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PubMedDate not supplied

Input technology.

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Computer Peripherals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic profile of paraquat following intravenous administration to the rabbit.

Pharmacokinetic studies of paraquat in rabbits were performed using [methyl-14C]-paraquat. Plasma concentration of paraquat following i.v. administration to the rabbit was fitted to a 3-exponential function of pharmacokinetic analysis. Distribution and elimination were discussed on the basis of the 3-compartment open model system, which has a central and two peripheral compartments. Computer simulations of paraquat levels in each compartment indicated that the slow-uptake peripheral compartment contained a greater amount of paraquat than the central or the fast-uptake peripheral compartment. On the basis of the present results of the computer simulations in company with tissue distributions of paraquat reported by the other investigators, it is likely that the slow-uptake peripheral compartment contains the lung. In cases of paraquat-induced renal failures, the paraquat levels of the slow-uptake peripheral compartment were remarkably higher than in cases of normal renal functions. Histology of the rabbit tissues 7 days after i.v. administration of paraquat revealed that marked changes were observed only in the kidney, suggesting some renal failures induced by paraquat. In spite of the high concentration of paraquat, which was presumed with the computer simulations in this study, the rabbit lung showed a remarkable resistance to paraquat toxicity. The histology studies suggested the complexities of paraquat toxicity to the rabbit. The lung toxicity in the rabbit would be caused by not only the paraquat concentration in the lung but also some biochemical parameters in the tissue related to the mechanisms of paraquat toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Electrophoretic gel image analysis software for the molecular biology laboratory.

We present GelReader 1.0, a microcomputer program designed to make precision, digital analysis of one-dimensional electrophoretic gels accessible to the molecular biology laboratory of modest means. Images of electrophoretic gels are digitized via a desktop flatbed scanner from instant photographs, autoradiograms or chromogenically stained blotting media. GelReader is then invoked to locate lanes and bands and generate a report of molecular weights of unknowns, based on specified sets of standards. Frequently used standards can be stored in the program. Lanes and bands can be added or removed, based upon users' subjective preferences. A unique lane histogram feature facilitates precise manual addition of bands missed by the software. Image enhancement features include palette manipulation, histogram equalization, shadowing and magnification. The user interface strikes a balance between program autonomy and user intervention, in recognition of the variability in electrophoretic gel quality and users' analytical needs.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1991

Computer-aided cell colony counting.

Counting cell colonies is a tedious task when performed with the light microscope. Moreover, unless strict double-blind protocols are adhered to, biased counts are difficult to avoid. Presented here is a computer software application that performs accurate, reproducible cell colony counts with a minimum of user generated bias. The application is based upon the Apple IICX computer system with Image software and AppleScan. Colonies are grown on 24-well plates and prepared in such a way as to permit good quality scanning. The scans are then transferred to Image and the individual colonies in each well are counted. Good correlation with counts done by light microscopy is achieved.

Clone Cells↗
PubMed1990

PNSCROLL, a software package for graphical interactive analysis of single channel patch clamp currents and other binary file records: under mouse control.

The PNSCROLL program has been specifically developed for interactively scrolling through binary data files under mouse control, in order to analyse single channel current records and printout, or plot, records and histograms of currents. PNSCROLL requires the use of a Microsoft Mouse and runs on an IBM or IBM-compatible microcomputer operating under MS DOS, ideally with 256K EGA or VGA graphics card and colour display. It will print on Epson dot matrix printers and plot records and histograms on HP plotters and LaserJet laser printers.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1992

Electronic imaging workstations: ergonomic issues and the user interface.

