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PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of age-related changes in event-related P300 potentials on detecting early cognitive dysfunction.

Event-related P300 potentials that closely reflect cognitive brain functions show significant age-related latency prolongations. This aging-P300 interaction can best be approximated by third-order polynomial regressions. To delineate the clinical impact this special kind of regression function may have on detecting early cognitive dysfunction, we applied visual P300 potential data of healthy subjects (n = 344; age range, 18-98 years) to nondemented patients with either (i) chronic liver disease (n = 104; age range, 19-74 years) or (ii) cerebral arteriosclerosis (n = 80; age range, 38-80 years). As compared with linear regressions, third-order polynomial regressions for the age-related changes in P300 potential latencies showed a smaller latency increase during middle age, with an accelerating latency prolongation from age 60 onward. In patients with liver cirrhosis, third-order polynomial regressions yielded a rate of abnormal P300 potential latencies exceeding that of linear regressions absolutely by 17-21%, and relatively by 67-71%. Although the rate of P300 abnormalities was much lower in the CAD patients with either regression model, the relative increase in P300 abnormalities due to third-order polynomial regressions was 40-112.5%. In conclusion, normal data for the latencies of P300 potentials based on third-order polynomial regressions result in a higher sensitivity of P300 potentials for detecting early cognitive dysfunction. This gain in diagnostically important information is not offset by a loss in specificity, and may depend on the kind as well as stage of the disease, the age distribution of the patients and the degree of the P300 potential abnormalities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Paradigms for recording cognitive brain electrical activity.

Human event-related potentials reflect cognitive processing, and are normally elicited by external events, such as acoustic sounds or visual stimuli. As such they provide an opportunity to study normal and abnormal brain function noninvasively, at sub-second resolution. Advances in multimedia technology permit specialists in informatics and neuropsychology to co-operate in the design and implementation of paradigms, which influence ERP components. The paper illustrates the progression from standard paradigms such as the auditory oddball, which can be used to study memory update through to contingent negative variation and three condition, visual paradigms which can be used to study cognitive and emotional responses. Data from a study investigating the comparative processing of target pictures and words illustrate how external stimuli influence the later cognitive potentials.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1995

Integral bias in the cognitive processing of emotionally linked pictures.

It is well established that human cognitive processes are subject to systematic biases associated with particular emotional states. But how do these cognitive biases arise? This question was addressed by means of a pictorial Stroop task which allowed the development of such a bias to be assessed. In each of two experiments, spider-phobic participants were significantly impaired at naming the colours of phobia-related pictures relative to those of control pictures. Investigation of the magnitude of this effect for participants of different ages allowed two contrasting hypotheses concerning the development of such biases to be compared. The integral bias hypothesis asserts that the effects of emotion on cognition reflect integral links between emotional states and cognitive mechanisms, links that are not arbitrary but instead are fixed constituents of our mental architecture. In contrast, the inferred bias hypothesis asserts that these effects arise as a consequence of the gradual establishment of associations between particular emotional states and particular patterns of cognitive behaviour. It was found that the magnitude of the observed bias remained approximately constant irrespective either of the ages of participants or of the directly estimated durations of their phobias. This fixed relation provides strong support for the integral bias explanation of the cognitive effects of an emotional disturbance. Finally, the evolutionary context in which integral links between emotion and cognition may arise is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale.

The clinical measurements of insight have focused primarily on patients' unawareness of their having a mental disorder and of their need for treatment ([Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 89 (1994) 62; Am. J. Psychiatry 150 (1993) 873]; etc.). A complementary approach focuses on some of the cognitive processes involved in patients' re-evaluation of their anomalous experiences and of their specific misinterpretations: distancing, objectivity, perspective, and self-correction. The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) was developed to evaluate patients' self-reflectiveness and their overconfidence in their interpretations of their experiences. A 15-item self-report questionnaire was subjected to a principle components analysis, yielding a 9-item self-reflectiveness subscale and a 6-item self-certainty subscale. A composite index of the BCIS reflecting cognitive insight was calculated by subtracting the score for the self-certainty scale from that of the self-reflectiveness scale. The scale demonstrated good convergent, discriminant, and construct validity: (a) the BCIS composite index showed a significant correlation with being aware of having a mental disorder on the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD; Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51 (1994) 826) and the self-reflectiveness subscale was significantly correlated with being aware of delusions on the SUMD, (b) the composite index score of the BCIS differentiated inpatients with psychotic diagnoses from inpatients without psychotic diagnoses, and (c) in a separate study, change scores on the BCIS were significantly correlated with change scores on positive and negative symptoms. The results provided tentative support for the validity of the BCIS. Suggestions were made for further investigation of the cognitive processes involved in identifying and correcting erroneous beliefs and misinterpretations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Age-related dynamics of cognitive brain functions in humans: an electrophysiological approach.

