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PubMed1987

Clinical significance of childhood communication disorders: perspectives from a longitudinal study.

A group of 202 children who were referred for evaluation of communication disorders were also evaluated for psychiatric and learning disorders at two points in time. High rates of both psychiatric and learning disorders were found at initial evaluation, and even higher rates were found at follow-up 3 to 4 years later. Recovery from communication disorder occurred in approximately one fourth of the cases and varied widely depending on the type of disorder involved. Poor psychiatric outcome could be predicted by the presence and severity of initial disorders of language comprehension and expression, and by certain environmental factors (such as psychosocial stress). The high prevalence of linguistic, psychiatric, and development disorders at follow-up for the children in this study suggests the need for close monitoring of children with early communication impairments.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2002

The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) is a schedule for the diagnosis of autistic spectrum and related disorders and assessment of individual needs. It enables information to be recorded systematically for a wide range of behaviours and developmental skills and is suitable for use with all ages and levels of ability. In addition to helping the clinician to obtain a profile of each individual's pattern of development and behaviour, the DISCO also enables identification of specific features found in autistic spectrum disorders that are relevant for use with established diagnostic systems. METHOD: This paper describes the historical background of the DISCO, outlines its structure and reports the results of an inter-rater reliability study with parents of 82 children aged 3 to 11 years with autistic spectrum disorder, learning disability, language disorder or typical development. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability for the items in the interview was high (kappa coefficient or intra-class correlation at .75 or higher). This level of agreement was achieved for over 80% of the interview items.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Use of the Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia in the UK.

The Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia (ABCD) (Bayles & Tomoeda, 1993) was given to groups of young and old normal subjects and to subjects with moderate Alzheimer's disease in the UK. Very few significant differences were found between their raw scores and those of the original standardisation sample in the USA, which makes the ABCD an appropriate test to use in the UK. Although some subjects commented on several of the test stimuli, cultural differences in pictures and vocabulary did not produce notable effects on test performance and so alterations to test materials are not required for the test to be used in the UK.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comorbidity of psychiatric and communication disorders in children.

The co-occurrence of psychiatric and communication disorders in children is considerable. Many children who are treated by mental health professionals are also in need of speech and language services. This article discusses comorbidity and outlines communication problems that accompany a variety of childhood psychiatric conditions. Empiric studies and clinical impressions of these co-occurring problems are described.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1994

Formal communication disorder. Sign language in deaf people with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates whether anomalies in the sign language of prelingually deaf schizophrenics can be elicited and described systematically. METHOD: Thirty schizophrenic and seven manic adults were recruited on the basis of a British Sign Language (BSL) version of the Present State Examination. Thirty-seven controls were matched for sex, age and ethnicity. Each participant became deaf before the age of two, and uses BSL as the primary means of communication. RESULTS: Analysis reveals: (a) anomalies which are similar to those occurring in the spoken language of hearing schizophrenics; and (b) another series which is closely related to the life experience of deaf subjects and to the visuo-spatial medium itself. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that formal communication disorder does occur in sign language. This has implications for more efficient diagnosis and management of deaf persons presenting to psychiatric services, as well as for the mechanisms of schizophrenic symptomatology itself.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of social development in children with communication disorders: the concurrent predictive value of verbal short-term memory span.

Linguistic and cognitive correlates of social skill were examined in a clinically selected sample of children with communication disorders. Thirty-two children aged between 5 and 10 years were assessed using a questionnaire-based sociability scale. Specially designed measures of verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory span were administered, as well as standardized tests of grammatical and lexical comprehension. Multiple regression analyses revealed strong prediction of social skill from STM measures but not from comprehension scores. The prediction was based on a striking negative correlation between serial word span and sociability. This word-span measure could offer a useful tool in the assessment of children with communication disorders. However, attention is drawn to the substantial number of children in the sample whose patterns of cognitive, linguistic and social skill are not clearly differentiated. It is suggested that assessment should aim to specify as clearly as possible individual patterns of strength and weakness and avoid unwarranted categorization.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Work integration issues go beyond the nature of the communication disorder.

