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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[In vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Anjouan (Comoros)].

An in vivo study of P. falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine was conducted at Anjouan island (République fédérale islamique des Comores) from December 1990 to March 1991. The 27 patients included in the study were given chloroquine at a dose regimen of 25 mg/kg over 3 days and were followed up 7 days. Six patients (22.2%) still harboured parasites up to day 7, thus showing a RII/RIII level of resistance. This is likely related to an increased chloroquine consumption by the inhabitants of this island since 1987.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Inventory of fresh water snails in Mayotte, Comoro Islands].

No trematodosis is known at the present time in Mayotte despite the close historical relationships between the Mayotte Archipelago and the neighbouring island of Madagascar, which is heavily infested. It is noteworthy that no intermediate host has been described in previous studies in Mayotte. An inventory of fresh water snails was performed from 1985 to 1988, in 53 experimental stations during the rainy and the dry seasons: 3,940 snails of eight different species were collected and further identified. The sole occurrence of Lymnaea natalensis constitutes a new record in Mayotte where there are now 14 different species of fresh water snails. According to the role of Lymnaea natalensis as a vector of Fasciola gigantica, particularly in Madagascar, the veterinary control of cattle importation into Mayotte is of great interest.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[In vivo chemosensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros].

The RFI des Comores is classified by WHO as an area where P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine is rare or low. After reviewing the existing data, the authors are giving the results of an in vivo research in 1988-1989. 1.35 of the tests with 25 mg/kg were positive the 7th day, 3.38% of 207 tests with 20 mg/kg, 10.77% of 232 tests with 10 mg/kg, 21.56% of 51 tests on 5 mg/kg.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Estimation of birth weight by measuring the height of the uterus in the parturient women in the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoro Islands].

This study aims at evaluating the measurement of fundal height in labor as a mean of estimating birth weight in singleton pregnancies. The delivery records of the 1983 Grande Comore Island, Indian Ocean, maternal health care centers were reviewed (n = 730). Weight and fundal height were found in 412 delivery records. The mean weight is 3,108 +/- 533 g. The linear correlation coefficient is 0.59 and the square of the correlation coefficient is 0.35. The best cut-off point of fundal height for the detection of a low birth weight newborn (less than 2,500 g) is 31 cm, which correspond to the 19th percentile. The linear regression model is not strong enough to predict birth weight. As a diagnostic test, fundal height can be usefull on an individual basis. For a mass screening utilisation, this procedure would have to be integrated to a complete program of maternal and child health care.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1987

[Epidemiology of malaria and the antimalarial campaign in Mayotte (Comoro archipelago, Indian Ocean). Development of the situation between 1976 and 1986. Outlook].

Up to 1976 an integrated malaria control programme has been carried out in Mayotte island. By 1980, there was a drastic reduction of the number of the malaria cases and of the plasmodic index (below 1%). But in 1984, an uprise of cases and a consistent increase of the plasmodic index was observed throughout the island (up to 10%). It is supposed to be due to the laxity in malaria control measures. Immediately a reinforcement of all aspects of malaria control measures was undertaken. Every house is sprayed four times a year with fenitrothion (2 g/m2). Chemical and biological ("guppy" fishes) larviciding measures were extensively applied throughout the island together with simple environmental measures like filling peridomestic breeding sites. Mass chemoprophylaxis was gradually decreased and is now only applied for pregnant women according to the W.H.O. recommendations. Presumptive treatment of febrile cases is generalized before laboratory confirmation. The surveillance of malaria prevalence is a continuous process both active and passive but, every year, a randomized parasitical and serological survey is carried out in a sample of representative villages. In 1986 there was only 3 indigenous cases observed despite the introduction of numerous carriers from neighbouring infected countries. It appears that pertinent control can reduced or may be eliminate malaria transmission in a short period of time. But the maintenance of the malaria clearance in the local, ecological and geographical context need a continuation of the control measures at least for the near future, as the population has lost most of its immunity and has become highly vulnerable to malaria.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A network RER rooted on in vitro readout assays of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine in the Indian Ocean Region].

Chloroquine has been used as a first line drug to treat uncomplicated malaria cases during the last five decades in Madagascar and in the Comoros Union. The four plasmodial species known to infect humans occur on Madagascar Island. Chloroquine-resistant malaria cases, sometimes only suspected from presumptive malaria cases, have been reported in both countries. Thus, to redefine a strategy and a policy to cure malaria, there is a need to get relevant and updated data. In December 1999, the Madagascan Ministry of Health and the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar formed a network named RER for malaria resistance surveillance. In 2000 and 2001, 18 study sites (17 throughout Madagascar and 1 in Comoros) joined this network. Health-care workers were trained mainly for malaria diagnosis through the use of blood smear examination and for malaria case management. To alleviate the lack of competent medical teams within the health centres, and for technical and logistic reasons, as part of the network activities, it was decided to start with in vitro tests to assess the sensitivity of P.falciparum isolates to chloroquine by means of the isotopic method. Parasitized blood samples were collected from consenting patients. P.falciparum isolates were more predominant (989/1,036). Out of the 564 tests done, 432 (76.6%) could be assessed. Results demonstrated that 94.3% (381/404) of the Madagascan P.falciparum isolates were susceptible to chloroquine. In contrast, chloroquine-resistant isolates were prevalent in Comoros (8/28). The network set-up is presented. The usefulness of the in vivo approach and of the in vitro investigations (chemosusceptibility test and screening of mutations accounting for resistance to chloroquine) to monitor the emergence and the dissemination of chloroquine-resistant parasites is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Tuberculosis in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comores in 1995].

