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PubMed1981

Response to cartoons and attitudes toward aging.

Although it has commonly been asserted that cartoon images of aging convey deep psychological significance, the relationship between attitudes and cartoon appreciation has received little systematic attention. The present study examined the relationship between responses to cartoons and attitudes toward aging among college students. Subjects rated the funniness of 60 cartoons and completed the Attitudes Toward Aging Inventory, Tuckman-Lorge, and Semantic Differential. Factor analysis revealed four categories of cartoons on aging: Disparagement, Ineffectuality, Obsolescence, and Isolation. No significant relationships were found between attitudes and humor appreciation, although age and education were inversely related to several cartoon themes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Influence of contextual complexity on the processing of cartoons by patients with unilateral lesions.

It was examined whether the performance of right hemisphere patients in the comprehension of cartoons is predominantly influenced by disturbed processing of affective material or by cognitive deficits. Cartoons differing in their cognitive demand were presented to groups of right hemisphere patients, aphasics and normal controls. Subjects were required to identify the cartoon in a multiple choice set of four pictures. Additionally, subjects were asked to rate the funniness on a three-point scale. The results indicate that the impairment of right hemisphere patients is caused by a combination of visuo-perceptive and cognitive deficits rather than by an inability to identify the affective component of cartoons.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cartoons vs. realistic illustration: picture preferences of adolescent patients.

Illustrations are an important element in patient education materials because they engage the interest of the audience. However, little research has been conducted to determine the style of illustration that most effectively engages a patient population. This study tested the picture preferences of 39 adolescents with phenylketonuria (PKU). A survey instrument asked them to choose between cartoons and realistic illustrations. A significant number preferred realistic illustrations to cartoons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cartooning: a humorous approach to medical and health education.

This article explores the use of cartoons as valuable visual aids in medical and health education. Examples and descriptions are given of cartoons used in an instructional context for medical and allied health professions students, pediatric and adult patients, and hospital personnel. The article suggests content for effective cartoons, as well as basic guidelines for illustration style.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

Effects of viewing aggressive cartoons on the behavior of learning disabled children.

Forty-six learning disabled children (M = 7.6 years) were exposed to six aggressive and six control cartoons in school. Treatment effects were assessed using direct observations of five categories of social behavior. There were no main effects for condition, and neither initial aggressiveness nor gender interacted significantly with condition for any of the behaviors. There was a significant interaction of condition with IQ: the low IQ group became significantly more physically aggressive following control compared with aggressive cartoons. The results from the present study are compared with the findings from other field experiments, and their clinical relevance is discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Superimposition of a cartoon program as an aid in recording pattern visual evoked potentials in children.

Superimposition of a television program onto the black and white checkerboard stimulus used in performing the pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP) has been found useful in testing adults and children. This study tested normal-vision children under two conditions: with the cartoon superimposition and with the standard black and white checkerboard. P100 amplitudes were decreased slightly with the superimposition, but the variability was not significantly different. Waveforms and latencies were not altered by the addition of the cartoon. The use of cartoon superimposition therefore can be helpful in maintaining attention during P-VEP testing in children, as long as the diminished amplitude characteristic is taken into account.

Caricatures as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Adalbert J. Volck (1828-1912): Confederate dentist, artist and anti-Lincoln satirist.

Dr. Adalbert Volck, a native of Bavaria, Germany, was a man of many talents: he was a skilled, innovative and versatile dentist, artist, artisan, craftsman, and a Confederate Civil War cartoonist and caricaturist. In 1848, after participating in a national revolution gone sour, Volck emigrated to the U.S. In 1852, Volck received his DDS degree from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and subsequently, he established a life-long residency and dental practice in Baltimore. Dr. Volck gave staunch support to the spirit and force of organized dentistry. Among his professional accomplishments was his work in the early development of dental porcelain restorations. Although he was a non-combatant in the U.S. Civil War, Volck demonstrated his loyalty to the Southern cause by becoming a blockade runner; smuggler of drugs and medical supplies; "safe house" operator for Confederate soldiers and agents; Rebel spy; and personal courier for Jefferson Davis (the President of the Confederacy). The popular anti-Confederacy political cartoons of the great Thomas Nast inspired Volck to execute similar lampoons against the Union. Early in the war, Volck, through his caricatures, attacked the person and policies of President Lincoln and his Northern leaders. By using irony, sarcasm and ridicule, Volck attempted to sway popular sentiment toward the South.

Caricatures as Topic↗
PubMed1975

Comprehension and appreciation of humorous material following brain damage.

