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PubMed2026

Genetically diverse populations hold the keys to climatic adaptation in the Western barn owl (Tyto alba).

Although local adaptation influences species distributions, its role in driving evolutionary resilience under climate change remains unclear. Current predictive models focus on genetic adaptation to present climates, providing limited insight into future adaptive capacity. We hypothesise that historical responses to climatic shifts can reveal candidate loci for local adaptation in the future. Combining ecological niche modelling and genomic analyses, we investigate spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of local adaptation of the Western Palearctic barn owl (Tyto alba). Ecological modelling reveals that barn owls now occupy a broader climatic niche than during the Last Glacial Maximum. Genomic analyses indicate ongoing adaptation, with regions under selection linked to environmental factors across all populations. We find that local adaptation drives evolutionary changes across populations, enabling colonisation of new habitats and shaping responses to climate change in resident populations. We show that standing genetic diversity plays a crucial role in adaptation to past, present, and future environmental shifts.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Thermal range predicts bird population resilience to extreme high temperatures.

The identification of the characteristics of species that make them susceptible or resilient to climate change has been elusive because non-climatic influences may dominate short- and medium-term changes in population and distribution sizes. Here we studied the 2003 French heat wave, during which other confounding variables remained essentially unchanged, with a correlational approach. We tested the relationship between population resilience and thermal range by analysing the responses of 71 bird species to a 6-month heat wave. Species with small thermal ranges showed the sharpest decreases in population growth rate between 2003 and 2004 in locations with the highest temperature anomalies. Thermal range explained the resilience of birds to the heat wave independently of other potential predictors, although it correlated with nest location and broad habitat type used by species. The geographically deduced thermal range appears to be a reliable predictor of the resilience of these endothermic species to extreme temperatures.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Global change and the boreal forest: thresholds, shifting states or gradual change?

Changes in boreal climate of the magnitude projected for the 21st century have always caused vegetation changes large enough to be societally important. However, the rates and patterns of vegetation change are difficult to predict. We review evidence suggesting that these vegetation changes may be gradual at the northern forest limit or where seed dispersal limits species distribution. However, forest composition may be quite resilient to climate change in the central portions of a species range until some threshold is surpassed. At this point, changes can be rapid and unexpected, often causing a switch to very different ecosystem types. Many of these triggers for change are amenable to management, suggesting that our choice of policies in the coming decades will substantially influence the ecological and societal consequences of current climatic change.

Arctic Regions↗

PubMed2026

Climate-Driven Niche Tracking and Genomic Resilience Shape Future Distribution of a Widespread Agricultural Weed.

Understanding how agriculturally important species respond to environmental change is critical for maintaining productivity, mitigating agroecosystem threats and sustaining resilience. While crops have traditionally been the focus in agroecosystems, agricultural weeds are integral components that often face even stronger selective pressures, making them powerful models for investigating ecological and evolutionary responses to climatic and human-mediated challenges. Insights from how weeds adapt rapidly under these pressures can inform strategies to improve agricultural outcomes, since both pests and crops evolve under the same multivariate selective pressures. Here, we integrate two centuries of distribution records with whole-genome sequencing from natural populations of the most damaging weed in Europe-Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass) - to examine its ecological and evolutionary responses in agroecosystems. Blackgrass largely maintained its historical climatic niche, expanding its range primarily by tracking environments analogous to those it historically occupied. Genome-wide analyses revealed a polygenic basis of environmental responses, with most loci linked to single environmental variables and a subset showing limited environmental pleiotropy, indicating modular adaptation to the complex selective pressures of managed agricultural landscapes. Coupling these genomic-environment relationships with projected climate change and genomic offset analyses indicated that most blackgrass populations will remain well aligned with future conditions. Our findings show that ecological niche tracking and polygenic adaptation allow agricultural weeds like blackgrass to persist under rapid environmental change, offering insights relevant not only for weed management but also for designing resilient cropping systems under future climates.

Plant Weeds↗

PubMed2026

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus as a plant growth-promoting endophyte: mechanistic insights and translational prospects for sustainable agriculture.

