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PubMed1999

[Economical consequences of coccidia infection in calves].

The studies were carried out in two farms - ZZK Kołbacz and SK Bielin, on 60 calves, 30 animals in each farm. The calves ware divided for control and experimental groups -15 animals per group. Baycox was administered two times in 7 days interval in a dosis of 20 mglkg of body weight. The weight gain and the course of coccidia infection in calves before and after traetment with Baycox ware examined. In control animals during the time of studies the coccidia infection was very hight. After administration of Baycox the intensity of coccidia infection was very low and oocysts were found in same animals, only. In SK Bielin before Baycox was used clinical coccidiosis and mortality of 6.9% calves was observed. After Baycox administration 1.9 % animals died, only. The results ware analyst statistically.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biosynthesis of folic acid in Eimeria tenella (Coccidia)].

The inhibitory analysis has shown that E. tenella does not include ready folic acid into metabolic process but synthesizes its metabolite, 7:8-dihydrofolic acid (DHFA), from its precursor, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which enters the host's organism. PABA can be fully substituted in the process of metabolism by sulphadimesin (SD) at the molar ratio PABA: SD=1: 16.7. As a concurrent antagonist of PABA SD is 6 times stronger in the parasite-host system of Coccidia than in bacteria in cultural medium. The increase in PABA content in relation to SD more than 1: 16.7 intensifies the viability of Coccidia that is expressed in higher lethality of chicks, which reaches its maximum at PABA : SD=1 : 1.25. A further increase in the content of PABA does not affect the host's lethality. The decrease in PABA in relation to SD lower than 1 : 16.7 reduces the viability of Coccidia. Nucleic bases G, A transforming in the organism into corresponding nucleotids and aminoacids, 1-metionin and glycine, which are the products of biosynthesis with a participation of DHFA, do not stimulate the viability of E. tenella that apparently is associated with the non-capability of the host to assimilate timidin.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1977

[Isolation and description of a new species of Eimeria in rabbits (Orychtolagus cuniculus) : Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977 (Sporozoa, Coccidia)].

Several pure isolates of Coccidia have been obtained in coccidia-free Rabbits by methods taking advantage of differences in the duration of their life-cycle and their site of development, as well as by the inoculation of experimentally immunized animals. Among these isolates one has been shown to represent a new species for which we propose the name: Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977. The oocysts of this species are of medium size (21 x 30 mu), without oocystic residual body. The endogenous life-cycle is completed in 10 days. Schizogony takes place in the superficial epithelial cells of the caecum and the colon, and gamogony in the depth of the Lieberkühn's crypts of the same organs. E. perllerdyi seems to be one of the most pathogenic coccidia species in Rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Coccidia of feral swine from Florida.

Fecal samples from 251 free-ranging feral swine (Sus scrofa) in Florida were examined for coccidia. Ten species of coccidia were recovered. In descending order with respect to prevalence, they were Eimeria porci, E debliecki, E neodebliecki, E scarbra, E suis, E cerdonis, E polita, E perminuta, Isospora suis, and E spinosa. Of the swine examined, 87% were passing oocysts and 82% of the infected individuals were shedding at least 2 species of coccidia. All age classes included infected individuals. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence were found among study sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A review of Sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs.

The nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. Sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. The following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: S cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), S hirsuta (cat), S hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: S ovicanis (dog), S tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: S miescheriana (dog), S porcifelis n sp (cat), S porcihominis n sp (man); and 1 species in the horse: S bertrami (dog). Sarcocystis cruzi, S ovicanis, and S porcifelis are highly pathogenic to the ox, the sheep, and the pig, respectively. Clinical signs of acute bovine sarcocystosis are: anorexia, pyrexia (42 C, or more), anemia, cachexia, enlarged palpable lymph nodes, excessive salivation, and loss of hair at the tip of the tail. Anemia, anorexia, ataxia, and abortions are the chief clinical signs of acute ovine sarcocystosis. These signs are evident at the time of vascular endothelium is parasitized by schizonts. The schizonts disappear in about 1 month, and cysts are formed in the muscles. The cystic phase of sarcocystosis is virtually nonpathogenic. Carnivores shed sporocysts in their feces after ingesting the intramuscular cysts from the herbivores. Sarcocystis is nonpathogenic to the definitive host. Feline and canine coccidia are also reviewed. The following 11 species are found in cats: Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Isospora felis, Isosporarivolta, Besnoitia besnoiti, Besnoitia sp, and 5 types of Sarcocystis (S hirsuta from the ox, S tenella from the sheep, S muris from the mouse, S porcifelis from the pig, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The following 10 species are found in canine feces (Isospora canis, Isospora ohioensis, Isospora wallacei n sp; and 7 types of Sarcocystis (S cruzi from the ox, S ovicanis from the sheep, S bertrami and Sarcocystis sp from the horse, S miescheriana from the pig, S hemionilatrantis from mule deer, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The history of Isospora begemina in dogs is reviewed; life cycles of feline and canine coccidia are given; oocysts of common feline and canine coccidia are compared and illustrated; and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts is discussed, especially in relation to cats in the household of pregnant women.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Phylogenetic relationships of Sarcocystis neurona of horses and opossums to other cyst-forming coccidia deduced from SSU rRNA gene sequences.

Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the nuclear-encoded small subunit rRNA (ssurRNA) gene were performed to examine the origin, phylogeny, and biogeographic relationships of Sarcocystis neurona isolates from opossums and horses from the State of Michigan, USA, in relation to other cyst-forming coccidia. A total of 31 taxa representing all recognized subfamilies and genera of Sarcocystidae were included in the analyses with clonal isolates of two opossum and two horse S. neurona. Phylogenies obtained by the four tree-building methods were consistent with the classical taxonomy based on morphological criteria. The "isosporid" coccidia Neospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Isospora lacking stieda bodies, and Hyaloklossia formed a sister group to the Sarcocystis spp. Sarcocystis species were divided into three main lineages; S. neurona isolates were located in the second lineage and clustered with S. mucosa, S. dispersa, S. lacertae, S. rodentifelis, S. muris, and Frenkelia spp. Alignment of S. neurona SSU rRNA gene sequences of Michigan opossum isolates (MIOP5, MIOP20) and a S. neurona Michigan horse isolate (MIH8) showed 100% identity. These Michigan isolates differed in 2/1085 bp (0.2%) from a Kentucky S. neurona horse isolate (SN5). Additionally, S. neurona isolates from horses and opossums were identical based on the ultrastructural features and PCR-RFLP analyses thus forming a phylogenetically indistinct group in these regions. These findings revealed the concordance between the morphological and molecular data and confirmed that S. neurona from opossums and horses originated from the same phylogenetic origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences.

The phylogenetic placement of gregarine parasites (Apicomplexa: Gregarinasina) within the Apicomplexa was derived by comparison of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Gregarine sequences were obtained from Gregarina niphandrodes Clopton, Percival, and Janovy, 1991, and Monocystis agilis Stein, 1848 (Eugregarinorida Léger 1900), as well as from Ophriocystis elektroscirrha McLaughlin and Myers, 1970 (Neogregarinorida Grassé 1953). The sequences were aligned with several other gregarine and apicomplexan sequences from GenBank and the resulting data matrix analyzed by parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. The gregarines form a monophyletic clade that is a sister group to Cryptosporidium spp. The gregarine/ Cryptosporidium clade is separate from the other major apicomplexan clade containing the coccidia, adeleids, piroplasms, and haemosporinids. The trees indicate that the genus Cryptosporidium has a closer phylogenetic affinity with the gregarines than with the coccidia. These results do not support the present classification of the Cryptosporidiidae in the suborder Eimerioirina Léger, 1911.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular phylogeny of the other tissue coccidia: Lankesterella and Caryospora.

Nearly complete sequences were obtained from the 18S rDNA genes of Eimeria falciformis (the type species of the genus), Caryospora bigenetica, and Lankesterella minima. Two clones of the rDNA gene from C. higenetica varied slightly in primary structure. Parsimony-based and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions with a number of other apicomplexan taxa support 2 major clades within the Eucoccidiorida, i.e., the isosporoid coccidia (consisting of Toxoplasma, Neospora, Isospora [in part], and Sarcocystis spp.) and a second clade containing Lankesterella and Caryospora spp., as well as the eimeriid coccidia (Cyclospora, Isospora [in part], and Eimeria spp.). Our observations suggest that Caryospora spp. may not belong in the family Eimeriidae but rather may be allied with the family Lankesterellidae with which they share molecular and life history similarities. This may be a third lineage of coccidian parasites that has independently evolved a unique heteroxenous transmission strategy.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Coccidia oocysts in the faeces of farmed ostrich (Struthio camelus) chicks in Botswana.

Coccidia oocysts were demonstrated in the faeces of 53 (about 34%) of 156 apparently healthy ostrich chicks. Young chicks had the highest proportion of infestation while those more than 9 weeks old had no oocysts at all in their faeces. These coccidia may be considered no pathogenic since the infected chicks grew normally without any evidence of diarrhoea.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolution and phylogeny of coccidia with the eimerian-type and isomeric-type oocysts].

