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PubMed1983

Use of anti-basement membrane antibodies to distinguish blood vessel capillaries from lymphatic capillaries.

A new method has been developed for identifying blood vessel capillaries and distinguishing them from lymphatic capillaries. Highly purified antibodies to two ubiquitous components of basement membrane--Type IV collagen and laminin--were applied to fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed tissue sections rich in blood vessel capillaries (granulation tissue), rich in lymphatic channels (small intestine and mesentery), and rich in both (skin, lung, and breast). Staining patterns were evaluated using standard immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Blood vessel capillaries contained intact basement membranes with linear staining for both Type IV collagen and laminin. Lymphatic capillaries, in contrast, uniformly lacked immunoreactivity with antibodies to these basement membrane components. These lymphatic capillaries, which were indistinguishable from blood vessel capillaries in both size (cross-sectional area) and shape (vessel eccentricity), were confirmed as lymphatics by dye injection studies. Our immunohistological technique detected 7-10 times more blood vessels than hematoxylin and eosin staining. Both benign and vessels than hematoxylin and eosin staining. Both benign and malignant tumors of blood vessel endothelium including two capillary hemangiomas and two angiosarcomas demonstrated extracellular linear staining for both Type IV collagen and laminin, whereas two lymphangiomas and two lymphangiectasias were negative. This method then provides a sensitive technique for detecting blood vessel capillaries in tissue sections and a reliable means of distinguishing blood vessel capillaries from lymphatic capillaries. This method may also aid in the identification of tumors whose origin is blood vessel endothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Detection of salmonellae in chicken feces by a combination of tetrathionate broth enrichment, capillary PCR, and capillary gel electrophoresis.

This report describes a rapid detection procedure for salmonellae from chicken feces by the combination of tetrathionate primary enrichment (preenrichment [PE])-bacterial lysis-capillary PCR and capillary gel electrophoresis. Pure Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 64K was reisolated and detected by capillary PCR after buffered peptone water and nutrient broth, tetrathionate broth base Hajna (TTBH), and tetrathionate broth (TTB) preenrichments. When the same culture was mixed with intestinal homogenate, bacteriological reisolation and capillary PCR detection was achieved only by TTBH and TTB preenrichments. Capillary gel electrophoresis revealed that a Salmonella genus-specific 281-bp PCR product was detected when Salmonella strains but not non-Salmonella strains were tested. The detection limit of capillary PCR with whole-cell DNA extracted from pure Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis 64K, Typhimurium LT2-CIP60-62, and Gallinarum 64K was 3, 3, and 9 CFU ml(-1), respectively. The detection limit of capillary PCR from whole-cell DNA extracted from intestinal homogenate artificially contaminated with the same three strains was 3, 3, and 7 CFU ml(-1), respectively. We compared the results of the capillary PCR and bacteriological examination from the natural samples. Thirty-five of 53 naturally contaminated samples produced a specific PCR product. In 9 of the 35 PCR-positive samples, Salmonella could not be detected bacteriologically either by PE or a primary and delayed secondary enrichment (DSE) combination. In the 18 PCR-negative samples, 4 samples were found to harbor Salmonella by both PE and DSE and 14 samples were positive after DSE. Fifty-three additional intestinal homogenate samples, which were negative by their PE and DSE in bacteriological examination, were found to be also negative by their PCRs. The total time required to detect Salmonella with the capillary PCR method we used was approximately 20 h. If samples are from clinically diseased birds, the total time for PCR and detection is reduced to 2 h since the 18-h PE is not required. These results indicate that TTB enrichment, bacterial lysis, and genus-specific capillary PCR combined with capillary gel electrophoresis constitute a sensitive and selective procedure which has the potential to rapidly identify Salmonella-infected flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Capillary recruitment and heterogeneity of perfused capillary distribution in dog myocardium.

