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PubMedDate not supplied

The therapeutic community and behavioral science.

The therapeutic community (TC) has proven to be a powerful approach to rehabilitation of substance abusers. A self-help phenomenon whose evolution has proceeded primarily outside of mainstream psychiatry, psychology, and medicine, the TC represents a unique demonstration of the application of behavioral science principles in a human service setting. The purpose of this paper is to narrow the gap between social psychological and self-help concepts through exposition of the TC as a unique behavioral science model.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

What do individuals in different science groups within a life sciences organization think about genetic modification?

An assessment was undertaken of the attitudes of individuals within the science community towards a program to produce genetically modified cattle for altered milk composition, expectantly allowing for research into the treatment of multiple sclerosis in humans. The majority of respondents to an electronic survey expressed favorable attitudes to the program, thought it beneficial, respected individual freedom and was fair and just and disagreed that it was harmful. A passion for science and having a suitable lifestyle were the most important motivating factors for individuals. Finally, there were a wide range of responses to a number of cultural beliefs or myths. Science grouping significantly affected the responses. Compared with Systems and Land groups, Plant and Reproduction groups more strongly agreed with the project, thought it less harmful to interest groups, felt that genetic modification of animals was more morally acceptable, and more strongly agreed with the myth statements. These results indicate a diversity of beliefs and attitudes towards genetic modification amongst those within the science community, and highlight the importance of understanding ethics and myths in dealing with them. It is suggested that the diversity of beliefs could be better used to help shape public policy and understanding of biotechnology.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of life studies in nursing science (2). Community adjustment of chronic schizophrenics: effects on life satisfaction and self-esteem (2)].

The purpose of this study was to test two community adjustment models of the chronically mentally ill developed by this author. The study was to determine the effects of daily living, work, family, and social adjustment on life satisfaction and self-esteem as well as to determine the effects of chronicity and symptomatology on the four adjustments. Twenty schizophrenic inpatients and 120 schizophrenic outpatients from a psychiatric hospital in Tokyo participated in the study: the former group was used for a pilot study of the instruments and the latter for the model testing. Seven instruments were used; two self-administered questionnaires of the Life Satisfaction Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, two structured interview schedules of the Adjustment Scales and a modified version of the Psychiatric Evaluation Form, the Demographic and Psychiatric History Form, the Cantril Ladder of Satisfaction, and the Global Assessment Scale. Two direct effects of family and social adjustment (beta = 0.326 and 0.262 respectively) explained 22.2% of the variance in life satisfaction. Two direct effects of symptomatology (beta = -0.216) and family adjustment (beta = 0.185) accounted for 10.6% of the variance in self-esteem. It was assumed that dropping of symptomatology as a direct effect on life satisfaction was a type two error. In addition, chronicity and social adjustment failed to enter into the equation of self-esteem due to the type two error as well. The culturally characteristic pattern that emerged was that relationship-oriented variables were directly effective on life satisfaction and self-esteem. However, task-oriented variables of daily living adjustment and work adjustment did not account for life satisfaction and self-esteem despite the hypothetical links in the models. It was concluded that interpersonal relationships were especially important for the well-being of Japanese schizophrenics living in the community. The lack of direct effects of daily living and work adjustment suggested that autonomy in living did not heighten the well-being of the subjects, a result that was different than the findings of American studies. It was probably because that Japanese people in general value interdependence among family members, therefore, relatives of the mentally ill tend to play more roles to take care for them.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1996

How to translate science into community action.

For the most part, scientific knowledge originates at the level of basic research, which is then tested at the level of clinical research before being translated into community action. The argument is debated that there is a multilateral interaction between basic research, clinical research and community action. The main players, at all three levels, are academia, government and industry. The case is made for integrated action at these three levels and among the three players. Although at the present time community action is based on accumulated knowledge proven by clinical research and tested at the community level, more targeted intervention is foreseeable in high risk groups with a shortened time of transition for genetically-determined markers which are predicted to be used both in prevention and treatment.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1998

Forensic science program: a community effort.

A forensic science program has been developed to assist the professional community population in using a scientific approach in the investigation of criminal offenses. The science of medicine and the principles of the law come together to form a multidisciplinary group of professionals to instruct in the collection of evidence after a crime has been committed. Specialists in these areas include forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologists, forensic odontologists, entomologists, and a radiologist with a specialty in forensics. No longer can educators ignore the necessity of community involvement in the apprehension and prosecution of the perpetrators of crime. This program is the first to offer basic forensic science courses to professionals in a variety of related fields.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2006

Community paediatrics: soft science or firm foundations?

Community paediatrics strives to integrate the biology of health into the social and psychological worlds within which children grow and develop. Consumer demand for limited community paediatric clinical services is increasing and medico-legal pressures escalate professional and personal concern. Meanwhile, the profession, through training and professional support, has struggled to keep up. Research into community paediatrics and its integration into policy and clinical practice remains limited, raising the perception that it is a 'soft' science. Our viewpoint is that necessary progress in this field requires leadership, apprenticeship and research. We argue that to build firm foundations for the future requires structures to enable clinical specialisation and continuing professional development in this area.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

RealityGrid: an integrated approach to middleware through ICENI.

The advancement of modelling and simulation within complex scientific applications is currently constrained by the rate at which knowledge can be extracted from the data produced. As Grid computing evolves, new means of increasing the efficiency of data analysis are being explored. RealityGrid aims to enable more efficient use of scientific computing resources within the condensed matter, materials and biological science communities. The Imperial College e-Science Networked Infrastructure (ICENI) Grid middleware provides an end-to-end pipeline that simplifies the stages of computation, simulation and collaboration. The intention of this work is to allow all scientists to have access to these features without the need for heroic efforts that have been associated with this sort of work in the past. Scientists can utilise advanced scheduling mechanisms to ensure efficient planning of computations, visualize and interactively steer simulations and securely collaborate with colleagues via the Access Grid through a single integrated middleware application.

Computer Simulation↗