Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ciliated cells”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Proliferation, differentiation and ciliary beating of human respiratory ciliated cells in primary culture.

The growth, differentiation, ciliary beating pattern and frequency of human respiratory ciliated cells in primary culture were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by videomicroscopy. The epithelial cells were obtained as outgrowth from explants of adult nasal polyps. When the explants were grown on type-I and type-IV collagen substrates in a standard serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium, a high percentage of ciliated cells (range 29 +/- 5% to 37 +/- 6%) was present within 2 days of culture. After 5 days of culture, the percentage of ciliated cells near the explant was 51 +/- 5%. Most of the cultured ciliated cells (85%) were characterized by individual cilia showing a coordinated movement during the beat cycle and a beating frequency (13.3 +/- 1.3 Hz) similar to that reported in vivo. In the other 15% of the ciliated cells, the dyskinetic cilia were aggregated into clumps and characterized by a rigid and planar bending movement and a lower (P less than 0.01) beating frequency (10.7 +/- 1.4 Hz). It is suggested that the latter type of cell, already described during fetal development, might be an intermediate type of ciliated cell which appears temporarily during the surface respiratory epithelial differentiation.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Commitment to division in ciliate cell cycles.

Near the end of the cell cycle, ciliates commit irreversibly to cell division. The point of commitment occurs at the time of oral polykinetid assembly and micronuclear anaphase. The commitment is a checkpoint which requisites a threshold cell mass/DNA ratio and stomatogenesis. It is also a physiological transition point, involving cdk protein kinases similar to those of other eukaryotes. Both P34 kD and P36 kD kinases, similar to the S. pombe cdc2 kinases, have been described to have activity as monomers. Subsequent to commitment to division, dramatic cytoskeletal modifications occur for separation of organelles, cortex morphogenesis and cytokinesis. Numerous mutants affecting cytoskeletal function associated with the division process have been obtained in several species. Of these, only the cc1 mutant in Paramecium affects cell cycle progression prior to commitment to division. The material reviewed is used to speculate about the mechanisms of regulation of pre-fission morphogenesis and cell division related processes in ciliates.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The role of oestrogen in the control of ciliated cells of the human endometrium.

The incidence of ciliated cells in the human endometrium was determined. Conditions associated with an excess of oestrogenic activity were characterized by an increased incidence of ciliated cells, whilst oestrogen deficiency was associated with decreased numbers. When endometrium was cultured, addition of oestradiol-17 beta caused an increase in the ciliated cell population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Paracrystalline inclusions in metaplastic ciliated cells of the human gastric mucosa. An ultrastructural study.

Unusual electron-dense paracrystalline inclusions were found in metaplastic ciliated cells in the stomachs of three Japanese male patients with gastric carcinoma. These patients had not been given antitumour drugs before surgery and ethrane (enflurane) was used as the anaesthetic. Ciliated cells in the gastric mucosa are found not infrequently in the pyloric glands in association with intestinal metaplasia in elderly Japanese patients. Paracrystalline inclusions were found only in the ciliated cells and never in any other types of gastric mucosal cell. These inclusions were located in the apical portion of the ciliated cells in intimate association with the basal bodies. They consisted of twisted strings about 27 nm wide with a regularly repeated spacing of about 30 nm. On highly magnified electron micrographs, granules about 4 nm in diameter were detected. These paracrystalline inclusions have never been reported previously, although their location in ciliated cells and their morphological characteristics suggest an intimate relationship with the ciliogenesis of metaplastic ciliated cells in the human stomach.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

MUC8 as a ciliated cell marker in human nasal epithelium.

CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that MUC8 protein is expressed in ciliated cells from human nasal epithelial cells and is upregulated by IL-1beta treatment. These results suggest that MUC8 gene and protein expression levels could be used as a ciliated cell marker in human nasal epithelium. OBJECTIVES: To examine MUC8 mRNA expression patterns according to the mucociliary differentiation of normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells, and to investigate the localization of MUC8 proteins in nasal polyps. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Passage-2 NHNE cells were cultured using an air-liquid interface technique. On Days 2, 7, 14 and 28 after confluence, ciliated cells were counted by means of cytospin slide immunostaining using H6C5 and beta-tubulin, and MUC8 mRNA levels were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After synthesizing polyclonal anti-MUC8 peptide antibodies, MUC8 immunostaining was performed using nasal polyps. MUC8 mRNA and protein levels were determined in NHNE cells treated with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml for 24 h) using reverse transcriptase-PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The increases in the number of ciliated cells and the MUC8 gene expression level with increasing culture time in the NHNE cells were quite similar. MUC8 was expressed in the ciliated cells of human nasal polyps. The MUC8 protein level and the mRNA level were upregulated as a result of IL-1beta treatment.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1977

Electron microscopy of a ciliated cell in the human stomach.

