over time and the statistical power of these methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Masticatory cycles of 20 normal men and 17 normal women were examined during mastication of a constant bolus at a sampling rate of 500 fps. Measurements included duration of chewing cycle and its component phases, mandibular displacement in three dimensions, and electromyographic activity in the temporalis and masseter muscles. The MAS custom computer program was used for analysis. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the men with the women over three trials at 0, 6, and 12 months. The variability over time associated with each measurement was also estimated. RESULTS: Timing of the phases of the chewing cycle were most repeatable between trials, whereas lateral excursions and muscle force magnitudes were the least repeatable measures. Durations of total cycle, its slow-open and fast-close phases, were significantly longer for the female group, and their bursts of muscle activity tended to be longer. The amount of vertical mandibular excursion tended to be greater for men. There were no gender-related differences in the amplitude of muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that men have significantly shorter chewing cycles with faster velocities than women. Men used significantly greater chewing force than women, although their electromyographic activity levels were equivalent. The masticatory measurements made by the MAS program had differing amounts of variation over time. Total duration of the chewing cycle and amount of opening varied the least, whereas amount of lateral excursion and jaw muscle electromyographic magnitudes exhibited the greatest variation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Liability for personal injuries caused by defective medical computer programs.

During the past ten years, the use of computer programs in medicine has become increasingly prevalent. As these programs proliferate, however, their potential to injure patients also increases. Although the question of liability for personal injuries caused by defective medical computer programs has not been addressed by the courts, it is inevitable that this question will arise in a judicial forum. In this Article, the authors examine the questions a court will face when addressing this novel cause of action. They attempt to resolve some of these questions by exploring the relevant characteristics of medical computer programs and examining their relationship to the tort law doctrines of negligence and strict products liability. The authors conclude that medical computer programs will be treated as products by the courts, subjecting their manufacturers to strict liability in tort for any defects in the program that cause injury. As a result, the authors contend, hospitals are likely to face a new source of liability for patient injuries if, under the particular circumstances, they are deemed to be the manufacturer or the distributor of a medical computer program that causes an injury.

Computers↗
PubMed1996

Expert-novice knowledge of computer programming at different levels of abstraction.

Computer programming knowledge can be classified into five levels of abstraction: objective, conceptual, functional, logical, and physical. An experiment was carried out to determine whether the mastering of knowledge at different levels of abstraction changed with the level of skill. Ten experts and ten novices in C computer programming participated in the experiment. The subjects' knowledge at the five levels of abstraction was tested through 20 multiple-choice questions. The experimental results indicated that knowledge differences between experts and novices at an abstract level or a concrete level depended on what abstract or concrete knowledge was implied. Experts had better abstract knowledge than novices at the conceptual and functional levels but not at the objective level. Experts had better concrete knowledge than novices at the physical level but not at the logical level. The classification of computer programming knowledge in levels of abstraction and the experimental results helped in clarifying a general finding from previous studies that experts had better abstract knowledge than novices.

Cognition↗
PubMed1984

A micro-computer program package for the computation of intraocular lens powers.

An accurate micro-computer software package has been designed to assist in the calculation of IOL powers. This program set should be able to be used on any Z80 computer with the CPM operating system. It accepts measurement data, calculates the implant powers and their estimated postoperative refractions, using the same formulas as the Binkhorst IOL Power Module used in the TI- 58C programmable calculator. The advantages are that the method of entry of data helps to eliminate the clerical errors such as number transposition and impossible value entry. The program also allows for the storage of the patient information in a disc file for future use. This can speed the search for a patient's records and help to increase the efficiency of the office. The program can be executed in much less time and with greater accuracy and legibility than is possible with the TI- 58C programs.

Cell Count↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic analyses with RUGFIT: an interactive pharmacokinetic computer program.

RUGFIT is an interactive computer program to fit polyexponential equations to experimental points without the need of assumptions about the number of exponential terms and without the need of initial parameter estimates. The fitting is performed by iterative stripping minimizing the sum of squared residuals. This procedure leads to multiple model equations describing the profile of the y-value in time, that are compared with the test of Boxenbaum et al. The examples analysed in this paper are: a plasma decay curve after an intravenous bolus injection and one after an oral gift, a dA/dt versus time curve with a lag time and a curve possibly reflecting an entero-hepatic recirculation. The outcomes are, where possible, compared with the outcomes obtained with the computer programs CFT3, NONLIN, and NONLINEAR (SPSS). The latter three programs sometimes run into a local minimum, as the outcomes obtained with RUGFIT were close to the best ones obtained with the other programs. The analyses with RUGFIT show that a choice of an inadequate model equation can lead to a marked error in the value of the area under the curve that may result in a marked error of, for instance, the bioavailability. The procedures of RUGFIT are illustrated in the Appendix. RUGFIT also contains options to calculate microparameters, to simulate dosage regimes, to calculate exponents and intercepts from rate constants and to analyse time effect relationships.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The computer programmed multi-image lecture.