Event-related P300 potentials closely reflect cognitive functions such as stimulus discrimination (N250) and processing time (P300 latencies) as well as attention capabilities (P300 amplitudes). To delineate the age-related dynamics of P300 potentials, we investigated 250 healthy subjects between 18 and 98 years of age in a cross-sectional study. A total of 330 visual P300 tests was performed in two different paradigms (PI, passive condition, n = 80; PII, active condition, n = 250). In both P300 paradigms, the N250 and P300 latencies were markedly prolonged (p < .0001) in older age, whereas the N250 and P300 latency differences between PII and PI did not change (p > .05). The P300 amplitudes in paradigm I and II revealed only a slight age-related reduction. In fact, the P300 amplitude ratios between PII and PI remained constant. Third-order polynomial regressions provided the best fit of the aging-P300 interactions in paradigms I and II for both males and females. Interestingly, females showed a greater and possibly earlier P300 latency increase during aging than males. These age-related changes of P300 potentials indicate a rather mild cognitive decline that does not accelerate before old age and may be different between both sexes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multiple components of lateral posterior parietal activation associated with cognitive set shifting.

Posterior parietal activation has commonly been observed in previous neuroimaging studies in association with flexible shifting of cognitive set. However, it is not clear whether the parietal activation reflects cognitive processes intrinsic to the shifting itself or other confounding factors such as spatial attention. To address this issue, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) was modified such that spatial components were eliminated from the sensory and motor aspects of the task. Moreover, a visual instruction of a next dimension was introduced to eliminate cognitive processes related to trial and error identification of a next rule, and a control null-instruction was also introduced to eliminate perceptual/oddball effects of the instruction cue. Localizer scans using a visually guided saccade task were also conducted to identify eye movement/spatial attention-related areas. Activity related to set shifting with trial and error was revealed in the lateral parts of the intraparietal regions, while activity related to eye movements/spatial attention was revealed in the medial parts of the intraparietal regions, confirming little spatial contribution to the modified WCST as indexed by the double dissociation. The lateral intraparietal activity was bilateral, but when the instructed shifting was contrasted with the null-instructed shifting to purify the shift-related activity further, the left intraparietal activation was significantly greater than that in the right hemisphere. These results reveal the left hemisphere dominance of purified shifting-related activity in the lateral posterior parietal cortex that may cooperate with the lateral prefrontal cortex whose left hemisphere dominance has already been reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of dream reflection on waking affect: awareness of feelings, rorschach movement, and facial EMG.

The clinical and research literature suggests that waking dream reflection increases awareness of feelings. To examine this possibility, 16 male and 16 female participants spent a single night in the sleep laboratory while rapid eye movement (REM) sleep physiology and facial electromyogram (EMG) were monitored. Participants in the dream imagery condition were awakened from REM sleep and asked to reflect on their dreams. Participants in the fantasy imagery condition were awakened from REM sleep and asked to reflect on guided fantasies modeled on dream narratives. Participants were asked to reflect either on the affective connotations of their imagery or on the cognitive aspects of their imagery. Unexpectedly, self-reported awareness of feelings was less common during either affective or cognitive reflection on dreams than during such reflection on fantasies, especially for females. Also, kinesthetic sensitivity, as indicated by Rorschach movement responses, was less after dream reflection than after reflection on fantasy imagery, again especially for females. In contrast, facial EMG activity was greater during dream reflection than during fantasy reflection. Since facial EMG during REM sleep and during dream reflection was correlated with self-reported orienting within dream imagery, these results are understandable as evidence for the "carry-over" of REM orienting activity during dream reflection, resulting in reduced affective/kinesthetic sensitivity and reduced awareness of feelings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive style of patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Nine female patients with anorexia nervosa and 7 female patients with bulimia nervosa were assessed on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). This study found that subjects with bulimia nervosa responded more quickly than did the anorexic subjects. Results such as these suggest that not only are bulimic patients more behaviorally impulsive than anorexic patients, they are also more cognitively impulsive. Patients with anorexia nervosa in contrast seemed to display a reflective cognitive style. Extreme cognitive styles may contribute to resistance in treatment and/or relapse in anorexia or bulimia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

How to detect cognitive dysfunction at early stages of multiple sclerosis?

