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PubMed1991

Ancestral facial morphology of Old World higher primates.

Fossil remains of the cercopithecoid Victoria-pithecus recently recovered from middle Miocene deposits of Maboko Island (Kenya) provide evidence of the cranial anatomy of Old World monkeys prior to the evolutionary divergence of the extant subfamilies Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Victoria-pithecus shares a suite of craniofacial features with the Oligocene catarrhine Aegyptopithecus and early Miocene hominoid Afropithecus. All three genera manifest supraorbital costae, anteriorly convergent temporal lines, the absence of a postglabellar fossa, a moderate to long snout, great facial height below the orbits, a deep cheek region, and anteriorly tapering premaxilla. The shared presence of these features in a catarrhine generally ancestral to apes and Old World monkeys, an early ape, and an early Old World monkey indicates that they are primitive characteristics that typified the last common ancestor of Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea. These results contradict prevailing cranial morphotype reconstructions for ancestral catarrhines as Colobus- or Hylobates-like, characterized by a globular anterior braincase and orthognathy. By resolving several equivocal craniofacial morphocline polarities, these discoveries lay the foundation for a revised interpretation of the ancestral cranial morphology of Catarrhini more consistent with neontological and existing paleontological evidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fibrinopeptides A and B of Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) and patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas): their amino acid sequences, restricted mutations, and a molecular phylogeny for macaques, guenons, and baboons.

Amino acid sequences of fibrinopeptides A and B from the macaque, Macaca fuscata (Japanese monkey) and the guenon, Erythrocebus patas (patas monkey) were established. Fibrinopeptides A of the monkeys had a sequence identical with those of baboons: Ala-Asp-Thr-Gly-Glu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Leu-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Arg. Fibrinopeptides B were 9-residue, "short," peptides with the sequences Asn-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Phe-Ser-Gly-Arg for M. fuscata and Asn-Glu-Glu-Val-Leu-Phe-Gly-Gly-Arg for E. patas. The sequence of the B peptide of M. fuscata differed from that of a close-related species, M. mulatta (rhesus monkey), at a single site, Leu (M.f.)----Pro (M.m.). A single replacement between the B peptides of E. patas and Cercocebus aethiops (green monkey), Val (E.p.)----Gly (C.a.), was detected. A phylogenic relationship of macaques, guenons, and baboons, named Cercopithecinae (Old World monkey), was deduced from the sequence data. A selective rather than random amino acid replacement was observed in the B peptides of these Old World monkeys, suggesting a restricted mutation of their fibrinopeptides during primate evolution.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

High polymorphism of Mhc-E locus in non-human primates: alleles with identical exon 2 and 3 are found in two different species.

Thirteen Mhc-E new sequences were found in eight individuals belonging to the Cercopithecinae family, i.e.: Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops when studying E locus polymorphism. No changes were found in the invariant residues which are required for the correct conformation of the peptide presenting region which are conserved in classical Mhc class I molecules from fish and reptiles to humans; however, polymorphism of Mhc-E alleles is not limited to the three typical hypervariable regions per domain as it is in classical class I alleles. The rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the DNA sequence corresponding to the antigen binding site, compared to the remainder of exons 2 and 3 shows that the peptide-binding site is under high evolutionary pressure for stability since only synonymous substitutions have been found to be accepted in apes. Also, a clear example of trans-species evolution of allelism is found: two identical exon 2 and exon 3 sequences there exist belonging to individuals from different species (Mamu-Mhc-E*0101 and Mafa-Mhc-E*04). In addition, two Macaca mulatta individuals show an Mhc-E locus duplication. Finally, phylogenetic tree analysis shows that Mhc class I molecules found in Saguinus oedipus (described as Mhc-G homologues) are closer to Mhc-E sequences.

Alleles↗
PubMed1967

Behavior of vervet monkeys and other cercopithecines. New data show structural uniformities in the gestures of semiarboreal and terrestrial cercopithecines.