To estimate functional diffusion distances, the distribution of perfused capillaries was calculated in dog myocardium. A fluorescent dye was injected via a femoral vein in 6 anesthetized, open-chest dogs, and passed once through the coronary circulation (23 +/- 3 s). In 6 animals the dye circulated 4-20 min. In 6 animals the dye circulated for one pass following 2-3 min of asphyxia. The heart was then removed and frozen. Frozen sections from the left ventricule were cut, illuminated to excite the dye to fluoresce, and photographed. They were then stained by silver methenamine to mark all capillaries. The density of all capillaries was compared to that of capillaries containing fluorescent label. The distributions of capillaries were estimated by morphometry. In one pass of the normoxic coronary circulation, 66(+/- 4 SE)% of subepicardial and 60(+/- 4)% of subendocardial capillaries were detectably labeled. Their distribution approached a random pattern, and maximal distances to the nearest labeled capillary were lengthened by 50% compared to all capillaries. With multiple passes of the dye, or with asphyxia 76-79% of the capillaries were detectably labeled and their distribution approached the ordered pattern of the total capillary bed. We speculated that the unlabeled capillaries represented a spatially heterogeneous blood flow reserve.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Capillary pumps for autonomous capillary systems.

Autonomous capillary systems (CSs), where liquids are displaced by means of capillarity, are efficient, fast and convenient platforms for many bioanalytical applications. The proper functioning of these microfluidic devices requires displacing accurate volumes of liquids with precise flow rates. In this work, we show how to design capillary pumps for controlling the flow properties of CSs. The capillary pumps comprise microstructures of various shapes with dimensions from 15-250 microm, which are positioned in the capillary pumps to encode a desired capillary pressure. The capillary pumps are designed to have a small flow resistance and are preceded by a constricted microchannel, which acts as a flow resistance. Therefore, both the capillary pump and the flow resistance define the flow rate in the CS, and flow rates from 0.2-3.7 nL s(-1) were achieved. The placement and the shape of the microstructures in the capillary pumps are used to tailor the filling front of liquids in the capillary pumps to obtain a reliable filling behaviour and to minimize the risk of entrapping air. The filling front can, for example, be oriented vertically or tilted to the main axis of the capillary pump. We also show how capillary pumps having different hydrodynamic properties can be connected to program a sequence of slow and fast flow rates in a CS.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) separation capillaries for capillary electrophoresis. Properties and applications.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is a material widely known for its inertness and excellent electrical properties. It is also transparent in the UV region and has a reasonable thermal conductivity. These properties make PTFE a suitable material for the separation capillary in capillary electrophoresis. Differences in the chemistry of the capillary wall compared to fused silica (FS) can make PTFE an interesting alternative to FS for some special applications. In this work, properties of a commercial PTFE capillary of approx. 100 microm i.d. were investigated, including the dependence of electroosmotic flow (EOF) on pH for unmodified and dynamically modified PTFE, optical properties, and practical aspects of use. The main problems encountered for the particular PTFE capillary used in this study were that it was mechanically too soft for routine usage and the crystallinity of the PTFE caused light scattering, leading to high background absorbance values in the low UV region. The profile of the EOF versus pH for bare PTFE surprisingly showed significantly negative EOF values at pH < 4.2, with an EOF of -30 x 10(-9) m2 V(-1) s(-1) being observed at pH 2.5. This is likely to be caused by either impurities or additives of basic character in the PTFE, so that after their protonation at acidic pH they establish a positive charge on the capillary wall and create a negative EOF. A stable cationic semi-permanent coating of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) could be established on the PTFE capillary and led to very similar magnitudes of EOF to those observed with FS. A hexadecanesulfonate coating produced a cathodic EOF of extremely high magnitude ranging between +90 and +110 x 10(-9) m2 s(-1) V(-1), which are values high enough to allow counter-EOF separation of high mobility inorganic anions. In addition, pH-independent micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) separations could be easily realised due to hydrophobic adsorption of sodium dodecylsulfate (used to form the micelles) on the wall of the PTFE capillary. The use of polymers that would be mechanically more robust and optically transparent in the low-UV region should make such CE capillaries an interesting alternative to fused silica.

Electrodes↗
PubMed2005

Gold nanoparticle-modified etched capillaries for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.

The use of gold nanoparticles in conjunction with etched capillary-based open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) to improve the efficiency of separation and the selectivity between selected solutes is described. The fused-silica capillaries (50-microm i.d.) were etched with ammonium hydrogen difluoride, followed by prederivatization of the new surface with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) for the immobilization of dodecanethiol gold nanoparticles, for OTCEC. The electrochromatography of a "reversed-phase" test mixture and of selected polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated, and efficient separations and high theoretical plate numbers per meter were obtained. The electroosmotic flow characteristics of the etched gold nanoparticle capillary, unetched gold nanoparticle capillary, bare capillary, and etched bare capillary were studied by varying the percentage of organic modifier in buffer, buffer pH, and separation voltage. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the process of etching and modification and the surface features of the etched gold nanoparticle capillary. The results confirm that dodecanethiol gold nanoparticles bonded on the etched inner wall of the fused-silica capillary can provide sufficient solute-bonded phase interactions to obtain OTCEC separations with reproducible retention, as well as characteristic reversed-phase behavior, even with the inner diameter of the capillary of 50 microm.