The effects of brain damage on cognitive and affective status have been assessed separately; however, a dearth of information exists about the interaction of these facets in the brain-damaged patient. Because appreciation of humour involves both cognitive and affective dimensions, an investigation of response to humorous materials should yield information relevant to this issue. In addition, a study of response to humour in aphasic patients can reveal the extent to which appreciation of humour is dependent upon an intact language system. Accordingly a test of humour, in which an individual chose the "funniest" of four cartoons, was administered to a population of brain-damaged and control patients. Ability to detect the most humorous cartoon was impaired in all brain-damaged patients, more in severe than in mild aphasics, but there was no significant difference between patients with left and right hemisphere lesions in their overall performance on the test. A different order of difficulty across items, and a different profile of "mirth" responses to the items did, however, correlate with site of lesion. Right hemisphere patients tended either to laugh throughout or, more frequently, not at all; they often confabulated answers to made impossible inferences; and they performed better on items with captions. Their cognitive reactions appeared "dissociated" from their affective responses. In contrast left hemisphere patients performed better on the captionless items and behaved in a manner which more closely approximated normal subjects in their humorous reactions, their order of item difficulty, and their explanations. All brain-damaged patients found it relatively easier to locate the humorous cartoons when the members of a set differed appreciably from one another. These results provide information about the altered cognitive and affective states of brain-damaged patients, the impairment of cognitive operations in aphasic patients, and the respective "life-spaces" of left and right hemisphere injured patients.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

The image and advocacy of public health in American caricature and cartoons from 1860 to 1900.

The decades just before and after the founding of the American Public Health Association in 1872 saw an efflorescence of political cartooning and caricature in national-circulation weeklies. Part of the political and social critique that cartoonists and their editors provided the public focused on needs or opportunities for preventing illness and accidents. This paper presents a small selection of editorial cartoons that agitated in support of public health activities over 4 decades. The goals are to illustrate several concerns that rose to national prominence in that era, to examine the kinds of imagery that newspapers and magazine editors offered their readers, and to observe how frequently the public was encouraged to see politicians and commercial interests as responsible for preventable health problems. This discussion focuses exclusively on propagandistic images, leaving aside the reportorial depictions of events in the news and the neutral illustrations of methods and machines in scientific and technical publications.

Caricatures as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Dreams of the rarebit fiend: neuromedical synthesis of unconscious meaning.

A promising new "ecumenical" movement in psychiatry attempts to synthesize the two great intellectual traditions, psychoanalysis and neurobiology, so that we may avoid splitting the care of the patient into the partial domains of biotherapy that lacks the understanding of mental interrelations and purely psychological psychotherapy that lacks an appreciation of the embeddedness of mental processes in brain function. Recent synthetic work is assessed, taking as a point of departure an historic symposium in Pittsburgh, October 26-27, 1984, entitled "Neurobiology and the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis Looks Toward the Future." The means of representation of meaning (whose description was begun by Freud) in such unconscious material as dreams and folklore show the imprint of the brain function in which they are imbedded. Our afferent and efferent processes, including language, are patterned by their neuromedical basis. Linkages will be sought of representational images to visual, vestibular, and neuromotor traces: evidence that the human "thinking machine" is a very human body rather than some disembodied psychological self or computer simulation by artificial intelligence programming. Illustrative material is in part drawn from the popular dream episodes cartooned by Winsor McCay, which were considered graphic masterpieces, and incorporated representations of many normal unconscious brain mechanisms, including unusual perspectives, vestibular sensations, neuromotor inhibitions, transformations; visual and linguistic distortions, bizarre bodily intrusions, and sexual symbols. J. Allen Hobson and R.W. McCarley's 1977 arguments for the determining the significance of the pontine dream generator may have been anticipated by McCay's 1905 Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend in which, at the end of each very Freudian nightmare, the dreamer wakes and swears off eating welsh rarebits as if they caused all his unconscious images. To avoid a biological reductiveness, Freud, whom Sulloway (1983) has described as a biologist of the mind, resorted to presenting psychoanalysis as a pure psychology, not because he ever doubted the neurological imbeddedness of mind, but only because he felt medical psychoanalysts were too easily seduced and distracted by neurological mechanisms of his day to appreciate properly the importance of psychodynamics. Increasing recognition of the imbeddedness of psychoanalysis in brain function is now timely and likely, providing fresh directions for both medical psychoanalysis and the neurosciences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Brain↗
PubMed2000

The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Patient and Family Education Program: a consumer-guided initiative.

Educating patients with mental illness and their families about the illness and its treatment is essential to successful medication (disease) management. Specifically, education provides patients and families with the background they need to participate in treatment planning and implementation as full "partners" with clinicians. Thus, education increases the probability that appropriate and accurate treatment decisions will be made and that a treatment regimen will be followed. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP) has incorporated these concepts into its philosophy of care and accordingly created a Patient and Family Education Program (PFEP) to complement the utilization of medication algorithms for the treatment of schizophrenic, bipolar, and major depressive disorders. This article describes how a team of mental health consumers, advocates, and professionals developed and implemented the PFEP. In keeping with the TMAP philosophy of care, consumers were true partners in the program's development and implementation. They not only created several components of the program and incorporated the consumer perspective, but they also served as program trainers and advocates. Initially, PFEP provides basic and subsequently more in-depth information about the illness and its treatment, including such topics as symptom monitoring and management and self-advocacy with one's treatment team. It includes written, pictorial, videotaped, and other media used in a phased manner by clinicians and consumer educators, in either individual or group formats.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Literary neurologic syndromes. Alice in Wonderland.