A comparison of the communicative gestures of vervets with those of other cercopithecines reveals both similarities and differences. Examples have been given of gestures (i) exhibited by all cercopithecines, (ii) rare or absent in vervets and common in several other species, (iii) demonstrated by vervets and a few other cercopithecines, and (iv) common in vervets and rare or absent in other members of the subfamily. Vervets, baboons, and rhesus monkeys have approximately the same number of visual signals in their behavioral repertoires-46, 42, and 49, respectively. Patas monkeys seem to have a smaller repertoire. Fifty-nine percent of the vervet patterns have also been described for rhesus monkeys, 63 percent for baboons, and 54 percent for patas. In cercopithecines, visual communicative patterns seem to be evolutionarily one of the most stable forms of behavior, in structural terms. Some of the greatest differences in communicative gestures are differences in the temporal aspects. In species of this subfamily, vocal patterns seem to vary more than visual signals. Greater structural differences in communicative gestures may be found in the Cercopithecinae when systematic field studies are made of some of the forest-dwelling species, about which we know very little.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Complete nucleotide sequence of simian endogenous type D retrovirus with intact genome organization: evidence for ancestry to simian retrovirus and baboon endogenous virus.

A complete endogenous type D viral genome has been isolated from a baboon genomic library. The provirus, simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), is 8,393 nucleotides long and contains two long terminal repeats and complete genes for gag, pro, pol, and env. The primer binding site is complementary to tRNA(Lys)3, like in lentiviruses. The env GP70 protein is highly homologous to that of baboon endogenous virus (BaEV). PCR analysis of primate DNA showed that related proviral sequences are present in Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae but not in apes and humans. Analysis of virus and host sequences indicated that the proviral genomes were inherited from a common ancestor. Comparison of the evolution of BaEV, exogenous simian retrovirus types 1 to 3 (SRV1 to SRV3), and SERV suggests that SERV is ancestral to both BaEV and the SRVs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of spatial and orientational relationships as manifestations of divergent modes of social organization in captive groups of Mandrillus sphinx and Theropithecus gelada.

Recent theories of nonhuman primate social organization and behavior suggest the existence of two primary modes of attention. In centripetal social groups attention is directed inward toward the group, ultimately to the dominant male. In acentric social groups attention is directed outward toward the surrounding environment. Such fundamental differences in postulated attention structure promote extreme, but predictable, variability in spatial relationships and social organization between primates displaying opposing modes. This difference is tested in two species of Old World monkeys, Mandrillus sphinx and Theropithecus gelada (subfamily Cercopithecinae), and shown to be that individuals in strongly centripetal groups remain closer to their dominant males than individuals in weakly centripetal groups. Correlations with other socioecological factors, including visual attention and body orientation are also demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth and epiphyseal union in three species of African monkeys.

Sequences of eruption of teeth and union of epiphyses determined for three species of African Cercopithecinae. These sequences are highly scalable and are highly comparable between among the species. Some sex differences in sequence were found within each species. The sequences of epiphyseal union in these species of Old World monkeys are very similar to published sequences in New World monkeys and other groups of higher primates. It appears that there is a single pattern common to the Anthropoidea as a whole.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

[Dental enamel prisms of Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839, compared with recent cercopithecids (Primates: Cercopithecidae)].

The dental enamel prisms of Cercopithecidae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The main task of this study was to show the prism morphology representatives of different genera as well as their comparison with the fossil Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839. The method used to show the enamel prisms was to etch the tooth surface with hydrochloric acid. In this way the outlines of the prisms were better contrasted for the descriptive morphology of the prisms than in etching with phosphoric acid. Two types were determined, in accord with the systematic division into subfamilies. In the subfamily Cercopithecinae elongated slender prisms were dominating, some with pointed, others with truncated tops. Most characteristic of this type were Macaca and Cercopithecus. An exception was Papio hamadryas which had broader, rounded prisms. In this way it differed largely from P. anubis whose prisms were short and mostly triangular. A very interesting fact was that very different patterns were found in P. anubis and P. hamadryas, although these two species are regarded as only one species by many authors. The second subfamily, the Colobinae, was characterized by broader prisms with a rounded shape, nearly as long as wide. Exceptions of the 'Colobine type' were at first Colobus with prisms little longer than wide and secondly Nasalis, with mostly parallel sides and truncated tops of the prisms. The prism outlines of Mesopithecus showed the greatest similarity to those of Presbytis which represents the characteristic 'Colobine type'. This fact confirmed the actual systematic position of the fossil Mesopithecus within the subfamily Colobinae. In addition to previously known primitive features of Mesopithecus within the subfamily of Colobinae, we present here a further concrete, common feature with asiatic Colobines.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The lacrimal fossa of cercopithecoidea, with special reference to cladistic analysis of Old World monkey relationships.