Capillary Electrochromatography↗
PubMed2000

Structural evidence for counter-current flow in proximal tubules versus pertitubular capillaries in the rat kidney. Evaluation of the counter-current mechanism between the proximal convoluted tubules and the peritubular capillaries in the rat nephron.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the very high exchange of water and solutes between the proximal tubules and the peritubular capillaries, very little is known about flow directions in these two interrelated structures. We therefore developed a morphological technique suitable for the quantitative evaluation of a counter-current system between the proximal convoluted tubules and the peritubular capillaries in rat renal cortex. METHODS: In male pentothal-anesthetized Wistar rats (body weight 200-250 g), India ink was injected into the aorta above the renal arteries, followed by instant freezing of the right kidney in isopentane at -165 degrees C, and subsequent freeze-substitution in alcohol. In microscopic slides from kidneys in which only 20-55% of the cortical peritubular capillary loops was filled with ink--representing the arterial end of the capillaries--and in which the proximal tubular segmentation could be identified in PAS-stained sections, the segments of the convoluted proximal tubules were quantitatively compared with regard to the presence of ink-stained and unstained peritubular capillaries in nephrons from the whole renal cortex. RESULTS: In the microscopic specimens of the five animals used both the loops from the first segment (P1) of the proximal convoluted tubule and those of the second segment (P2) were systematically packed closely together, the transitional segment (P1-2) being interposed between the groups. Around the loops of P1, 8%+/-2% of the capillaries was stained with India ink. In contrast, surrounding the P2 loops 67%+/-5% of the capillaries contained ink, significantly exceeding that for P1 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Throughout the rat renal cortex, the most proximal fraction of the peritubular capillaries surrounds the second segments of the proximal convoluted tubules, while the first tubular segments are surrounded by the more distal fraction of the peritubular capillaries. Consequently, the flows in the peritubular capillaries and in the proximal convoluted tubules in the rat renal cortex are systematically arranged as a counter-current system. This feature was previously identified only in superficial nephrons.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capillary flow impairment and functional capillary density.

Functional capillary density is variable in both normal and diseased tissue. When this parameter is defined as the number of capillaries that possess red blood cell transit, changes in functional capillary density reflect mechanisms that modulate the entrance of red blood cells into the capillaries. These mechanisms have anatomical origin, whereby the capillary diameter changes, and may also be hydrodynamic, when flow conditions prevent red blood cells from entering a capillary branch. An intrinsic feature of both processes is that capillaries undergo lumenal changes. Capillary lumen is determined by a composite of mechanical and cellular factors, where intravascular pressure is one of the principal determinants affecting diameter as a consequence of the elastic properties of the capillary/tissue system. The hydration of the surrounding tissue and the cellular volume regulation of the endothelium are additional factors. There is increasing evidence that capillaries possess contractility and that this phenomenon has spontaneous components. Consequently, functional capillary density is the resultant of both passive and active processes present at the level of individual vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Hypoxia-induced acute changes in capillary and fiber density and capillary red cell distribution in the rat heart.

The influence of acute hypoxia (respiration gas 12%, 10%, and 8% O2 and asphyxia, respectively) on 1) the density of perfused capillaries and muscle fibers, and 2) the capillary red cell distribution was investigated in the left heart of anesthetized rats. To observe capillaries and fibers, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled (FITC)-gamma-globulin and lissamine-rhodamine-B200-labeled (RB200) myoglobin were injected intravenously as labels of the perfused intravasal and the extracellular space, respectively. The hypoxic conditions were induced subsequently and maintained for 3 minutes. After this period the heart was rapidly frozen for histological demonstration of the dyes. Ventilation with 12% or 10% O2 did not induce any changes in the density of perfused capillaries; however, 8% O2 in respiration gas did lead to a significant increase (capillaries/mm2: subepicardium, 4,180, controls, 3,620; subendocardium, 3,930, controls, 3,240). A similar increase was found in the asphyxia group (capillaries/mm2: subepicardium, 4,170; subendocardium, 3,700). The increases in the density of perfused capillaries were paralleled by rises in fiber density. This leads to the conclusion that the changes in capillary counts were caused by fiber elongation with a resultant decrease in intercapillary distances. This assumption was supported by observations that there were no signs of changes in ventricular segment length during respiration of 12% or 10% O2 but that an increase did occur with 8% oxygen and with asphyxia. Densities of perfused capillaries exactly coincided with anatomical densities (demonstrated by additional labeling of capillary basement membranes with isolectin B4) in normoxic and asphyctic hearts. The distribution of red cells in the capillaries, determined in histological sections, did not differ appreciably under hypoxia due to reduced O2 in respiration air (12%) or asphyxia. The results obtained indicate that 1) extreme hypoxic states cause the capillaries to move closer to each other due to elongation of myocardial fibers and 2) red cell distribution is not altered during these conditions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Numerical simulations of capillary-driven flows in nonuniform cross-sectional capillaries.