The isosporan-type of oocysts is a later evolutionary purchase in comparison with the eimerioran-type construction of oocysts'. Identical number of sporocysts and sporozoits in the oocysts, bivalvular constructions of sporocysts, heteroxenous life cycles and endogenous sporulation in a group series of coccidia have arisen asynchronously and independently. The evolution of RNA genes and a type of oocysts construction was proceeded in different species of the isosporan-type coccidia and with different velocities.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cockroaches as vectors of Sarcocystis muris and of other coccidia in the laboratory.

To assess the roles of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in the transmission of Sarcocystis muris and of 3 other coccidia of cats-Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora felis, and Isospora rivolta, cockroaches exposed to feces containing these coccidia were periodically fed to mice, as was a portion of the fecal matter. Sarcocystis muris sporocysts, which in feces remained infectious for at least 20 days, were also transmitted to mice by P. americana for at least 20 days and by B. germanica for 5 days after exposure to infectious feces. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were transmitted by P. americana intermittently up to 10 days, but by B. germanica only immediately after exposure to feces. Oocysts of 2 species of Isospora, when associated with fecal matter, remained infectious for 20 days. Those of I. rivolta were transmitted by both cockroach species for 10 days, but I. felis was transmitted only by by B. germanica, and for only 2 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Differentiation of Sarcocystis neurona from eight related coccidia by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay.

Four isolates of Sarcocystis neurona from horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and eight species of coccidia from the genera Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma or Eimeria were differentiated using the random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. A single, common, 550-bp DNA fragment was amplified from the DNA of each S. neurona isolate using a 16-nucleotide primer. Crosshybridization analyses among S. neurona isolates showed that DNA fragments had at least partial sequence homology. The primer generated several DNA fragments, including a 550-bp DNA fragment, from S. cruzi, Eimeria falciformis, E. neischulzi, E. ahsata and E. bovis. DNA hybridization analyses indicated no sequence homology between these fragments and the 550-bp DNA fragment generated from S. neurona. The S. neurona 550-bp DNA fragment also did not hybridize with genomic blots of various other coccidia. These results suggest that the S. neurona DNA fragment may be exploited as a species-specific probe for this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Are rhoptries of Coccidia really extrusomes?

Some evidence that rhoptries of invasive stages of Coccidia are extrusive organelles has been found in a study of Toxoplasma, after conventional electron microscopy, cryosubstitution preparations, and freeze-fracture. Periodic rows of intramembranous particles were seen in the membrane of the rhoptries. The ducts of the organelles are positioned by two microtubules, and joined to an apical vesicle, through the conoid. Above the vesicle in the plasmalemma, there is sometimes a "rosette" of intramembranous particles. Extrusion of a dense substance was seen at the same time as an anterior vacuole. This represents degenerative "empty" rhoptries. This paper discusses whether rhoptries of Coccidia can be put in the group of extrusomes of protists.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence and diversity of bovine coccidia at three localities in South Africa.

Information on the occurrence and diversity of coccidia infecting cattle in different farming systems in South Africa is lacking. The objective of the study was to determine the levels of infection of coccidia in cattle at three localities and to determine the Eimeria species occurring at each locality. Faecal samples (n=1936) were collected over a 13-month period from a dairy farm (Mallesons), a Bonsmara breeding farm (Kaalplaas) and a Nguni stud farm (Pienaars River). Samples were collected from adults >24 months old and calves <12 months old. The modified McMaster technique was used to determine OPG (oocysts per gram) of faeces. Samples with OPGs > or =2000 were allowed to sporulate in potassium dichromate solution at room temperature. Species identification was done by measurement and morphological characteristic of each species. At Mallesons, 29% of samples were positive, at Kaalplaas 50% and at Pienaars River 52%. The most prevalent species were Eimeria zuernii and E. ellipsoidalis at Mallesons, E. zuernii and E. bovis at Kaalplaas and E. bovis and E. zuernii at Pienaars River, respectively. Adults had very low OPGs. There was a pattern at the three localities in that high OPGs were only recorded in calves, which were also shedding the most pathogenic species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Evolutionary relationships among cyst-forming coccidia Sarcocystis spp. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Coccidea) in endemic African tree vipers and perspective for evolution of heteroxenous life cycle.

Cyst-forming coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Coccidea) parasitize vertebrates worldwide. Data from the small subunit rRNA genes (SSU) and the D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA genes were used to reconstruct phylogeny for all species in the Sarcocystidae for which sequences are currently available. We have focused on the evolutionary history of species that circulate between snakes as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. Trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony, minimum evolution, maximum likelihood and the bayesian phylogenetics. Our reconstructions support monophyly of Sarcocystidae but fail to robustly resolve the relationship within clades. Using a concatenated dataset of available rDNAs, the "isosporoid" coccidia Neospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Isospora and Hyaloklossia form a sister group to the monophyletic Sarcocystis. Moreover, we show that Sarcocystis from arboreal vipers of the genus Atheris, which are endemic to the mountain rain forests of the Equatorial Africa, are monophyletic, with sister species parasitizing the desert viper Pseudocerastes persicus from the Near East. We report the co-evolution of Sarcocystis spp. with their final snake hosts. The geological history of the African continent, mountain ranges, forests and general SSU rDNA rates were used to construct a linearized tree. Possible origin of the heteroxenous life cycle of Sarcocystis is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of combined treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin and immunization with live oocysts on performance of broiler chicks raised in coccidia-seeded floor pens.