Re-examination of lacrimal fossa patterns in extant cercopithecoids indicates that the last common ancestor of Cercopithecini and Papionini, and hence of Cercopithecinae, probably retained a maxillary contribution to the lacrimal fossa, as did the common ancestor of Colobinae. Consequently, the presence of a maxilla-lacrimal fossa cannot be used to assess the subfamily affinity of Old World monkeys. In addition to being correlated with general facial lengthening, the derived, exclusively lacrimal pattern of Erythrocebus, Mandrillus, Papio, Theropithecus and some (but not all) guenons, macaques and mangabeys may be associated with extreme narrowing of the interorbital septum. Moreover, the derived condition may have evolved in response to independent exploitation of open country habitats as it enhances protection of the lacrimal sac and serves to reduce eye infection in terrestrial species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[The social structure of primates].

A comprehensive comparative study of the social structure of primates revealed: There is no social structure which can be considered typical and discriminative for primates. The varying social structures of the extant primate genera cannot be derived from each other: In contrast it seems that the basic, ancestral condition was that of solitary living animals, loosely aggregated. It can be assumed that the development to a gregarious society took place in two entirely different ways. In terms of primate phylogeny this different development can be shown for the prosimians as well as for the old world and new world monkeys as independently occurring processes. One way of behavioral specialization resulted in close pair bonds or in small family groups, whereas the other led to female groups. The presupposition for the forming of a society based on female groups is the close contact between the individuals and in addition to this, a remarkable social tolerance of females to each other. Social specializations which can be considered transitional from the basic condition are frequently found in prosimians. The kinds of social structures of the particular genera are in close relation to their taxonomic positions in the phylogenetic scala. The number of males in larger social groups of primates is substantially irrelevant as the groups are socially most dependent on the females. The protecting males are socially peripheral. The social units of most of the primate species are matrilocal and endure for several generations. In contrast, the social units of the gibbons and of the pongids are patrilocal and are established anew by the females in each generation. Consequently the social unit disintegrates on the death of the male. In all genera studied, male and female individuals present considerable behavioral differences which can be found even in juveniles. Primates are able to discriminate well known and confident individuals from other less confident; they prefer more confident individuals to less confident ones, and less confident to non-confident. As a consequence of this discriminative ability there is a clear preference for near when compared to distant relatives. The complexity of the social relations is brought about by this ability to discriminate combined with the longevity of primates. This is a characteristic and discriminative feature of the primate order. Dominance relations occur in every social group of primates. Linear hierarchies of dominance have been developed only once in prosimians (Lemur) and also once in simians (Cercopithecinae). Therefore, liner hierarchies are not typical for primates.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

[Sublingual structures of primates. II. Hominoidea, review, summary and literature].

1. In Homo and the great apes (Pongidae) there occurs, besides the plica sublingualis a plica fimbriata at the ventral surface of the tongue. This duplicature of the mucosa does not occur in the Hylobytidae and in the other primates. 2. Some taste buds could be found in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of the Pongidae. 3. There are many taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata of the Pongidae. On this sublingual structure there were counted 1776 taste buds in Pongo, 592 in Gorilla and 280 in Pan. A few taste buds could also be found on the plica fimbriata of a human newborn. 4. A glandula apicis linguae occurs in Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo. 5. The fresh saliva of the glandula apicis linguae and the saliva on the floor of the mouth can be tested by the taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata, of papillae lenticulares and of areae gustatoriae at the ventral surface of the tongue. 6. It might be the function of the sublingual taste buds to taste the fresh saliva as a gradient for the central nervous comparison with the taste of the saliva on the dorsal surface of the tongue. 7. Because of the complete absence of a sublingua in the Platyrrhini and in the Cercopithecinae it is unlikely that the plica fimbriata of Homo and the great apes can be interpreted as a homalogon of the sublingua in the prosimians. 8. Because of the absence of a sublingua in other ordines of the Mammalia (Insectivora, Carnivora, Rodentia, Chiroptera, Ungulata) it is unlikely as well that the sublingua in the prosimians can be interpreted as a homologon of the tongues of the lower vertebrates. The sublingual structures occuring in the Marsupialia have to be investigated. 9. Because of these reasons the new development of the sublingua in the prosimians and the plica fimbriata in the Hominoidea, in complete independence from one another, seems to be a better explanation of the 2 structures and less contradictionary to anatomical and phylogenetic arguments. The different function of both structures in the recent primates gives a hint for the possible reason for their development during the process of evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ontogeny, function, and scaling of the mandibular symphysis in papionin primates.