With the growing interest in sustainable agriculture, there has been a surge in exploration of multitrophic interactions between plants and microbes that can help plants adapt to changing environments and enhance their resilience to climate changes. One such beneficial microbe is Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, an aerobic, nitrogen-fixing endophyte currently being studied because of its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen within plant tissues under aerobic conditions. This endophyte also promotes plant growth through processes like phytohormone production, nutrient solubilization, and improved stress tolerance of the plant. Recent advances in genomics and systems biology have provided valuable insights into the metabolism, interactions, and functions of this microorganism inside the host plants and its contribution to rhizosphere and endosphere dynamics. Despite considerable advances in understanding this organism, there are still limitations to its application due to its poor field performance, environmental variations, and difficulties in formulation production. This review consolidates the current knowledge on the ecology, physiology, and molecular mechanisms of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, critically assesses its limitations, and identifies future research priorities to enhance its translational potential.

Gluconacetobacter↗

PubMed2026

What health are we talking about? Biodiversity as the missing link between One Health and Planetary Health.

Health has become a central term in global sustainability policy, yet it is often used without sufficient conceptual precision. Public health, global health, One Health, EcoHealth, GeoHealth, and Planetary Health each emphasize different dimensions of the relationship between humans, animals, and the environment. In policy contexts, however, these distinctions are frequently blurred. We argue that biodiversity is often treated as an environmental co-benefit rather than as a foundational determinant of health. This weakens the implementation of One Health approaches because biodiversity underpins disease regulation, immune system development, food and water security, ecosystem functioning, resilience, and climate adaptation. At the same time, biodiversity provides a critical link between One Health and broader Planetary Health challenges, including global environmental change and the transgression of planetary boundaries. Future health and sustainability policies should move beyond generic references to health and explicitly recognize biodiversity as part of preventive health systems.

Biodiversity↗

PubMed2006

Functional effect of haemoglobin polymorphism on the haematological pattern of Gentile di Puglia sheep.

The relationship between haemoglobin polymorphism and haematological pattern were studied in Gentile di Puglia, the Apulia Merino native breed. In a sample of 292 individuals, on five different farms, alpha- and beta-globin genetic polymorphism was investigated. A remarkable polymorphism was detected especially at alpha-globin gene where the variations concerned both the quality of the gene product and gene expression. Triplicated and quadruplicated alpha-globin genes were observed in 8.6% and 1.2% of the alpha-haplotypes respectively. At beta-globin (HBB) locus, predominance of HBB(B) allele was found in all flocks, while HBB(A) overall frequency was around 11.2%. Moreover, the effect of genotypes at globin systems on haematological data was evaluated on 289 animals. A significant effect was detected for HBB locus on haematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), with decreasing HCT and MCV for decreasing number of HBB(A) alleles in the genotype. The opposite trend was observed for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The advances presented by this paper give reasons for inferring that BB genotypes can be expected to be more resilient to climatic stress and to local parasites.

Alleles↗

PubMed2025

The SlGRAS9-SlMYC1 regulatory module controls glandular trichome formation and modulates resilience to pest in tomato.

Trichomes of aerial plant organs contribute to adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In horticultural plants, increasing glandular trichome density is an effective breeding strategy to enhance resistance to herbivores through promoting the capacity to produce specialized metabolites. The regulatory mechanisms controlling multicellular trichome formation are only partially understood. In this study, we reveal that SlGRAS9 and SlMYC1 transcription factors form a regulatory module controlling glandular trichome formation in multiple tissues. Knockout of SlGRAS9 or overexpression of SlMYC1 in tomato leads to an increased number of type VI glandular trichomes and to higher terpenoid accumulation in leaves, petals, sepals, and fruits. Conversely, knockout of SlMYC1 results in reduced type VI glandular trichomes number and terpenoid levels. Promoter-binding and genetic interaction experiments revealed that SlGRAS9 negatively regulates the transcription of SlMYC1, indicating that the regulation of glandular trichome formation by SlGRAS9 is dependent, at least partly, on SlMYC1. Consistently, both SlGRAS9 knockout and SlMYC1 overexpression result in higher tolerance of tomato plants to spider mites and aphids. In addition to adding some of the missing components to the mechanisms controlling formation of type VI glandular trichome, our findings also uncover new targets for breeding strategies aimed at improving crop protection against pest invasion, thus ensuring crop yield resilience to climate change.