In our laboratory, preliminary studies have indicated that recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) can stimulate protective immunity against coccidia infection. A floor pen trial on coccidia-seeded litter was run to further test its activity as an adjuvant during immunization of chicks with a live oocyst vaccine. Five hundred day-old male broiler strain chicks were randomly assigned to five experimental Treatments: 1, medicated controls; 2, unimmunized, not treated with rbST; 3, unimmunized, rbST-treated; 4, immunized, not treated with rbST; 5, immunized, rbST-treated. Each treatment consisted of four pens of 25 chicks each. At the end of the growout period (7 wk), the chicks in Treatment 1 (medicated controls) had the highest mean BW, but mean BW of chickens in Treatment 3 (rbST treatment only) were not significantly less. On the other hand, the mean weights of chicks in Treatments 4 (immunized only) and 5 (immunized plus rbST) were significantly reduced, and not different from those of the untreated chickens (Treatment 2). However, when challenged at 3 wk, the chicks in Treatment 5 had a mean combined total lesion score that was significantly lower than that from Treatment 3, indicating that they had developed a higher degree of specific immunity, but of the expense of weight gain. The results suggest that rbST has a potential for use as an adjuvant with live oocyst vaccination, but that the ratio between rbST dose and numbers of oocysts in the live vaccine needs to be carefully controlled.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Interaction of dietary flaxseed with coccidia infections in chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of diets containing n-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) from whole as well as ground flaxseed on the performance of broilers during coccidia infections. Diets were fed from 1 d of age through 3 wk of age. Chickens were infected with coccidia at 2 wk of age and the effects of infection assessed at 6 d postinfection. The first experiment contrasted effects of several high n-3FA-containing diets, including one supplemented with whole flaxseed, on infections with Eimeria tenella or Eimeria maxima. Infected chickens that consumed the flaxseed-supplemented diet had the lowest weight gains, but they were not significantly different from gains of infected chickens on the control diet. Diets supplemented with 5% menhaden oil or 15% flaxseed significantly reduced lesions caused by E. tenella, but had no effect on lesions caused by E. maxima. In a second experiment, diets supplemented with 5 or 10% ground flaxseed were assessed for effects on the performance of broilers infected with three dose levels (500, 5,000, or 50,000 oocysts) of E. maxima. Neither flaxseed diet protected weight gain during infection with 50,000 oocysts. However, a 5% flax diet protected weight gains in chickens infected with 500 or 5,000 oocysts. Diets supplemented with 5 or 10% ground flaxseed exacerbated lesions in chickens infected with 5,000 or 50,000 E. maxima oocysts compared to the control diet. Thus, diets containing high amounts of n-3 fatty acids do not affect the development of all Eimeria sp. in the same manner. The oxidative stress produced by these diets may more adversely affect development of E. tenella, which infects the relatively oxygen-poor ceca, whereas it does not affect development of E. maxima which parasitizes the middle portion of the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascar Gekkonids.

Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the Madagascar giant day gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, and the Golddust day gecko, P. laticauda. Both species of coccidia were found to infect the anterior one-half of the small intestine. Oocysts of Eimeria brygooi n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 23.0 X 21.3 (18.8-25.2 X 16.4-23.2)micron; shape index (L/W) 1.1 (1.0-1.2). A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are ovoid, 9.2 X 7.9 (8.0-10.0 X 7.2-8.8) micron; shape index 1.2 (1.0-1.3), with a Goussia-type suture; Stieda and substieda bodies are absent. A sporocyst residuum is present, 4.2 X 3.0 (3.2-6.4 X 2.4-4.0) micron. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This coccidian was found to infect five of six (83%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda examined. Oocysts of Isospora gekkonis n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 24.2 X 22.0 (21.6-26.4 X 20.0-23.6) micron; shape index 1.1 (1.0-1.2). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.2 X 9.4 (11.2-12.8 X 8.4-10.0) micron, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index 1.3 (1.2-1.4). A sporocyst residuum is present, either compact, 5.1 X 4.2 (4.0-7.2 X 3.2-5.6) micron or diffuse. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora gekkonis was found in two of six (33%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda. In addition, oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were found in the cloacas of two of six (33%) necropsied P. m. grandis.

Animals↗