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PubMed1994

Sodium transport activity in cheek epithelial cells from adolescents at increased risk of hypertension.

Sodium transport including amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiporter activity was measured in cheek epithelial cells of adolescents displaying either high or low BP tracking characteristics and in a subgroup of high BP tracking adolescents exhibiting a positive family history of hypertension. From the BP tracking behaviour of over 500 adolescents measured over a period of three years, 24 low BP tracking and 29 high BP tracking adolescents were recruited for the study. Cheek cells were collected from these subjects and proton-dependent, amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiporter activity and the response of this antiporter to a proton gradient were measured. Cheek cell Na+/H+ antiporter activity was 50% lower (P = 0.0004) in the high BP tracking group (1.02 +/- 0.15 nmol Na+/mg protein/5 min (mean +/- SEM) compared with the activity in the low BP tracking group (2.05 +/- 0.24). A significantly lower Na+/H+ antiporter activity (69%; P < 0.01) was also apparent in the high BP tracking adolescents with family history of hypertension (n = 7) compared with the low BP tracking group. The graded response of cheek cell Na+/H+ antiporter activity to the proton gradient was 58% lower (P = 0.0039) for adolescents in the high BP tracking group compared with the low BP tracking group. Passive Na+ influx was also significantly lower in the cheek cells of the high BP tracking group. Our results therefore show that the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter in cheek cells and the passive Na+ transport activity are lower in those adolescents considered at greatest risk of future development of essential hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Observations of the cheek tooth occlusal angle in the horse.

The angle of occlusion was evaluated in 230 mandibular cheek teeth from 21 horses. There was no significant relationship between horse condition (sedated, anesthetized, dead) and measurement of mean cheek tooth occlusal angle. Cheek tooth occlusal angle was not significantly affected by the position of the tooth in the mandibular arcade or tooth age. The measurement of individual mandibular cheek tooth occlusal angles was predictive for occlusal angle of the entire mouth. Multiple variations of the incisor separation angle technique were predictive of cheek tooth molar occlusal angle for the measured arcade and the entire mouth but was significantly different contralaterally, suggesting that the single tooth method may be preferred. However, despite the limitations of the relatively simple incisor separation angle technique, it may provide the equine veterinary dentist a rapid method of assessing cheek tooth occlusal angle to ensure proper dental floating methods and outcomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Which cheek to turn? The effect of gender and emotional expressivity on posing behavior.

Nicholls et al. (1999, Proc. Royal Soc. B, 266, 1517-1522) demonstrated that models turn their left or right cheeks when expressing or concealing emotion, respectively. This study examined whether emotionally expressive individuals are more likely to turn their left cheek when posing for a photograph than less emotionally expressive individuals. One hundred twenty-four normal participants completed an Emotional Expressivity Scale (EES) and posed for a photograph. Females had a higher EES than males and there was a trend for left cheek posers to have a higher EES than right cheek posers. Females were more likely to turn their left cheek than were males. Results support our argument that emotionally expressive individuals turn their left cheek when posing. The higher incidence of leftward poses in females than males may reflect the higher EES for females. These results support the proposition that the leftward bias in painted portraits is related to a desire to capture the emotive qualities of the left side of the face.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and glutathione S-transferase activities in Syrian golden hamster cheek pouch and liver.

The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) by hepatic or cheek pouch epithelium microsomes obtained from Syrian golden hamsters which had been consuming an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 4 wk and from pair-fed controls was measured. Glutathione S-transferase activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene as substrates was measured in cytosol obtained from the liver or cheek pouch epithelium of the same animals. Cytosolic hepatic glutathione levels were measured in both ethanol-consuming and control animals. The metabolism of BaP to 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (BaP-4,5-diol), 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (BaP-7,8-diol), 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (9-OH-BaP), and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OH-BaP) by hepatic microsomes from ethanol-consuming hamsters was significantly reduced (40-52%) (P less than 0.05) compared to control microsomes. However, a 2-fold increase (P less than 0.05) in the metabolism of BaP to BaP-7,8-diol and 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was measured with microsomes from the cheek pouch epithelium of ethanol-consuming animals. There was no significant change in the production of BaP-4,5-diol, 9-OH-BaP, or 3-OH-BaP by cheek pouch epithelium microsomes of ethanol-consuming hamsters compared to controls. No difference in glutathione S-transferase activity of hepatic or cheek pouch epithelium cytosol between control and ethanol-consuming hamsters towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10- epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was observed. Hepatic glutathione content was significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased after 2 wk (23%) and 4 wk (33%) of ethanol consumption. The results suggest a mechanism by which ethanol might enhance BaP tumorigenesis in the hamster cheek pouch.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1996