Trichomes↗

PubMed2006

Homeostatic maintenance of ponderosa pine gas exchange in response to stand density changes.

Homeostatic maintenance of gas exchange optimizes carbon gain per water loss. Homeostasis is regulated by short-term physiological and long-term structural mechanisms, both of which may respond to changes in resource availability associated with competition. Therefore, stand density regulation via silvicultural manipulations may facilitate growth and survival through mechanisms operating at both short and long timescales. We investigated the responses of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) to stand basal area manipulations in Arizona, USA. Stand basal area was manipulated to seven replicated levels in 1962 and was maintained for four decades by decadal thinning. We measured basal area increment (BAI) to assess the response and sustainability of wood growth, carbon isotope discrimination (A) inferred from annual rings to assess the response of crown gas exchange, and ratios of leaf area to sapwood area (A(l):A(s)) to assess longer term structural acclimation. Basal area treatments increased soil water potential (r2 = 0.99) but did not affect photosynthetic capacity. BAI increased within two years of thinning, and the 40-year mean BAI was negatively correlated with stand basal area (r2 = 0.98). delta was negatively correlated with stand basal area for years 5 through 12 after thinning (r2 = 0.90). However, delta was relatively invariant with basal area for the period 13-40 years after initial thinning despite maintenance of treatment basal areas via repeated decadal thinnings. Independent gas exchange measurements verified that the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance was invariant with basal area, but absolute values of both were elevated at lower basal areas. A(l):A(s) was negatively correlated with basal area (r2 = 0.93). We hypothesize that increased A(l):A(s) is a homeostatic response to increased water availability that maximizes water-use efficiency and whole-tree carbon uptake. Elevated A(l):A(s) of trees at low basal areas was associated with greater resilience to climate, i.e., greater absolute BAI during drought; however, trees with high A(l):A(s) in low basal area stands also exhibited the greatest sensitivity to drought, i.e., greater relative decline in BAI.

Carbon Isotopes↗

PubMed2025

Integrated agronomy of pea (Pisum sativum L.): a review on cultivation, harvesting, and storage for sustainable agriculture.

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) are a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, yet their potential is limited by fragmented agronomic practices. This review provides an integrated synthesis of advancements across cultivation, mechanized harvesting, and post-harvest storage. Key findings reveal that optimal growth conditions and nanotechnology interventions can significantly enhance abiotic stress tolerance. Mechanized harvesting innovations reduce yield losses by up to 40%, but smallholder adoption and terrain compatibility remain critical challenges. Effective post-harvest strategies, including low-temperature storage and hermetic bags, are crucial for preserving quality. Despite progress, systemic barriers persist. Future research must prioritize interdisciplinary solutions-combining genomics, precision engineering, and farmer training-to unlock the full potential of peas as a keystone crop for sustainable food systems.

climate resilience↗

PubMed2005

Fire regenerative syndromes of forest woody species across fire and climatic gradients.