Tuberculosis is still a major health concern in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. An effective nationally organized program has been set up to fight against the disease. It is based on bacteriologic screening (105 new cases of BK+ disease since 1995) and quadruple chemotherapy in patients identified (2RZHE 4RH) with in-hospital starter treatment for 2 months and supervised outpatient treatment for 4 months. Patients are followed up monthly. Because of these measures and given the fact that access to health care is excellent (small island nation), compliance has been over 90% for several years and the overall rate of cure was around 92% in 1995. From an epidemiologic standpoint the endemic status of tuberculosis in the Comoros has been stable with an overall incidence of about 25 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the last 5 years. Extrapulmonary forms and relapses are uncommon (5.4% and 6.2% respectively in 1995). The incidence of positive HIV1 serology in the general population of the Comoros is low and has not been a complicating factor since no seropositive BK+ patient has been identified since the beginning of systematic surveillance in 1988.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae).

We constructed a phylogenetic hypothesis for western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia) and used this to investigate the geographic pattern of their diversification among the islands of the Indian Ocean. A total of 1309 bp of mitochondrial sequence data was collected from the island sunbird taxa of the western Indian Ocean region, combined with sequence data from a selection of continental (African and Asian) sunbirds. Topological and branch length information combined with estimated divergence times are used to present hypotheses for the direction and sequence of colonization events in relation to the geological history of the Indian Ocean region. Indian Ocean sunbirds fall into two well-supported clades, consistent with two independent colonizations from Africa within the last 3.9 million years. The first clade contains island populations representing the species Nectarinia notata, while the second includes Nectarinia souimanga, Nectarinia humbloti, Nectarinia dussumieri, and Nectarinia coquereli. With respect to the latter clade, application of Bremer's [Syst. Biol. 41 (1992) 436] ancestral areas method permits us to posit the Comoros archipelago as the point of initial colonization in the Indian Ocean. The subsequent expansion of the souimanga clade across its Indian Ocean range occurred rapidly, with descendants of this early expansion remaining on the Comoros and granitic Seychelles. The data suggest that a more recent expansion from Anjouan in the Comoros group led to the colonization of Madagascar by sunbirds representing the souimanga clade. In concordance with the very young geological age of the Aldabra group, the sunbirds of this archipelago have diverged little from the Madagascar population; this is attributed to colonization of the Aldabra archipelago in recent times, in one or possibly two or more waves originating from Madagascar. The overall pattern of sunbird radiation across Indian Ocean islands indicates that these birds disperse across ocean barriers with relative ease, but that their subsequent evolutionary success probably depends on a variety of factors including prior island occupation by competing species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genetics: relatedness among east African coelacanths.

Coelacanths were discovered in the Comoros archipelago to the northwest of Madagascar in 1952. Since then, these rare, ancient fish have been found to the south off Mozambique, Madagascar and South Africa, and to the north off Kenya and Tanzania -- but it was unclear whether these are separate populations or even subspecies. Here we show that the genetic variation between individuals from these different locations is unexpectedly low. Combined with earlier results from submersible and oceanographic observations, our findings indicate that a separate African metapopulation is unlikely to have existed and that locations distant from the Comoros were probably inhabited relatively recently by either dead-end drifters or founders that originated in the Comoros.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed2000

Molecular basis of haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency in the Comorian population.

INTRODUCTION: The Comoro archipelago is characterised by a high prevalence of red cell genetic disorders such as G6PD deficiency and haemoglobinopathies, being a region endemic for malaria. Over the last 15 years, the city of Marseilles in France has become the main destination for Comorian immigrants. This Comorian community includes patients with sickle cell disease, sickle cell/beta-thalassaemia trait, thalassaemias and G6PD deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Allele frequencies for haemoglobin S, beta-thalassaemia and G6PD deficiency were determined from neonatal and prenatal screenings of the Comorian community. Haemoglobin fractions were detected by isoelectrofocalisation, and the quantitation of HbS, HbA, HbA(2) and HbF was performed by cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular study involved 31 alleles carrying the betaS mutation (Cd 6 [A-->T]), six beta-thalassaemic alleles and 17 G6PD-deficient alleles, selected from a group of carriers or affected subjects. RESULTS: Allele frequencies were 3% for haemoglobin S, 1% for beta-thalassaemia trait and 9.5% for G6PD deficiency. Molecular analysis had revealed that the African alleles are predominant, being present in almost all the subjects studied. Mediterranean alleles were found for all the beta-thalassaemia mutations and for three G6PD chromosomes out of 17. CONCLUSION: These data are consistent with the mixed Arab and African origin of the population of the Comoro Islands, and are of clinical interest in prenatal and newborn screening plans.

Alleles↗