Effects of aging on the endodontic system, reserve crown, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To document age-related changes in the morphology of the endodontic system, reserve crown, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth. DESIGN: Equine mandibular cheek teeth from horses of various ages were compared, using radiography, x-ray computed tomography, and histologic examinations. SAMPLE POPULATION: 48 right hemi-mandibles from horses 2 to 9 years old. PROCEDURE: Hemi-mandibles were radiographed, imaged by computed tomographic reconstruction, and reformatted. Histologic examination was used to identify and correlate tissue types. RESULTS: Permanent mandibular cheek teeth of the horse, at the time of eruption, consisted of an exposed crown and a reserve crown with a widely dilated apex. The endodontic system consisted of 5 or 6 pulp horns that connected to an expansive pulp in the reserve crown, which was confluent with the primordial pulp bulb surrounding the tooth's apex. At the time of eruption, mandibular cheek teeth did not have a distinct pulp chamber, roots, or evidence of root formation. However, within 2 years after eruption, mesial and distal roots and a pulp chamber were present. A distinct pulp chamber, communicating with the pulp horns and both root pulp canals, was identifiable for 4 to 5 years from the time of root formation. The endodontic system of cheek teeth, 6 to 8 years after eruption, consisted of 2 unattached compartments, made up of a root canal, pulp chamber, and 2 or 3 pulp horns. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The age-related morphologic changes in equine mandibular cheek teeth have important implications for application of endodontic therapy in horses.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

p53 alterations in chemically induced hamster cheek-pouch lesions.

To confirm that the hamster cheek-pouch carcinogenesis model reflects development of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we determined if and when p53 mutations occur in the development of SCC in this model by using immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis plus direct DNA sequencing. Twenty-four hamster cheek-pouches were treated with a solution of 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in mineral oil three times a week for 16 wk. The malignant endophytic and exophytic tumors induced with this protocol are preceded by a sequence of premalignant lesions such as hyperplasia with or without dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, similar to the development of this cancer in humans. For this study, p53 protein accumulation was evaluated by immunostaining of various hamster cheek-pouch exophytic and endophytic SCCs as well as flat dysplastic hyperplasia and carcinomas in situ. A moderate percentage (33.3%) of exophytic lesions and most endophytic carcinomas (90%) showed positive p53 staining. In addition we also found p53-positive staining in a number of preneoplastic lesions, including areas of focal hyperplasia, dysplastic hyperplasia, and carcinomas in situ. To determine whether the alterations in p53 staining were due to p53 gene mutation, we used PCR-SSCP analysis and direct sequencing. PCR products corresponding to exons 5a, 6, 7, and 8 from 40 tumors with the highest percentage of p53-stained cells were analyzed. We detected shifted bands in 17 lesions. Direct sequencing of eight selected shifted bands revealed four mutations, including two G-->T transversions in codons 216 (tumor #1) and 252 (tumor #2) and one G-->C transversion in codon 282 (tumor #3). Tumor #4 contained a frameshift mutation in codon 251. These mutations are consistent with those reported in many human cancers. Therefore, we concluded that in the hamster cheek-pouch model, p53 protein accumulation occurs frequently and early in carcinogenesis, as it does in human SCCs, and some of these p53 alterations are due to p53 gene mutations. These findings may help us better define the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek-pouch model, and p53 alterations may be an early biomarker of progression for chemoprevention studies.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2003

Effects of respiratory timing and cheek support on resistance measurements, before and after bronchodilation in asthmatic children using the interrupter technique.