Community resilience after fire is determined by species' ability to regenerate through two main mechanisms growth of new sprouts (resprouter species) and germination from surviving seed banks or from seeds arriving from neighbouring populations (seeder species). Both the mechanisms are present in Mediterranean communities. The occurrence of both the types in a community depends on fire history and the bio-geographical history determining the available species pool. Regenerative traits also covary with other functional attributes associated with resource acquisition and stress tolerance. As post-fire regenerative responses can be related to various ecological factors other than fire, we tested the hypothesis of a different proportional representation of post-fire regenerative syndromes in forest woody species along a climatic gradient in Catalonia (NE Spain) ranging from Mediterranean to temperate-boreal climates. Specifically, we expected seeder species to become less common with colder and moister conditions while resprouters would not be so influenced by the climatic gradient. We also tested the hypothesis of change in the relative abundance of regenerative syndromes in relation to recent fire history. We analysed a large database obtained from extensive forestry surveys and remote sensing fire records. After correction for spatial autocorrelation, we found an increase in the proportion of seeder species under more Mediterranean conditions and a decrease in fire-sensitive species (with no efficient mechanisms of post-fire recovery) in moister conditions. Resprouter species were similarly present across the whole gradient. A similar pattern was observed after excluding recently burnt plots. Therefore, post-fire regenerative syndromes segregate along the climatic gradient. Recent fires reduced the occurrence of fire-sensitive species and increased the proportion of seeder species. No significant effect was observed on resprouter species. Fire has a sorting effect, shaping the occurrence of species with different regenerative traits. Overall, fire seems to explain better the variability of the proportion of fire-sensitive species and climate the variability of seeder species. In addition, other factors (forestry practices and the covariation between regenerative and functional attributes) are likely to contribute to the regional pattern of regenerative syndromes.

Climate↗

PubMed2003

Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs.

The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2005

Introduction: food crops in a changing climate.

Changes in both the mean and the variability of climate, whether naturally forced, or due to human activities, pose a threat to crop production globally. This paper summarizes discussions of this issue at a meeting of the Royal Society in April 2005. Recent advances in understanding the sensitivity of crops to weather, climate and the levels of particular gases in the atmosphere indicate that the impact of these factors on crop yields and quality may be more severe than previously thought. There is increasing information on the importance to crop yields of extremes of temperature and rainfall at key stages of crop development. Agriculture will itself impact on the climate system and a greater understanding of these feedbacks is needed. Complex models are required to perform simulations of climate variability and change, together with predictions of how crops will respond to different climate variables. Variability of climate, such as that associated with El Niño events, has large impacts on crop production. If skilful predictions of the probability of such events occurring can be made a season or more in advance, then agricultural and other societal responses can be made. The development of strategies to adapt to variations in the current climate may also build resilience to changes in future climate. Africa will be the part of the world that is most vulnerable to climate variability and change, but knowledge of how to use climate information and the regional impacts of climate variability and change in Africa is rudimentary. In order to develop appropriate adaptation strategies globally, predictions about changes in the quantity and quality of food crops need to be considered in the context of the entire food chain from production to distribution, access and utilization. Recommendations for future research priorities are given.