Detecting cognitive dysfunction may be clinically important during the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). We assessed a self-report questionnaire on cognitive complaints and individual neuropsychological tests to select patients with early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who needed comprehensive cognitive testing. Fifty-seven patients underwent neurological and neuropsychological assessment, including Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB) and the complete SEP-59 Questionnaire, a French adaptation of the MSQOL-54, which contains four specific questions about self-perception of cognitive functions. Predictive values, specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of five individual neuropsychological tests--Selective Reminding Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Similarities Subtest, PASAT and Stroop Test--were calculated to predict cognitive impairment. Only 10.5% of patients did not report any cognitive complaint, while most reported complaints. On the basis of cognitive performances, 59.7% of patients were classified as cognitively impaired, although only one cognitive score was correlated with cognitive complaints. Depressive symptoms and fatigue were associated with more cognitive complaints. Sensitivity of the SDMT to predict cognitive impairment was 74.2%, specificity was 76.9% and accuracy was 75.4%. Since, at this stage, patients' cognitive complaints are already influenced by depression and fatigue and do not accurately reflect cognitive performances, the SDMT may help to select patients for testing with a more complete cognitive battery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior.

Implicit stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit stereotyping reflects cognitive processes and should predict instrumental behaviors such as judgments and impression formation, whereas implicit evaluation reflects affective processes and should predict consummatory behaviors, such as interpersonal preferences and social distance. Study 1 showed the independence of participants' levels of implicit stereotyping and evaluation. Studies 2 and 3 showed the unique effects of implicit stereotyping and evaluation on self-reported and behavioral responses to African Americans using double-dissociation designs. Implications for construct validity, theory development, and research design are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

When more is better: number of motives and reasons for quitting as correlates of physical activity in women.

Understanding the mechanisms by which physical activity is influenced is particularly relevant for health promotion efforts aimed at women, who display lower levels of physical activity and may experience more barriers to exercise than men. This study examined the number of motives for exercise and the number of reasons for previous quitting as predictors of exercise behavior. Specifically, the cognitive complexity of motives for exercise and reasons for quitting, as indicators of exercise-related memory associations that reflect cognitive structure, were evaluated. In a sample of 394 women aged 17-54, number of reasons for quitting did not predict current exercise level. However, more elaborated memory networks for motives were highly related to current exercise behavior, except among women with high Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores. These results support the predictive superiority of positive over negative memory associations found in studies on attitude accessibility in other behaviors, such as substance use, among women of normal mood and suggest a moderating effect of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Skin conduction as an indicator of cognitive and emotional processes].

Classical conditioning experiments can be used to study both cognition and emotions. In studies involving human subjects two different scores based on the human skin conductance response are generally used: the "first interval responses" (FIR) and the "second interval responses" (SIR). The SIR is thought to reflect cognitive but not emotional processes, while the FIR is assumed to reflect both. An experiment with two groups of subjects (n = 20 each) was run in order to demonstrate that the SIR indeed is able to reflect emotional processes. Each group was trained with five different conditioned stimuli, each of which was paired with a specific unconditioned stimulus. These unconditioned stimuli varied in aversiveness. Immediately after training, skin conductance responses to combinations of already trained conditioned stimuli were examined. The sequence of testing was varied across groups. Our results clearly showed that the SIR reflected aversiveness, while the FIR was confounded by orienting responses under these experimental conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Cognition for visual perception of a student apprentice of dental hygiene to the presence of a parent beside the dental chair for dental treatment. The study of cognitive style and personality traits].

With a view to knowing how the dental hygienist looks at and makes cognition of a mother who is kept standing by her child just receiving his dental treatment, cognition from visual perception was examined, by dental hygienist apprentice. Possible difference in scene cognition process according to different cognition style of these subjects was also analyzed from the elements of eye-movement. On the basis of the results of a YG character test performed together, cognition styles and personality traits were examined additionally. The results obtained were as follows: 1. From the number of total scanned sites upon the observation of test movie, 9 and 6 subjects having reflective cognition style and impulsive cognition style, respectively could be divided out of all 43 subjects. 2. When the mother's countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the reflective style-group showed increased gaze at the mother's face. 3. When the mother's countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the impulsive style-group showed especially increased gaze at the child's face, with a tendency to gazing obviously biased toward his face. 4. The reflective style-group tended to have visual scanning strategies by which it observes each of the sites under test movie, while always contrasting them. 5. The impulsive style-group tended to have visual scanning strategies by which it observes one of the sites under test movie and then the other. 6. Compared with the reflective style-group, the impulsive style-group showed personality traits such as less depression, low general activity and weak initiative. 7. The above results revealed that a subject having impulsive cognition style found a difficulty in taking a wide view of the situation in which its mother is just present in the treating room and was easily put under visual influence of any change in its mother's countenance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dissociation in human prefrontal cortex of affective influences on working memory-related activity.