The interrupter technique (Rint) is a noninvasive method for assessing respiratory resistance. The aims of this study were to assess whether upper airway support affects the measurement of Rint, if inspiratory or expiratory Rint were most reproducible, and which method of assessing Rint correlated best with spirometry results and was the most sensitive for identifying bronchodilator response. Twenty-four asthmatic children with a mean age of 10.3 years (range, 7-16 years) were included in the study. Rint measurements were obtained in inspiration and expiration with cheeks supported and unsupported. Spirometry was then performed. Rint and spirometry measurements were repeated after the inhalation of 600 mcg of salbutamol. The mean Rint supported inspiratory (0.708 KPa/l/sec) and expiratory (0.729 KPa/l/sec) values were significantly higher than the unsupported values (inspiratory, 0.622 KPa/l/sec; expiratory, 0.584 KPa/l/sec), P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively. The reproducibility of Rint was not different whether cheeks were supported or not, or whether the measurements were carried out during inspiration or expiration. Cheek support improved the correlation with all the lung function results, both in inspiratory and expiratory measurements. The best correlations, however, were found for the inspiratory supported Rint results. The most sensitive method to ascertain bronchodilator response (BD) was the inspiratory supported Rint measurement, as 83.3% of children were identified as having a positive response to bronchodilator therapy as defined by a reduction of twice the coefficient of variation of the measurement. In conclusion, cheek support increases Rint but does not impact on reproducibility, though it improves the correlation with spirometric indices. Rint with cheek support on inspiration correlates best with spirometric indices and appears to be the most sensitive measure of response to bronchodilators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults.

The skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of 574 men and women aged 18-95 was measured. No differences were found between men and women regarding forehead and cheek pH distribution. The group over the age of 80 showed higher pH values on both the forehead and the cheek. In 89% of the subjects measured, the skin surface pH on the cheek was higher than that on the forehead. The central 90%, i.e., the "representative range", for the population below the age of 80 is between 4.0-5.5 on the forehead and between 4.2-5.9 on the cheek.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cheek cell fatty acids as indicators of dietary lipids in humans.

Analysis of cheek cell lipids has been suggested as a noninvasive method for monitoring the fatty acid composition of diets in humans. In a pilot study conducted to determine the validity of the method, cheek cell samples were collected from subjects consuming a low fat (20% of calories) diet consisting of fatty acids with either a 1.0 or 0.3 P/S ratio. Neither total lipid nor polar lipid fatty acids in cheek cells consistently reflected the P/S ratio of the diets. However, there were trends, particularly in the nonpolar lipids, suggesting that cheek cell fatty acid ratios might be useful for monitoring the fatty acid composition of the diets. The diet with the higher P/S ratio (1.0 vs 0.3) consistently resulted in cheek cell lipids with lower ratios of 18:1/saturated fatty acids and greater 18:2/20:4, 18:2/18:1 and 18:2/18:0 fatty acid ratios.

Cheek↗
PubMed1987

A technique for fabrication of a cheek recontouring prosthesis.

A technique has been described for fabrication of a removable prosthesis that restores proper cheek contour. This prosthesis is a modified removable partial denture with a retentive surface to hold an acrylic resin bolus to recontour the cheek from within. The advantages of such a prosthesis for the patient with facial nerve paralysis include restoration of fullness and proper contour to the cheek (Figs. 7 and 8), prevention of trauma to the buccal mucosa during mastication, and stretching of the cheek, which indirectly improves oral hygiene in the buccal sulcus. The disadvantages of this technique include limited improvement in esthetic and functional contour of the cheek, and food accumulation beneath the acrylic resin bolus, which requires more meticulous hygiene.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1983

Revascularization of skeletal muscle transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch: intravital and light microscopy.

Small fiber bundles from the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle were transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch to observe the process of revascularization. We tested the hypothesis that blood vessels of a graft degenerate and that revascularization results from the ingrowth of blood vessels from the cheek pouch into the graft. Degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers followed a pattern similar to that reported for autografts of whole muscles in rats. Blood vessels in the graft that were adjacent to vascularized host tissue survived. At 1 day, surviving blood vessels in the graft had normal structure but erythrocytes were packed tightly in the lumen. At 2 days, sprouts from surviving graft vessels had grown into the cheek pouch. Between 2 and 2.5 days, anastomoses of blood vessels from the graft with those of the cheek pouch reestablished circulation. After circulation was established, the blood vessels contained well-spaced erythrocytes. By 3 days, blood vessels which increased in number and diameter throughout the graft occupied 40-60% of the graft. Over the next 24 hr, blood vessels in the graft regressed toward the control value. We conclude that blood vessels in muscle grafts in the cheek pouch survive transplantation, and that circulation in grafts is reestablished by the anastomoses of blood vessel sprouts from the graft with the blood vessels of the host.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of local administration of epidermal growth factor on 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced tumour formation in hamster cheek pouch.