Many neurologic syndromes are named for literary characters. For example, the "Alice in Wonderland" syndrome of altered body perceptions, usually caused by migrainous ischemia, is so called because of the resemblance of its symptoms to the fluctuations in size and shape that plague the main character in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice in Wonderland. The medical symptoms of distorted body images match the literary description so precisely that illustrations from the original book depict them very accurately. Because Lewis Carroll suffered from classic migraine headaches, scholars have speculated that he may have experienced this syndrome himself.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Cartoon characters as tobacco warning labels.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have indicated that the Joe Camel advertising campaign has been successful in marketing tobacco to children and adolescents, whereas other studies have reported that current tobacco warning messages are ineffective. OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance and believability of familiar and novel tobacco warning messages with and without cartoons that were modeled after Joe Camel. DESIGN: Children and adolescents (N = 580) in Chicago, Ill, public schools were surveyed to determine the believability and importance of 3 cartoon tobacco warnings modeled after Joe Camel developed with the messages "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" or "Smoking Kills" and the same 2 messages without cartoons. RESULTS: Respondents rated all 3 cartoons significantly more believable than the plain condition regardless of the message (P<.05). Furthermore, respondents rated the "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" warning significantly more believable and important than the "Smoking Kills" message across all 4 cartoon conditions (walrus, penguin, bear, and no cartoon) (P<.01). Selected demographic groups found particular cartoon and warning messages more believable and/or important than others. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that cartoon tobacco warnings are more believable than plain warnings suggests that it may be desirable to include cartoons in future tobacco warning labels. The lower ratings of believability and importance of the "Smoking Kills" warning is a concern because similar warnings have recently been implemented in at least 2 countries (Australia and Canada) and have been considered for implementation in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1230-1236.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tobacco and alcohol use in G-rated children's animated films.

CONTEXT: Tobacco and alcohol use among youth are major public health problems, but the extent to which children are routinely exposed to tobacco and alcohol products in children's films is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and characteristics associated with tobacco and alcohol use portrayed in G-rated, animated feature films. Design All G-rated, animated feature films released between 1937 and 1997 by 5 major production companies (Walt Disney Co, MGM/United Artists, Warner Brothers Studios, Universal Studios, and 20th Century Fox) that were available on videotape were reviewed for episodes of tobacco and alcohol use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of tobacco and alcohol use in each film, type of tobacco or alcohol used, duration of use, type of character using substance (bad, neutral, or good), and any associated effects. RESULTS: Of 50 films reviewed, 34 (68%) displayed at least 1 episode of tobacco or alcohol use. Twenty-eight (56%) portrayed 1 or more incidences of tobacco use, including all 7 films released in 1996 and 1997. Twenty-five films (50%) included alcohol use. Smoking was portrayed on screen by 76 characters for more than 45 minutes in duration; alcohol use was portrayed by 63 characters for 27 minutes. Good characters use tobacco and alcohol as frequently as bad characters. Cigars and wine are shown in these films more often than other tobacco or alcohol substances. CONCLUSIONS: More than two thirds of animated children's films feature tobacco or alcohol use in story plots without clear verbal messages of any negative long-term health effects associated with use of either substance.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Illustration of genetic syndromes in the nursery.

Reading to children and storytelling has documented developmental benefits. Traditional Nursery Rhymes (Mother Goose tales in North America) encapsulate 'snapshots' of the people described and chronicle their customs, superstitions, and amusements. Art has long been employed to document the impact of human imperfections and diseases. We investigated whether illustrations accompanying nursery rhymes, suggest that any characters illustrated may have had or been based on recognized morphological abnormalities, and if this literature documents a role for grandmothers as storytellers. Archival materials were reviewed at the Victoria and Albert museum and Mary Evans picture library, and via the web. As early as 1695, Perrault included a frontispiece of a mature woman as storyteller in his book of fairytales. Similar scenes by various artists (Boilly, Cruikshank, Guy, Highmore, Maclise, Richter, and Smith) are found consistently from 1744 to 1908. Many illustrators (Aldin, Caldecott, Cruikshank, Doré, Dulac, Gale, Greenaway, Rackham, Tarrant, and Wood) portray infants, children, and adults who are dwarfed, giant, or whimsically grotesque. Many images certainly suggest genetic syndromes, and in some characters consistency of specific features is evident between artists. Our research confirms the wealth of children's nursery rhyme illustrations suggesting pathology; that an authoritative compilation of the morphologies depicted is lacking; and that historically, grandmothers have a central role as storytellers.

Cartoons as Topic↗