The electronic imaging workstation serves as the interface between an electronic system and a user. Although the performance aspects of electronic displays are crucial considerations in workstation design, experience suggests that human factors in mechanical operation, software accessibility, and workstation environment are also important. Generally, workstations should have monitors arranged horizontally, and the work environment should be designed to minimize glare from lighting fixtures and to accommodate requirements for low luminance. Devices that control the workstation (eg, key pads, track balls) should be designed so that the user can operate primary and auxiliary controls with efficiency of hand and eye movements. Although many innovations in software (eg, graphical user interfaces) have allowed current workstations to be operated by users who have no knowledge of computer operations, further improvements in interactive software are necessary if such systems are to be accepted by radiologists.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term preservation of a beating heart in an artificial environment.

The natural heart could be preserved in the beating state, with appropriate afterload, for more than 24 hrs if supported by blood compatible artificial organs and biomedical engineering techniques. An artificial environment was developed using this philosophy. The system was constructed from four subsystems: circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and environmental. In the circulatory subsystem, diastolic pressure was held at 70 to 100 mmHg by computer aided peripheral resistance, and a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) could be added when cardiac function was weakened. The respiratory subsystem was composed of an artificial lung and computer aided gas mixer for O2, CO2, and air, which kept blood PO2 and PCO2 within physiologic levels. In the metabolic subsystem, glucose and insulin were injected by infusion pump so as to maintain blood sugar within 100 to 200 mg/dl, whereas the environmental system preserved the isolated heart at 37 degrees C in a sterile water bath. Goats' hearts were connected to this system, and continued to beat for a maximum of 24 hours.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

MACSPEC--a software system for fully automatic processing and analysis of large series of NMR spectra.

In vivo NMR spectroscopy often accumulates a large number of spectra (typically 100 individual files or even more) to follow metabolic changes with high time-resolution. The analysis of these spectra is very time-consuming for the spectroscopist and, furthermore, it requires the spectrometer's computer, needed for control of experiments. Here we report the software system MACSPEC developed for automatic processing and analysis of large series of individual NMR spectra on a peripheral personal computer. With this software the spectrometer's computer is kept available for experiments, and the necessary interaction of the spectroscopist is limited to a definition of the processing conditions at the beginning of the data analysis.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1991

Bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--effect of steroids measured by low dose quantitative computed tomography.

For 2 years bone density changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were monitored to determine the effect of low dose corticosteroid treatment. Sixteen perimenopausal females were studied. Of these nine were treated with 5 to 20 mg prednisone per day and seven had no steroids. The differential effects on trabecular bone density and on cortical bone in the radius and the tibia were examined with high precision peripheral quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Steroid therapy did not influence cortical bone loss and had only a minor influence on trabecular bone density. Of greater importance was the influence of estrogen depletion. Corticosteroids and estrogen depletion, however, cannot explain fully the yearly loss of 5.7% in the trabecular and 4% in the cortical bone of the radius.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical implications of catheter variability on neonatal continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

The clinical impact of catheter diameter variability on performance of neonatal continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) systems was shown by demonstration of the effect of catheter inner diameter on catheter and CAVH system blood flow. Diameter of 3.5 Fr and 5 Fr catheters was determined by experimental measurement of catheter flow-pressure drop relationship with known equations for fluid flow. Physical measurements verified the accuracy of the calculated diameters. These diameters were then used in a mathematical simulation to describe blood flow through an entire neonatal CAVH system and predict clinical performance. Catheters of 5 Fr caliber had a 39% variation in diameter among manufacturers, resulting in a 370% variation in blood flows; 3.5 Fr catheters had a 29% variation in internal diameter with a corresponding blood flow variation of 290%. Computer simulation of a neonatal CAVH system revealed a maximum blood flow of 0.8-3.0 ml/min with available 5 Fr catheters. This wide variation is probably responsible for the lack of consistent results in neonatal CAVH systems to date.

Catheterization, Peripheral↗
PubMed1992

Eight year's experience with automated anesthesia record keeping: lessons learned--new directions taken.