The effect of local administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced tumour formation was investigated in a hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model. DMBA-treated hamsters underwent either sialoadenectomy (groups 1 and 2) or a sham operation (groups 3 and 4). Thereafter, EGF (groups 1 and 3) or vehicle (groups 2 and 4) was applied to the cheek pouches for 6 weeks. Fourteen weeks after the beginning of the experiment, the number of cheek pouch tumours was significantly greater in EGF-treated hamsters than in vehicle-treated hamsters, irrespective of whether the submandibular glands had been removed. The number of forestomach tumours, induced by DMBA application to the cheek pouches, was also increased by EGF. These results suggest that EGF applied from the luminal side of the mucosa stimulates tumour formation in the hamster cheek pouch and forestomach.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

Reconstruction of full-thickness cheek defects with combined temporalis myofacial and facial-cervico-pectoral flaps.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess using the temporal myofacial flaps (TMFF) and the facial-cervico-pectoral flap (FCPF) to provide both inner and outer linings for large full-thickness cheek defects following ablative oral cancer surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Twelve patients with malignant tumors in the buccal region were treated by extensive surgical dissection, and the cheek mucosa defects were repaired with the TMFF and the cheek skin defects were reconstructed with the FCPF. There were 9 male and 3 female patients, age range from 18 to 70 years (mean 52.8). The full-thickness cheek defects ranged from 7 x 6 cm to 10 x 8 cm in size. RESULTS: No patient had complete loss of flap; 3 patients had minor complications (TMFF and FCPF partial necrosis and FCPF distal dehiscence) all of which settled with conservative management. Mouth opening was normal in 10 patients, and facial contour was satisfactory in 8 patients. The follow-up period varied from 6 to 26 months (mean 15.2); 3 tumors had local recurrences and 2 patients died from tumor metastasis. CONCLUSION: We found the technique to be anatomically sound, technically easy and reliable, and believe it is a useful method for the reconstruction of large full-thickness cheek defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in hamster cheek pouch by chronic ethanol consumption.

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters on the binding of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites to the DNA of cheek pouch and liver have been examined. Thirty hamsters were fed control liquid diet, and another 30 hamsters were given 6.6% v/v, 190 proof ethanol-containing diet for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after topical application of [3H]BaP to the cheek pouches, the hamsters were killed and DNA was isolated from epithelial sheets of the cheek pouches and from the liver. Two major deoxyribonucleoside adducts were detected in the hamster cheek pouch; one was identified as the N2-deoxyguanosine adduct of (+)-[3H]-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro- BaP [(+)-anti-BPDE-dG]. The other has not yet been characterized. It was named adduct A and cochromatographed with the major adduct derived from (+)-[3H]-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8- dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+)-BaP-7,8-diol] in mouse skin. Chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters had no statistically significant effect on the (+)-anti-BPDE-dG adduct whereas it increased the level of adduct A by 80%. Binding of BaP metabolites to liver DNA was minor and was not influenced by ethanol. This study suggests that chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters either enhances the formation of the (+)-BaP-7,8-diol from BaP or increases oxidation of this diol and its binding to the DNA of the hamster's cheek pouch.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

Buccal absorption. III. Simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of an aminopeptidase substrate in the hamster cheek pouch.

The simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of the D- and L-isomers of the aminopeptidase substrate, leucine-p-nitroanilide (LPNA), were examined in vitro in the hamster cheek pouch. L-LPNA was completely hydrolyzed during diffusion across the cheek pouch, whereas D-LPNA crossed the cheek pouch intact. The metabolic barrier appeared to be localized in the epithelium of the cheek pouch. Addition of an aminopeptidase inhibitor, bestatin, to both diffusion cell reservoirs resulted in decreased hydrolysis of L-LPNA. The experimental results were analyzed with a mathematical model which was developed to describe the simultaneous diffusion and metabolism processes. Using this model it was estimated that the rate of diffusion of L-LPNA across the cheek pouch was less than the capacity of the tissue to hydrolyze L-LPNA.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Activation of thromboxane receptors and the induction of vasomotion in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation.