UNLABELLED: The ability to obtain and maintain employment is one of society's most valued life participation events and is often considered in measurements of quality of life (QOL). Many workplaces now require good communication skills and this may jeopardize the opportunity for persons with communication disorders (CD) to access interesting jobs. Sarno, Silverman, and Levita (1970) have long emphasized that functioning is a result of the interaction of psychosocial factors as well as communication disorder characteristics. The current study gathered perceptions from different groups of persons with CD, from service providers and employers on the barriers to work integration. The results show that many barriers are common across types of CD. Such examples are noise, tasks requiring speed, having to speak to groups of persons and the attitudes of others. Although some common barriers were identified between the service providers and the persons with CD, service providers placed more emphasis on psychological adaptation aspects than did persons with CD. Employers generated an equivalently long list of barriers but were also very concerned about job market issues. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the following learning outcomes will be realized: participants will be able to (1) identify barriers that service providers and persons with CD each perceive; (2) identify differences in the perceptions of each group concerning barriers; (3) learn ways to modify or eliminate barriers that interfere with successful employment among individuals with CD.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Managing communication disorders in stroke.

Dysphasias, dyspraxias, and dysarthrias are communication disorders that may be experienced following a stroke. Nursing assessment of language and speech is based on an understanding of normal language and speech systems. Location of the stroke and clinical assessment findings uncovered through the history and physical examination allow identification of language and speech deficits. Language is examined by assessing spontaneous speech, verbal comprehension, reading, writing, and ability to name and repeat. Speech is examined by testing motor function and reflexes of cranial nerves VII, IX, X, and XII. The identification of intact language and speech functions and language and speech deficits enables the nurse to plan and implement interventions based on the assessment findings in four areas--environmental manipulation, supportive behaviors, behaviors designed to enhance communication, and teaching of the person and family.

Brain↗
PubMed1992

The nature and management of communication disorders in a rural area: the role of the community speech and hearing therapy workers.

Six hospitals where Community Speech and Hearing Therapy Workers (CWs) are working in Gazankula were visited. Firstly, data were collected from records, reports and case files over an 18 month period to determine the nature and prevalence of the communication disorders seen by the CWs. Secondly, the CWs were interviewed about their work situation, organisation of their time and intervention strategies used with communicatively disordered people in order to evaluate the efficacy of their work. Methodological issues requiring consideration when undertaking this type of research are discussed. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for course modifications as well as policy decisions within the profession of Speech and Hearing Therapy.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed2002

The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: algorithms for ICD-10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) is an interviewer-based schedule for use with parents and carers. In addition to its primary clinical purpose of helping the clinician to obtain a developmental history and description of the child or adult concerned, it can also be used to assist in providing a formal diagnostic category. METHOD: In this study we compared two algorithms based on the ninth revision of the schedule (DISCO 9). The algorithm for ICD-10 childhood autism comprised 91 individual, operationally defined items covering the behaviour outlined in the ICD-10 research criteria. The algorithm for the autistic spectrum disorder, as defined by Wing and Gould (1979), was based on 5 DISCO items that represented overarching categories of behaviour crucial for the diagnosis of autistic disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the implications for clinical diagnosis of these two different approaches. Parents of 36 children with clinical diagnoses of autistic disorder, 17 children with learning disability and 14 children with language disorders were interviewed by two interviewers. Algorithm diagnoses were applied to interview items in order to analyse the relationship between clinical and algorithm diagnoses and the inter-rater reliability between interviewers. RESULTS: Clinical diagnosis was significantly related to the diagnostic outputs for both algorithms. Inter-rater reliability was also high for both algorithms. The ICD childhood disorder algorithm produced more discrepant diagnoses than the Wing and Gould autistic spectrum algorithm. Analysis of the ICD-10 algorithm items and combination of items helped to explain the reason for these discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the DISCO is a reliable instrument for diagnosis when sources of information are used from the whole interview. It is particularly effective for diagnosing disorders of the broader autistic spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving grant applications for research in communicative disorders.

In making research funding appropriations, Congress considers, in part, the percentage of applications which are approved, but cannot be funded with the existing budget. The Communicative Disorders Program will have difficulty justifying increased Congressional appropriation without an increase in the number of approved grant applications. Investigators in otolaryngology and other fields of communicative disorders are urged to submit innovative proposals of high scientific quality to be considered for funding. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) review process is explained and suggestions for improving a potential grantee's application are made.