Although neural activity associated with emotion is becoming better understood, the influence of affective parameters on brain activity reflecting cognitive functioning in humans remains poorly characterized. We examined affective influences on working memory (WM) and tested the hypotheses that (i) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity reflecting WM is influenced by the emotion-evoking qualities of task-relevant stimuli, but only when brought "on-line" by task demands, and (ii) DLPFC and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activities are inversely related as a function of emotional valence. Participants performed two tasks while event-related functional MRI measured brain activity; one task required active maintenance of stimulus representations in WM, and the other task required target detection responses with no demand for WM. Stimuli were standardized emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures. Emotional stimuli differentially influenced DPFC and OFC activity during WM; DLPFC was influenced by emotional valence, enhanced by pleasant and reduced by unpleasant, compared to neutral stimuli, only when task conditions required WM. OFC was valence-sensitive during both tasks, greater to arousing than neutral stimuli when WM demand was low and in inverse relationship to DLPFC with high WM demand. Further, DLPFC and OFC activities are inversely related with respect to emotional valence during the WM task. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the intrinsic valence of task-relevant stimuli maintained in WM modulates DLPFC activity but only when the DLPFC is required for task demands. Findings suggest a conceptualization of DLPFC and its involvement in WM that takes into account a role for affective parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Depression and learned helplessness in humans].

The learned helplessness hypothesis as a model of human depression is rather unknown in the journals of german language. This article wants to remove that ignorance and make known that experimentalclinical model of depressive behavior. We want further to stimulate empirical and experimental research. In recent advances attributional and cognitive reflections and determinants got important. We introduce these new developments. Depressed persons attribute failures and negative experiences in an internal, global, and stabile way. A problematic cognitive circle develops and depression gets more intensive and chronically. Therapeutical and preventive implications are also discussed.

Depression↗
PubMed1989

[The unbalanced polarity of response flexibility and cognitive preference between reflective and impulsive children].

Two experiments investigated the unbalanced polarity of response flexibility and cognitive preference between reflective and impulsive children. In experiment I, Cairns and Cammock's Matching Familiar Figures Test was readministered to 186 reflective and impulsive children in the first and fourth grades under one of three instructions: standard, accuracy-emphasized, or speed-emphasized instructions. Reflective children controlled their responses flexibly even if the task demand was opposite to their accustomed manners. But impulsive children could not accommodate their responses to the unaccustomed, accuracy-emphasized demand. In experiment II, 96 reflective and impulsive children in the first and fourth grades were asked about their expert, preferred task demand. Most reflective children answered that they were successful in the accuracy-demanded condition and preferred it. A half of impulsive children selected the speed-demanded condition; the others replied the same as the reflective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Interactions between thalamic and cortical rhythms during semantic memory recall in human.

Human scalp electroencephalographic rhythms, indicative of cortical population synchrony, have long been posited to reflect cognitive processing. Although numerous studies employing simultaneous thalamic and cortical electrode recording in nonhuman animals have explored the role of the thalamus in the modulation of cortical rhythms, direct evidence for thalamocortical modulation in human has not, to our knowledge, been obtained. We simultaneously recorded from thalamic and scalp electrodes in one human during performance of a cognitive task and found a spatially widespread, phase-locked, low-frequency rhythm (7-8 Hz) power decrease at thalamus and scalp during semantic memory recall. This low-frequency rhythm power decrease was followed by a spatially specific, phase-locked, fast-rhythm (21-34 Hz) power increase at thalamus and occipital scalp. Such a pattern of thalamocortical activity reflects a plausible neural mechanism underlying semantic memory recall that may underlie other cognitive processes as well.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2004

[Educational implications of the cognitive impairment in developmental dyslexia].

AIMS: In this study we review the main theories put forward to account for developmental dyslexia, as well as the intervention procedures deriving from these theories that enjoy the most empirical support. DEVELOPMENT: Developmental dyslexia is a complex disorder that reflects cognitive impairment related to neurobiological anomalies, although researchers still do not agree on fundamental aspects regarding its aetiology. There are at present a number of different theories that can be grouped in two antagonistic lines of work. On the one hand, one of them considers that the exclusive and direct cause of dyslexia is a specific cognitive disorder. On the other hand, however, there are several theories that consider the impairments experienced by dyslexic patients to be part of a wide range of tasks and processes that are secondary to an underlying primary deficit. As a consequence of the progress made in the characterisation of dyslexia, an unprecedented effort has been made in recent decades in the development of intervention programmes and in the analysis of their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Research into the explanation for dyslexia finds itself faced with the challenge of determining whether the different cognitive problems identified in dyslexic patients represent different cognitive routes towards the same dyslexic phenotype, whether they correspond to different types of dyslexia or whether they refer to the sum of the problems resulting from different comorbid conditions. Until this issue is resolved, as educators, we must carry out more comprehensive evaluations in order to determine the profile of the difficulties that are experienced in each particular case and to be able to tailor the interventions employed in this enigmatic problem.

Cognition Disorders↗