In vivo study of mastication in adult cercopithecine primates demonstrates a link between mandibular symphyseal form and resistance to "wishboning," or lateral transverse bending. Mechanical consideration of wishboning at the symphysis indicates exponentially higher stresses along the lingual surface with increasing symphyseal curvature. Lengthening the anteroposterior width of the symphysis acts to resist these higher loads. Interspecific adult cercopithecine allometries show that both symphyseal curvature and symphyseal width exhibit positive allometry relative to body mass. The experimental and allometric data support an hypothesis that the cercopithecine mandibular symphysis is designed to maintain functional equivalence--in this case dynamic strain similarity--in wishboning stress and strain magnitudes across adult cercopithecines. We test the hypothesis that functional equivalence during masticatory wishboning is maintained throughout ontogeny by calculating relative stress estimates from morphometric dimensions of the mandibular symphysis in two cercopithecine primates, Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina. Results indicate no significant differences in relative stress estimates among the two macaque ontogenies and an interspecific sample of adult papionin primates. Further, relative stress estimates do not change significantly throughout ontogeny in either species. These results offer the first evidence for the maintenance of functional equivalence in stress and strain levels during postnatal growth in a habitually loaded cranial structure. Scaling analyses demonstrate significant slope differences for both symphyseal curvature and width between the ontogenetic and interspecific samples. The distinct interspecific cercopithecine slopes are realized by a series of ontogenetic transpositions in both symphyseal curvature and width. Throughout papionin ontogeny, symphyseal curvature increases with less negative allometry, while symphysis width increases with less positive allometry versus the interspecific pattern. As symphyseal curvature and width are inversely proportional to one another in estimating relative stresses, functionally equivalent stress levels are maintained both ontogenetically and interspecifically, because the relatively slower rate of allometric increase in symphyseal curvature during growth is compensated for by a slower rate of allometric increase in symphyseal width. These results indicate the primacy of maintaining functional equivalence during growth and the need for ontogenetic data in understanding the evolutionary processes that affect form-function relations as well as the interspecific patterning of adult form across a clade.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Hypervariable microsatellite loci in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) conserved in related species.

We describe seven polymorphic microsatellites isolated from a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) genomic library selected for (GT)n content. The primer sets amplified from four to 11 different alleles in a sample of 14 Japanese macaques from nine different sites along the central and southern distribution of the species. These heterologous primers also detected variability in four other cercopithecine species.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Generic level relationships of the Papionini (Cercopithecoidea).

Phylogenetic hypotheses for the Old World monkey tribe Papionini based on molecular data are incongruent with those inferred from previous morphological analyses. Morphologists have often inferred a close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio based on their overall similarity. Theropithecus has been variously proposed to be either quite distantly related to these two genera, their sister taxon, or anywhere in between. Molecular and chromosomal analyses on the other hand unambiguously group Theropithecus and Papio together to the exclusion of Mandrillus. Additionally, molecular and chromosomal analyses reveal that mangabeys (Cerocebus) are paraphyletic. Morphologists have acknowledged this possibility resurrecting the genus name Lophocebus for one group of mangabeys. A review and reanalysis of the morphological characters put forth by various researchers find little to contradict the consensus phylogeny derived from analysis of chromosomal banding, nuclear RNA restriction mapping, alpha and beta hemoglobin sequences, albumin and transferrin microcomplement fixation, DNA-DNA hybridization, repetitive DNA patterns, immunodiffusion, hemoglobin and adenylate kinase isozymes, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II DNA sequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

New fossil cercopithecid remains from the Humpata Plateau, southern Angola.