Communication↗
PubMed1993

Staffing patterns and practices in programs in communication disorders.

Allied health programs in higher education present unique academic and administrative challenges. Clinical education, the practice of providing students with hands-on experience, is frequently the norm rather than the exception. This paper reports results of a study that examined faculty staffing patterns and practices in undergraduate and master's programs in communication disorders. Specifically, the study examined 1) employment of full- and part-time faculty/supervisors, 2) teaching/supervisory responsibilities of faculty/supervisors, 3) degree requirements for clinical supervisors, 4) teaching load for clinical supervisors, and 5) methods for determining supervisory load in clinical teaching. Results address the "traditional" model for determining the number of faculty positions needed and the implications for change in communication disorders. This study is directly related to allocation of faculty resources.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

Multidimensional scaling analysis of communicative disorders by race and sex in a mid-south public school system.

During the past decade, there was renewed interest in determining the prevalence of communicative disorders. Reasons for this interest were to better understand personnel resources and utilization and cultural differences and dynamics. The purpose of this study was to obtain demographic data on the prevalence of communicative disorder is the Nashville public schools. From administrative sources, 2.88% of the population manifested primary handicaps in the broad categories of speech, language, and hearing. Of the overall percentage, the several disorders accounted for 86.3%, 9.0% and 4.7% of the handicaps. Prevalence figures for race were proportional to their incidence in the population; differences noted were qualitative rather than quantitative. The data further indicated that sex was independent of handicaps, but the incidence of disorders for males was much greater than females and was statistically significant

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive-communicative disorders of right cerebrovascular accident patients and reimbursement for treatment.

Speech-language pathologists frequently diagnose and treat individuals with cognitive-communicative disorders, but they sometimes encounter difficulty receiving reimbursement for those services from third-party payers. Often, reimbursement becomes an issue because the documentation provided fails to emphasize the linguistic and communication aspects of treatment that are precisely the components that make the speech-language pathologist's role with this population unique. By analyzing how the elements of language, cognition, and communication are interactively affected for each patient and by emphasizing those relationships in treatment, speech-language pathologists can communicate the importance of their role in the treatment process and increase the likelihood of reimbursement for services.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1981

Biochemical and cytogenetic techniques for the study of communication disorders.

At least 30 to 40% of all childhood communication disorders are thought to be genetic in etiology. These range from well-defined entities such as the Treacher Collins and Waardenburg syndromes to such a poorly delineated problem as reading disability. Genetics, in the past, has proved to be a powerful tool in predicting families at risk for having a child with a serious disorder. New techniques in biochemical and cytogenetics are now making feasible the early detection of individuals at high risk for developing certain disorders with the implied potential for prevention or amelioration of the resultant disability through early intervention.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1982

DSH abstract: coverage of the world communicative disorders literature.

The percentage of journal articles covered by dsh Abstracts and the time it took these articles to appear as abstracts in this secondary publication were analyzed. Articles were obtained from nineteen communicative disorders journals every other year for the years from 1968 to 1976. Then the author index of dsh Abstracts was searched each year for up to five years following journal publication to determine whether each article was included in this abstracting service's coverage of the world literature. Of the 5548 articles included in the study, 3270 (59%) were covered by this abstracting service within a mean time of 9 months; however, time lag and coverage varied considerably for individual journals on a year by year basis. It was concluded that for historical searches and current awareness needs this secondary publication may not be meeting the information needs of communicative disorders specialists.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

Communication disorders: what to look for, and when to refer.

Communication impairments, with or without a swallowing disorder, are common among older adults. Aphasia, which is usually caused by a focal lesion, can affect spoken and written language, auditory comprehension, and reading ability but by itself does not affect intellectual and cognitive abilities. A cognitive-communicative impairment is related to underlying cognitive deficits in memory, attention, or visual perception and is seen with traumatic brain injury and nontreatable dementia. Voice and speech impairments such as dysarthria and apraxia of speech may lead to self-imposed social isolation and depression. Dysphagia may accompany a communication disorder or exist independently. As a primary care physician, your in-office workup can help diagnose a communication disorder and identify candidates for referral to an otolaryngologist and/or speech-language pathologist.

Aged↗