Climate↗

PubMed2026

Direct and spillover hospitalisation patterns during climate hazards across regions of different health-system resilience levels in China: a nationwide retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health-system resilience serves as a key contributor in mitigating adverse health impacts during climate hazards. However, quantitative insights into resilience-associated health-care utilisation patterns and targeted adaptation policies remain scarce. We aimed to capture the spatiotemporal health impacts in disaster-exposed counties and their neighbouring counties in China during storms, floods, tropical cyclones, and blizzards or winter storms; understand the association between health-system resilience metrics and hazard-attributable hospitalisations; and develop evidence-based adaptation policies towards climate extremes. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational analysis of county-level aggregated hospitalisation data, we used a propensity score matching-difference-in-differences framework to assess the spatiotemporal changes of nine types of disease-specific hospitalisations in both disaster-exposed and neighbouring regions during storms, floods, tropical cyclones, and blizzards in China. We quantified the relative importance and health gains of health-system metrics during such hazards through random forest approach with interpretable partial dependence plots to derive evidence-based adaptation recommendations. FINDINGS: We included hospitalisation data from Jan 1, 2016 to Dec 31, 2023. In this period, 3241 county-hazard event combinations and 41 747 482 hospitalisations were recorded across 955 Chinese counties. The disaster-exposed regions experienced an initial decline in hospitalisation rates, followed by admission surges after disasters. For example, infectious disease admissions decreased by 11·92% (95% CI -10·53 to -13·31) during the flood-active period but increased by 7·68% (6·46-8·91) after 1-2 weeks of floods. Neighbouring zones were also affected through spillover effects, with infectious disease admissions increasing by 3·18% (1·76-4·61) after 1-2 weeks of the floods. Cardiovascular disease, injuries, infectious, respiratory, and mental disorders were more sensitive across all regions. Particularly for disaster-exposed counties, cardiovascular hospitalisations increased by 14·31% (7·34-21·29) during the tropical cyclone-active period. Notably, compared with low-resilience counties, high-resilience counties were associated with 19·48-30·03% smaller hazard-related relative changes in hospitalisation rates during the hazard-active period and 27·07-31·08% smaller hazard-related relative changes in hospitalisation rates in post-hazard periods. For instance, during the storm-active period, the increase in respiratory hospitalisations was 7·21% (0·67-13·75) in high-resilience counties versus 12·13% (5·20-19·05) in low-resilience counties. Health workforce (relative importance 14·58% during the hazard-active period and 13·80% during the post-hazard period) and service delivery (14·10% during the hazard-active period and 14·17% during the post-hazard period) were identified as key contributors of health-system resilience. Empirical synergistic effects were observed when combining interventions during the post-hazard period, with the combined effect of service delivery (individual contribution 8%) and workforce (individual contribution 4%) exceeding the sum of their individual contributions (16% reduction in cumulative excess admissions) by 33%. INTERPRETATION: Climate hazards are associated with substantial changes in hospitalisation rates in both disaster-exposed and neighbouring regions. Health-system resilience is essential in addressing disaster-health challenges. Targeted adaptation interventions should be context-appropriate and threshold-aware, thereby maximising the public health benefits relative to resilience-oriented investments in health systems. FUNDING: Gates Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Allelic variation in UVR8 modulates thermotolerance-yield tradeoffs in plants.

Industrial activities have driven stratospheric ozone depletion, increasing surface UV-B radiation while exacerbating global warming. These changes limit crop productivity, alter species distributions, and disrupt plant metabolic processes, but the mechanisms linking energy signaling to heat-stress responses remain unclear. Here, we identify the photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8b (OsUVR8b) as a substrate of SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) in rice and reveal a natural variation at its SnRK1-mediated phosphorylation site (Ser177) that is correlated with adaptation to tropical climates. The thermotolerant OsUVR8bAla177 accessions show geographic enrichment in low-latitude regions with elevated temperatures. Functional validation through prime editing demonstrated that a Ser177-to-Ala177 substitution enhances heat tolerance, whereas the reverse edit compromises it. Mechanistically, OsUVR8bSer177 exhibits reduced stability and an impaired capacity for scavenging reactive oxygen species under heat stress. The regulatory function of the OsUVR8b Ser177 phosphorylation site, a molecular switch that governs UVR8 stability and thermotolerance, can be functionally re-established across rice, Arabidopsis, tobacco, and soybean, indicating its preservation during domestication. Notably, OsUVR8bSer177 maintains higher fertility and yield under non-stress conditions, indicating a tradeoff between heat adaptation and productivity. Our findings thus establish this switch as a key regulator of the yield-resilience balance and a promising target for breeding of climate-resilient crops.

Thermotolerance↗

PubMed2025

Smarter stomata: emergent technologies unlocking yield potential in a changing climate.