Computer programmed multi-image presentations enhance considerably the visual content of an audiovisual presentation. A multi-image production provides ample opportunity to present the pre- and post-operative images simultaneously, enabling the audience to compare and comprehend the results with ease. With more than one image the natural sequence of dissection details can be shown, resulting in continuity of thought. The dissolve mechanism offsets any visual fatigue of the audience. The films contribute animation sequences which cannot be demonstrated well on slides. A presentation of all material provides the lecturer with maximum control with the minimum of effort, utilising one button. A computer programmed multi-image production is a complex medium of audiovisual presentation and needs a great deal of time and experience and is not to be lightly undertaken. With the increased number of slides, images and projectors the margin for error is small. Careful slide assembly and repeated rehearsals are the keys to success. At the moment, its use is recommended for special lectures only with adequate consideration being given for the increased expense of production.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1975

A computer program for calculation and interpretation of pulmonary function studies.

A computer program to calculate and interpret the standard pulmonary function tests has been developed on a programmable calculator system. The program computes both predicted and measured values for static and dynamic lung volumes, airways resistance and diffusing capacity. It then checks for differences between predicted and obtained values and interprets them according to a specific, clinically useful set of diagnostic criteria. By acquisition of a reliable and easy-to-use data processing system, a pulmonary function laboratory can significantly increase the efficiency and accuracy of its day-to-day work.

Computers↗
PubMed1997

Diagnostic interpretation of electrocardiograms in population-based research: computer program research physicians, or cardiologists?

We assessed the performance of diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation by the computer program MEANS and by research physicians, compared to cardiologists, in a physician-based study. To establish a strategy for ECG interpretation in health surveys, we also studied the diagnostic capacity of three scenarios: use of the computer program alone (A), computer program and cardiologist (B), and computer program, research physician, and cardiologist (C). A stratified random sample of 381 ECGs was drawn from ECGs collected in the Rotterdam Study (n = 3057), which were interpreted both by a trained research physician using a form for structured clinical evaluation and by MEANS. All ECGs were interpreted independently by two cardiologists; if they disagreed (n = 175) the ECG was judged by a third cardiologist. Five ECG diagnoses were considered: anterior and inferior myocardial infarction (MI), left and right bundle branch block (LBBB and RBBB), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Overall, sensitivities and specificities of MEANS and the research physicians were high. The sensitivity of MEANS ranged from 73.8% to 92.9% and of the research physician ranged from 71.8% to 96.9%. The specificity of MEANS ranged from 97.5% to 99.8% and of the research physician from 96.3% to 99.6%. To diagnose LVH, LBBB, and RBBB, use of the computer program alone gives satisfactory results. Preferably, all positive findings of anterior and inferior MI by the program should be verified by a cardiologist. We conclude that diagnostic ECG interpretation by computer can be very helpful in population-based research, being at least as good as ECG interpretation by a trained research physician, but much more efficient and therefore less expensive.

Bundle-Branch Block↗
PubMed1997

[Computer programs for clinical laboratories].

Computer programs for medical diagnostic laboratories which help save time needed for making files and improve their quality are to be differentiated from application programs for specific analyses. Any laboratory program consists of a nucleus and periphery. The nucleus includes the modules (which can be presented as individual files) carrying out the operations obligatory for any laboratory, such as registration of patients, making working lists, validation of results, making reports for clients and progress reports, archives, and quality systems. Modules ensuring the function of the program, namely, introduction of the names and parameters of methods, names of clients, staff personal, etc., are also referred to the nucleus. The periphery of a program consists of utilities or modules for certain analyzers, for data transfer to clients or to the central computer, and for sophisticated methods of data processing. A program meeting the medical requirements is to make use of only accredited methods of logical data processing, ensure the confidentiality and reliability of information, and keep records about the operations (who and when performed an operation and what operation was performed).

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Calculation of chromatographic dead times and retention indices with the aid of a computer program in BASIC.

A computer program is presented for calculating chromatographic dead time from the observed retention times of an homologous series of standards using the iterative approximation procedure of Guardino et al. The program is written in BASIC and is readily adaptable to most microcomputers capable of using BASIC. Corrected retention times and capacity factors of standards and of samples are also calculated by the program. Examples of applications in gas chromatography and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography are presented. A listing of the BASIC program is given.

Chromatography↗