A ciliated cell was observed electron microscopically in a pyloric gland with intestinal metaplasia. This specimen was obtained from the gastric antrum of a 61-year-old man suffering from gastric cancer. The cell had flask-like contour and possessed numerous cilia protruding from the free surface of a deeply indented cytoplasm into the glandular lumen. Most cilia were similar in structure to normal kinocilia and had nine peripheral doublets and two central microtubules (9 + 2 configuration). Some cilia, however, showed varying configurations, such as 9 + 0,9 + 3, or 9 + 4. The occurrence of ciliated cell in human stomach may be related to the disturbance of cellular differentiation of the gastric primordial cells during metaplastic change.

Cilia↗
PubMed2003

Zonation of ciliated cells on the epithelium of the rat trachea.

We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to screen the entire epithelial surface of the cervical trachea of the adult rat. This scrutiny revealed that the density of ciliated cells along this epithelium follows a repetitive pattern: circular strips of high density of ciliated cells alternate with areas of low density of the same cells. Cilia-poor strips of the tracheal epithelium were seen on areas of cartilage rings; here, ciliated cells made up 32% of the total surface of the tracheal lining. Cilia-rich areas filled the epithelial surface at the tracheal ligaments (i.e., the regions located in-between the rings); here, ciliated cells occupied 65% of the tracheal lumen. In the cilia-poor zones, the density of ciliated cells decreased from its periphery into its center, where cilia were virtually absent. No differences in this pattern of the tracheal epithelium were seen between young adult and older rats. We conclude that the respiratory epithelium expresses density zonation of ciliated cells on the trachea of adult rats. We propose that the high concentration of ciliated cells on the regions of epithelium located at the tracheal ligaments suggests that these zones are electively committed in the clearance of the respiratory airway.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of newt lung ciliated cell models: characterization of motility and coordination thresholds.

Demembranated ciliated cell models are useful for studying mechanisms responsible for the regulation of ciliary coordination and waveform. This paper describes procedures for isolating ciliated cells from the newt, Taricha granulosa, by trypsin dissociation, their subsequent demembranation by Triton X-100, and their reactivation with MgATP to produce highly motile, coordinated, ciliated cell models. Reactivation of cell models with a high degree of mechanochemical coupling depended on avoiding mechanical damage and maintaining optimal conditions during all stages of isolation and reactivation. Highly motile models were prepared from cells incubated in trypsin, treated briefly with EDTA, separated by gentle agitation, and concentrated by centrifugation at low gravitational forces. Optimal demembranation and reactivation conditions were similar to those described previously for isolated newt lung axonemes. Under these conditions, nearly 100% of the models were reactivated when provided with MgATP and 90-95% beat with coordinated waves. The ciliary tufts beat at frequencies within the range measured in living cells and their reactivated motility was stable for at least 30 min at constant MgATP. These highly coupled models were used to show (1) that development of coordination in the ciliary tuft occurs at a higher substrate concentration range (10-25 microM) than that required to initiate motility per se (2-10 microM; (2) that outer dynein arms may not contribute to beat frequency at substrate concentrations below 35 microM; and (3) that vanadate has effects both on beat frequency and coordination of the tufts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of the radioprotector WR2721 on irradiation-induced injury to ciliated cells of eustachian tube.

Our previous studies revealed that injury to the ciliated cells of the eustachian tube may be the primary cause of irradiation-induced serous otitis media. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the radioprotector WR2721 on irradiation-induced injury to ciliated cells of the eustachian tube (ET) in chinchillas. Twelve chinchillas were divided into two groups: the control group and the experimental group, which was pretreated with a single intraperitoneal dose of the radioprotector S-2-[3-aminopropylamino]ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR2721) 400 mg/kg. The two groups were exposed to 30 Gy of 13-MeV electrons in a single fraction to the area of the bullae and nasopharynx. Ciliary dysfunction was tested and ciliated cells of the ET were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pretreatment with WR2721 was found to protect ciliated cells of the ET from irradiation injury.