Stomata, the gatekeepers of leaf gas exchange, regulate carbon dioxide uptake and water loss, functions increasingly critical as crops face more frequent, intense heat and drought. Under dry conditions, stomatal conductance (g s) typically decreases, limiting carbon assimilation and yield. Heat stress, in contrast, elicits variable g S responses: sometimes increasing to facilitate transpirational cooling, while at other times decreasing, especially when combined with drought. Heat and drought also induce complex, context-dependent shifts in stomatal anatomy. Smaller, denser stomata improve drought resilience in some cases, while reduced density confers greater tolerance in others. The optimal stomatal ideotype remains unknown, and different or even opposing traits may confer resilience dependent on the environmental scenario. Substantial genotypic variation in g s and stomatal anatomy, high heritability and co-localized quantitative trait loci for stomatal traits and yield highlight their untapped potential as breeding targets for climate-resilient crops. However, stomatal traits remain largely absent from breeding pipelines due to challenges of phenotyping at scale. This is changing rapidly. Advances in deep learning, porometry, digital microscopy, and remote sensing now enable high-throughput measurement of stomatal physiology and anatomy. Next-generation breeding technologies including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-driven ideotype selection models could revolutionize breeding, allowing precise engineering of stomatal traits for resilience to environmental stress. The time has come to move beyond characterizing stomatal traits and start actively incorporating them into breeding strategies. By leveraging these technologies, stomatal traits can become high value targets, unlocking their potential to enhance crop performance in a hotter, drier future.

abiotic stress↗

PubMed2026

Endozoicomonas acroporae enhances coral thermal resilience through host-microbe coordination.

Probiotics hold promise for enhancing coral resilience under climate-driven thermal stress, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Although the bacterial genus Endozoicomonas has been proposed to benefit corals, in vivo evidence of beneficial effects on the host remains limited. Here, we establish Endozoicomonas acroporae Acr-14T as a coral probiotic and characterize its effects on the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata. We show that E. acroporae Acr-14T enhances host thermal tolerance, colonizes coral tissues, and forms coral-associated microbial aggregates. Microbial profiling indicates that probiotic treatment is associated with reduced relative abundances of opportunistic microbes and enrichment of putatively beneficial taxa. To support transcriptomic analyses, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of S. pistillata clade 1 (Pacific lineage) and found that E. acroporae Acr-14T treatment mitigates heat-induced protein-folding stress and apoptotic signaling. Single-cell transcriptomics further revealed altered expression of genes involved in S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) metabolism and pro-survival signaling in gastrodermal cells of probiotic-treated corals. Together, our results provide a cell-type-resolved view of host responses linked to Endozoicomonas-mediated coral thermal resilience and offer insight into molecular mechanisms implicated in host-microbe interactions under environmental stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide epigenomic atlas and multi-omics responses of Eriocheir sinensis to natural extreme heat.

BACKGROUND: Global climate warming has led to increasingly frequent and prolonged extreme summer heat events, posing severe environmental challenges to aquaculture systems. Extreme summer heat can disrupt the performance of pond-cultured ectotherms. The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important freshwater crustacean, but coordinated molecular differences following contrasting natural summers remain incompletely characterized. RESULTS: We performed a comprehensive multi-omics analysis integrating meteorological monitoring, mRNA/lncRNA transcriptomics, small-RNA profiling of miRNAs, DNA methylomics, and LC-MS metabolomics in E. sinensis populations collected from Yancheng, China, between 2020 and 2024. Across the ten farms, survival was significantly lower in 2024, whereas yield and the proportion of large individuals showed nonsignificant downward trends. Gene-set analyses showed negative enrichment of cellular heat-response, protein-folding, oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial ATP-production terms in the 2024 cohort at the time of sampling. The integrated transcript annotation contained 72,240 lncRNAs and 63,833 mRNAs, and CpG was the predominant methylation context. Differential methylation analysis identified 73 regions and 185 cytosines, with hypomethylated events predominating within the significant subset. Metabolomic profiles differed between annual cohorts and mapped to carbohydrate, lipid, and amino-acid pathways. Cross-omics integration prioritized eight candidate genes-ADCY9, UNC79, UBN1, IFT52, ACO2, LOC126986070, LOC127001126, and LOC126997895-and qPCR reproduced the reported directions of expression for selected RNAs. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first integrative multi-omics framework for understanding chronic heat adaptation in E. sinensis. By linking transcriptomic, epigenomic, and metabolic remodeling, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying energy imbalance, epigenetic reprogramming, and immune dysregulation during prolonged thermal stress. These findings offer valuable insights and genomic resources for breeding heat-tolerant crab strains and improving aquaculture resilience under ongoing climate change.

DNA methylation↗