For the past eight years, an automated anesthesia record keeping system, COMANDAS (COMputerized ANesthesia Data Acquisition System) has been used in the cardiovascular operating rooms at Mayo Clinic. The automated anesthesia record is designed to match the traditional hand-written record and becomes part of the official medical record. COMANDAS is interfaced with the physiologic monitor and mass spectrometer in each OR, and a number of other computers within the Mayo Medical Center. Since the introduction of COMANDAS over 24,000 surgical procedures have been charted. The anesthesia record is more complete, consistent in organization, and legible when compared to a hand-written record. Recently, it was determined that the computers and peripherals that make up COMANDAS were wearing out and that the vendors would no longer support or replace the equipment. A process to find a replacement for COMANDAS was then begun. Although the cardiovascular anesthesia group was satisfied with the automated anesthesia record, there were a number of areas in which improvement was desired. A systematic evaluation of the system was begun with a survey of the users. The majority of those surveyed felt that COMANDAS was a useful system which made parts of their job easier. The user interface, method of manual data entry, time to produce the record and difficulty learning the system were the source of the greatest dissatisfaction. Artifacts, networking, interfacing with other devices and computers were also issues for the replacement system. Most commercial systems were found wanting in one or more areas of significance. The most practical solution appeared to be the modification of a currently available intensive care unit patient data management system.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1988

Granulomatous hepatitis associated with cat scratch disease.

In three patients with cat scratch disease the liver was affected. All three had high fever (39 degrees C) for more than 3 weeks. Two of them had no peripheral adenopathy. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed focal hepatic defects in two patients and periportal and periaortic adenopathy in the third. At laparotomy, there were nodules on the liver surfaces of all patients and histological examination revealed necrotising granulomata. The Warthin-Starry silver stain showed organisms consistent in appearance with the cat scratch bacillus in the liver and a periaortic lymph node of one patient, in the liver of the second patient, and in the axillary lymph node of the third. In all three patients the clinical findings and radiological abnormalities improved without specific therapy. A review of the surgical pathology files of Washington University revealed only two other cases of granulomatous hepatitis in children over a 6-year period. These findings indicate that cat scratch disease should now be included in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous hepatitis, at least in children. The absence of peripheral adenopathy in two of the three patients with granulomatous hepatitis suggests that the clinical spectrum of cat scratch disease may be broader than previously appreciated.

Cat-Scratch Disease↗
PubMed1991

Recognition of synthetic speech by hearing-impaired elderly listeners.

The Modified Rhyme Test (MRT), recorded using natural speech and two forms of synthetic speech, DECtalk and Votrax, was used to measure both open-set and closed-set speech-recognition performance. Performance of hearing-impaired elderly listeners was compared to two groups of young normal-hearing adults, one listening in quiet, and the other listening in a background of spectrally shaped noise designed to simulate the peripheral hearing loss of the elderly. Votrax synthetic speech yielded significant decrements in speech recognition compared to either natural or DECtalk synthetic speech for all three subject groups. There were no differences in performance between natural speech and DECtalk speech for the elderly hearing-impaired listeners or the young listeners with simulated hearing loss. The normal-hearing young adults listening in quiet out-performed both of the other groups, but there were no differences in performance between the young listeners with simulated hearing loss and the elderly hearing-impaired listeners. When the closed-set identification of synthetic speech was compared to its open-set recognition, the hearing-impaired elderly gained as much from the reduction in stimulus/response uncertainty as the two younger groups. Finally, among the elderly hearing-impaired listeners, speech-recognition performance was correlated negatively with hearing sensitivity, but scores were correlated positively among the different talker conditions. Those listeners with the greatest hearing loss had the most difficulty understanding speech and those having the most trouble understanding natural speech also had the greatest difficulty with synthetic speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Personal computer interface and software for the ZONAX microscope attachment controller.

We describe the hardware and software of a general-purpose interface that permits a personal computer (PC) running MS-DOS to control cytometric devices, e.g., a scanning stage, shutters, and focus motor attached to a microscope. This note explains how to use the interface to convert the ZONAX microscope attachment controller from 8080-based hardware control to PC-based control.

Computer Peripherals↗