Amifostine↗
PubMed1986

The fine structure of atypical ciliated cells in the human gastric epithelium.

Gastric mucosa obtained from the body and pyloric portions of the human stomach were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliated cells were found in two of 18 subjects examined, one patient with gastric ulcer and the other one with gastric adenocarcinoma. The ciliated cells were found in epithelia at sites away from the main lesions. The tissues containing ciliated cells showed intestinal metaplasia combined with mild chronic gastritis in both cases. The epithelial layer facing the gastric lumen was composed of columnar cells with numerous uniform microvilli and goblet cells. This epithelium extended to the superficial parts of the tubules surrounded by the lamina propria. The deeper portions of the tubules were composed of mucous secretory, endocrine, and rarely ciliated cells. These ciliated cells were provided with numerous cilia the numbers of which varied considerably from cell to cell. This was in contrast to the primary cilium which is usually single. The central part of the apical cell membrane was sometimes concave in the area from where cilia tended to arise. It was also observed that numerous basal bodies as well as mucus-like granules were contained in the same cell. The axonemal pattern was different from that of ordinary cilia and showed 9 + 0 and 8 + 1 patterns. In longitudinal sections it was found that one peripheral doublet was displaced to the center of the axoneme as it left the basal body.

Cilia↗
PubMed1990

Giant mitochondria distinct from enlarged mitochondria in secretory and ciliated cells of gerbil trachea and bronchioles.

Numerous mitochondria ranging from slightly larger than normal to several micrometers in diameter (giant) were found in about one-half the serous secretory cells in the surface epithelium of the normal gerbil trachea and proximal bronchi. Tracheal serous cells of mice also were found to contain numerous giant mitochondria. Clara cells of gerbil bronchioles contained abundant giant mitochondria in addition to normal tubular mitochondria and the second population of enlarged spherical mitochondria that have been described in Clara cells of several genera. In contrast, mouse Clara cells revealed the normal tubular and the enlarged spherical mitochondria but no giant mitochondria. A survey of a number of cell types in gerbils failed to disclose hypertrophied mitochondria outside tracheobronchial surface epithelium and bronchioles. The mitochondrial enlargement resulted from an increase of matrix but not cristae. The expansion of matrix displaced the relatively sparse cristae into small collections compressed against the outer membrane. The prevalence of giant mitochondria and of granular endoplasmic reticulum is similar among cells, and these two organelles are codistributed within cells. The megamitochondria and granular reticulum occupy a central stratum, whereas normal mitochondria occur in the apical and basal regions. The giant mitochondria are considered related to a normal biologic activity that is characteristic of respiratory tract epithelium of mice and gerbils selectively and is more prominent in secretory cells than in ciliated cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The fine structure of the human endometrial ciliated cell.

Sixty-eight histologically normal specimens from all stages of the menstrual cycle were examined during an ultrastructural study of the human endometrial ciliated cell. The 'clear' ciliated cells found initially were seen to become at first dense and then secretory. These changes are advanced as an explanation to account for the previously observed reduction in frequency of the ciliated cell during the luteal phase. The possibility of an hormonal control mechanism is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Development of ciliated cells in the human fetal oviduct: an ultrastructural study.

Prenatal development of ciliated cells in the human fallopian tube was studied by light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from 12 fetuses, aged 12-40 weeks. On light microscopy, transverse sections of the ampullary portion of the tube revealed a slit-like lumen at 12 weeks. The lumen began to fold by 15 weeks, and formed the typical villous structures by 31 weeks. On electron microscopy, the epithelial cells contained a large number of sub- and supranuclear glycogen particles until 18 weeks and an occasional solitary cilium. At 20-22 weeks, instead of glycogen particles, cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparatus were well developed, and some cells possessed cilia with a 9 + 2 microtubular structure. Between 22 and 31 weeks, ciliated cells were sporadically observed. At 31 weeks, the epithelial cells accumulated a large number of sub- and supranuclear glycogen particles. Afterwards, numerous ciliated cells with well-developed cytoplasmic organelles were observed by 40 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ciliated cells in diethylnitrosamine-induced tracheal papillary tumors of Syrian golden hamster.