1. The present study was designed to investigate a possible role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) on arteriolar vasomotion (spontaneous rhythmic variations of the vessel diameter). Therefore the microcirculatory effects of the thromboxane-receptor (TP-receptor) agonist, U 46619, as well as the effects of the TP-receptor antagonists S 17733 and Bay U3405 were evaluated in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. For comparison some effects of angiotensin II were also investigated. 2. For microcirculatory measurements, the cheek pouch preparation was placed under an intravital microscope coupled to a closed circuit TV system. The TV monitor display was used to obtain arteriolar internal diameter measurements by means of an image shearing device. 3. Superfusion (0.1 nM to 1 microM) or bolus application (1 pmol to 10 nmol) of U 46619 concentration- or dose-dependently decreased the arteriolar diameter and induced vasomotion in arterioles with a mean initial diameter of 24+/-2 microm. Both the vasoconstriction and the vasomotion induced by U 46619 were inhibited by the TP-receptor antagonists S 17733 (100 mg kg(-1), i.v.) and Bay U3405 (10 mg kg(-1), i.v.). 4. Bolus applications of angiotensin II (0.1 pmol to 1 nmol) induced transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation in the cheek pouch arterioles. The dilatation but not the constriction, was sensitive to treatment with the NO-synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG; 100 microM). Angiotensin II did not induce vasomotion in control conditions or in the presence of L-NOARG. 5. Bolus application of phenylephrine (10 pmol) induced vasoconstriction but no vasomotion in previously quiescent hamster cheek pouch arterioles. 6. These results indicate that activation of TP-receptors causes vasomotion in the hamster cheek pouch arterioles. These spontaneous rhythmic variations in arteriolar diameter are not observed with equipotent doses of angiotensin II and phenylephrine. Thus, the vasoconstriction by itself cannot explain the occurrence of vasomotion observed with the TP-receptor agonist.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗
PubMed1996

The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate and triclosan on hamster cheek pouch mucosa.

It has recently been shown that triclosan protects the human skin from the inflammation that may be caused by exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The aim of the present study was to examine whether triclosan can protect the hamster cheek pouch mucosa from the irritation caused by exposure to SLS. After four daily applications of a paste containing SLS, the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch showed consistently prominent structural changes, especially basal hyperplasia, acanthosis, hypergranulosis, and hyperkeratosis. Identical morphological changes were also observed after applications of a paste containing SLS together with triclosan. In contrast, after applications of a paste containing triclosan alone, the cheek pouch mucosa revealed a histological structure essentially similar to the non-treated control mucosa. From these results, we may conclude that SLS, but not triclosan, irritates the hamster cheek pouch epithelium. Moreover, triclosan does not protect the cheek pouch mucosa against structural changes induced by SLS. It must be taken into account that triclosan does not always offer protection against the side-effects of SLS.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A double-blind, side-by-side comparison study of low fluence long pulse dye laser to coolant treatment for wrinkling of the cheeks.

BACKGROUND: Nonablative laser resurfacing with various lasers and light sources can improve skin texture and fine lines. The 595 nm pulsed dye laser has been reported to improve rhytides through nonablative mechanisms, minimizing the side effects and recovery period associated with traditional ablative resurfacing techniques. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the long pulse flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser (LPDL) in improving rhytides and stimulating collagen synthesis and dermal remodeling. METHODS: The cheeks of 15 women with moderate to severe photoaging were treated on one side with a series of four monthly LPDL treatments, while the contralateral cheek was treated with cryogen coolant only. Clinical grading was performed at monthly intervals for up to 3 months after the fourth LPDL treatment. Skin biopsy before treatment and at 4-6 weeks was also performed for histologic evaluation and staining for type I procollagen. RESULTS: Eleven of 15 patients demonstrated improvement of the laser-treated cheek while only three of 15 patients the demonstrated improvement on the cryogen-treated cheek. A statistically significant (p = 0.0035) improvement in clinical grading of photodamage was noted in the treated side versus the control. In those patients who improved with LPDL treatment, an improvement of 18.1% in the mean pre- and post-treatment clinical grading scores was observed. Histologic evaluation demonstrated an increase in activated fibroblasts with positive procollagen staining on the LPDL-treated cheek. CONCLUSION: The 595 nm LPDL may be used in the treatment of moderate to severe wrinkles. A mild improvement may be expected with minimal to no side effects.

Adult↗