The aim of the present investigation was to describe and identify the well-preserved cranial remains of a fossil cercopithecid recently recovered from sites on the Humpata Plateau in southern Angola. In the past, papionin fossils recovered from the Angolan site of Tchiua (Leba) have been referred to various taxa, including Dinopithecus ingens, Parapapio sp., and Papio (Dinopithecus) quadratirostris. Comparison of the new Angolan papionin cranial remains with those previously described from the Humpata Plateau and a large range of living and fossil Papionini revealed that the range of metrical and morphological variation present in the Humpata papionin sample was consistent with that found in a single extant papionin species. The Humpata cranial remains bear the largest number of similarities to Theropithecus baringensis R. Leakey, 1969, and it is to this species that the remains are hereby referred. This assignment is based on a suite of 11 shared attributes of the Humpata papionin fossils and the type specimen of T. baringensis, KNM BC2, which include: large molar teeth of relatively low relief with pinched cusps and with a prominent distal fovea on M3; a small, low cranial vault with little mid-parietal expansion; a bow-shaped supraorbital torus; trapezoidal, inferiorly tapering orbits; a functional complex related to the presence of a large and vertically oriented anterior temporalis muscle; a large infratemporal fossa with an anteromedially oriented posterior border; a long muzzle with a steep interorbital drop, shallow incisive arc, flattened dorsum, and rounded maxillary ridges; nasal bones that extend across the breadth of the posterior margin of the nasal aperture and then taper markedly as they approach nasion; prominent, inferiorly divergent mental ridges; and relatively shallow mandibular fossae that are long, elliptical in shape, and extend to the level of the M3. The results of the current study suggest that T. baringensis (now including the Humpata papionin sample) and T. quadratirostris occupy a position at the base of the Theropithecus radiation very close to the origin of Dinopithecus ingens and Gorgopithecus major. The species of the genera Theropithecus (including its Humpata representatives) and Papio, along with D. ingens and G. major, form a cluster of taxa that are more closely related to each other than they are to other extant or extinct papionins.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Molecular systematics of the old world monkey tribe papionini: analysis of the total available genetic sequences.

The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe Papionini are inferred using a taxonomic congruence approach in which gene trees derived for eight unlinked genetic sequence datasets are compared. Population genetics theory predicts that species relationships will be revealed with greater probability when the topology of gene trees from many unlinked loci are found to be congruent. The theory underlying this approach is described. Monophyly of the mangabeys is not supported by any of the gene trees; instead, they are polyphyletic with Cercocebus found to be the sister taxon to Mandrillus in five gene trees (with no conflicting trees), and Lophocebus found to be closely related to Papio and/or Theropithecus in all trees. Theropithecus and Papio are not strongly supported as sister taxa (present in one or two trees only);Lophocebus and Papio are supported as sister taxa in the majority of trees. A close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio is not supported in any of the trees.The relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus cannot be resolved by congruence, probably due to the short time interval estimated between their divergences. The mtDNA COII sequences are used to estimate divergence dates within the papionins. The internode between the divergences of these species is estimated to be between 290 ka and 370 ka. Lastly, the evolution of morphological features such as long faces, suborbital facial fossae, and terrestrial skeletal adaptations is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New cercopithecoids and a hominoid from 12.5 Ma in the Tugen Hills succession, Kenya.

The early evolutionary history of the cercopithecoids is poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of fossil material from between 15 and about 9 Ma. Cercopithecoid primate specimens from a fossil site in the Ngorora Formation of the Tugen Hills, Kenya, belong to the genus Victoriapithecus, possibly a new species. These fossils are associated with a hominoid specimen that resembles Proconsul, and another tooth of a catarrhine, also probably hominoid. The locality is BPRP#38, in the Kabasero type section of the Ngorora Formation, and well dated at 12.5 Ma. If the hominoid specimen is confirmed as Proconsul, it would be one of the most recent recorded. The relatively diverse mammal fauna from the site in some ways resembles that of Fort Ternan. The site is underlain, and not far removed in time, from one of the best fossil macro-floras in Africa, which indicates lowland rainforest conditions in this portion of the Rift Valley at 12.6 Ma.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Skeletal and dental morphology of African papionins: unmasking a cryptic clade.

One of the more perplexing problems in primate systematics concerns the phyletic relationships of the large African monkeys--Mandrillus (including drills), Papio, Lophocebus and Cercocebus. For over twenty years, there has been molecular evidence that mangabeys are an unnatural group and that the terrestrial forms--Cercocebus--are the sister taxon of Mandrillus, while the arboreal forms--Lophocebus--are more closely allied with Papio. Nevertheless, most systematists have been reluctant to accept this scheme due to the lack of morphological evidence. In this paper, we undertake a detailed analysis of the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur and dentition of papionin primates. We identify a host of features shared by Cercocebus and Mandrillus to the exclusion of Lophocebus and Papio. The polarity of characters is established by examining an outgroup comprised of several species of Macaca. The features shared by Cercocebus and Mandrillus are functionally related to specific feeding and locomotor behaviors that include aggressive manual foraging, the processing of hard-object foods and the climbing of vertical trunks. We hypothesize that the ability to subsist on hard seeds and nuts gleaned from the forest floor is a key adaptation for the Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade.

Anatomy, Comparative↗