Tracheal papillomas in the Syrian golden hamster were induced by diethylnitrosamine. The occurrence of ciliated cells was quantitatively analysed on 134 step sectioned tumors by light microscopy and qualitatively by transmission (23 tumors) and scanning electron microscopy (24 tumors). Ciliated cells were observed in 40% of all tumors, mostly at the basal part of the tumor opposite the normal epithelium or in the folds between tumor lobes. In 6% of all tumors ciliated cells were located on the apical luminal surface of tumors. Since ciliogenesis was observed only in 2 tumors, we presume that most of the ciliated cells in papillary tumors were not developed from the neoplastic cells through de novo ciliogenesis, but were preexisting ciliated cells which migrated into tumor compartments during the neoplastic growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Radial intercalation of ciliated cells during Xenopus skin development.

Cells with motile cilia cover the skin of Xenopus tadpoles in a characteristic spacing pattern. This pattern arises during early development when cells within the inner layer of ectoderm are selected out by Notch to form ciliated cell precursors (CCPs) that then radially intercalate into the outer epithelial cell layer to form ciliated cells. When Notch is inhibited and CCPs are overproduced, radial intercalation becomes limiting and the spacing of ciliated cells is maintained. To determine why this is the case, we used confocal microscopy to image intercalating cells labeled using transplantation and a transgenic approach that labels CCPs with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Our results indicate that inner cells intercalate by first wedging between the basal surface of the outer epithelium but only insert apically at the vertices where multiple outer cells make contact. When overproduced, more CCPs are able to wedge basally, but apical insertion becomes limiting. We propose that limitations imposed by the outer layer, along with restrictions on the apical insertion of CCPs, determine their pattern of radial intercalation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Granular, ciliated cells in the anterior pituitaries of immature rats.

In this communication we demonstrate a new type of ciliated cell in the pituitary gland of immature rats. Anterior pituitary glands of rats, 31 days of age, were examined by electron microscopy. Around the agranular cells, which lined small cavities, there were sparsely granulated cells with many cilia (granular, ciliated cells). Their small granules, which were distributed along the cell membrane, had limiting membranes. Their cilia were of 9+2 type with a central pair of microtubules. It was suggested that the granular, ciliated cells might be an intermediate-type of cell for the different types of pituitary cells, which appear temporarily during pituitary ontogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The T box transcription factor no tail in ciliated cells controls zebrafish left-right asymmetry.

The heart, brain, and gut develop essential left-right (LR) asymmetries. Specialized groups of ciliated cells have been implicated in LR patterning in mouse, chick, frog, and zebrafish embryos. In zebrafish, these ciliated cells are found in Kupffer's vesicle (KV) and are progeny of dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs). However, there is no direct evidence in any vertebrate that the genes involved in LR development are specifically required in ciliated cells. By using a novel method in zebrafish, we knocked down the function of no tail (ntl, homologous to mouse brachyury) in DFCs without affecting its expression in other cells in the embryo. We find that the Ntl transcription factor functions cell autonomously in DFCs to regulate KV morphogenesis and LR determination. This is the first evidence that loss-of-gene function exclusively in ciliated cells perturbs vertebrate LR patterning. Our results demonstrate that the ciliated KV, a transient embryonic organ of previously unknown function, is involved in the earliest known step in zebrafish LR development, suggesting that a ciliary-based mechanism establishes the LR axis in all vertebrate embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Organization of actin microfilaments in the apical border of oviduct ciliated cells.

Actin microfilaments were localized in quail oviduct ciliated cells using decoration with myosin subfragment S1 and immunogold labeling. These polarized epithelial cells show a well developed cytoskeleton due to the presence of numerous cilia and microvilli at their apical pole. Most S1-decorated microfilaments extend from the microvilli downward towards the upper part of the ciliary striated rootlets with which they are connected. From the microvillous roots, a few microfilaments connect the proximal part of the basal body or the basal foot associated with the basal body. Microfilament polarity is shown by S1 arrowheads pointing away from the microvillous tip to the cell body. Furthermore, short microfilaments are attached to the plasma membrane at the anchoring sites of basal bodies and run along the basal body. The polarity of these short microfilaments is directed from the basal body anchoring fibers downward to the cytoplasm. At the cell periphery, microfilaments from microvillous roots and ciliary apparatus are connected with those of the circumferential actin belt which is associated with the apical zonula adhaerens. Together with the other cytoskeletal elements, the microfilaments increase ciliary anchorage and could be involved in the coordination of ciliary beating. Moreover, microvilli surrounding the cilia probably modify ciliary beating by offering resistance to cilium bending. The presence of microvilli could explain the fact that mainly the upper part of the cilia appanars to be involved in the axonemal bending in metazoan ciliated cells.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