In this study the wetting behavior of converging-diverging and diverging-converging capillaries is investigated numerically using an in-house written, finite-element code. An interface tracking procedure based on the predicted change in the total liquid volume, to update the interface location, and Cox's formulation, to determine the dynamic contact angle and the interface shape, is proposed and used. Flow simulations revealed that both converging-diverging and diverging-converging capillaries exhibit significantly slower wetting behavior than straight capillaries and that any deviation in the capillary diameter necessarily tends to slow the overall wetting speed. This behavior was attributed to local regions of very low capillary pressure and high viscous retardation force when the capillary diameter at the interface was significantly larger than the capillary diameter over the upstream fluid. Though the local wetting velocities were different, when equivalent capillaries were compared it was found that both converging-diverging and diverging-converging capillaries had the same total fill time independent of the number of irregular regions, suggesting that the simple model is sufficient for predicting the overall effect. The influence of surface tension and contact angle on the total wetting time was found to be similar for both straight and irregularly shaped capillaries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Capillary electrophoresis with end-capillary potentiometric detection using a copper electrode.

Potentiometric end-capillary detection in capillary electrophoresis has the advantage of relatively easy miniaturisation without having to compromise the concentration sensitivity. Potentiometric end-capillary detection using a copper electrode is also attractive because of the sensitive detection of many inorganic and organic UV-transparent ions and the ability to work in both direct and indirect mode. In this work, detection of a number of common anions in a tartrate electrolyte at pH 3 was studied. The influence of the end-capillary detection geometry on the detection performance was investigated. An end-capillary detection cell allowing the separation capillary to be changed without the need to realign the detection electrode was constructed and fitted into a commercial CE apparatus. Under the optimal configuration, which was a 25 microm diameter copper electrode aligned coaxially with a 25 microm capillary and positioned at a distance of about 25 microm from the capillary end, excellent peak shapes were achieved and comparison with simultaneous on-capillary photometric detection showed no additional peak broadening. Good sensitivity was obtained, resulting in concentration limits of detection (LODs) in the low microM range and mass LODs in the low amol range. Examples of separations of inorganic and organic anions are presented and the analytical potential of the detection method is assessed.

Copper↗
PubMed2005

Internal electrolyte temperatures for polymer and fused-silica capillaries used in capillary electrophoresis.

Polymers are important as materials for manufacturing microfluidic devices for electrodriven separations, in which Joule heating is an unavoidable phenomenon. Heating effects were investigated in polymer capillaries using a CE setup. This study is the first step toward the longer-term objective of the study of heating effects occurring in polymeric microfluidic devices. The thermal conductivity of polymers is much smaller than that of fused silica (FS), resulting in less efficient dissipation of heat in polymeric capillaries. This study used conductance measurements as a temperature probe to determine the mean electrolyte temperatures in CE capillaries of different materials. Values for mean electrolyte temperatures in capillaries made of New Generation FluoroPolymer (NGFP), poly-(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) capillaries were compared with those obtained for FS capillaries. Extrapolation of plots of conductance versus power per unit length (P/L) to zero power was used to obtain conductance values free of Joule heating effects. The ratio of the measured conductance values at different power levels to the conductance at zero power was used to determine the mean temperature of the electrolyte. For each type of capillary material, it was found that the average increase in the mean temperature of the electrolyte (DeltaT(Mean)) was directly proportional to P/L and inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity (lambda) of the capillary material. At 7.5 W/m, values for DeltaT(Mean) for NGFP, PMMA, and PEEK were determined to be 36.6, 33.8, and 30.7 degrees C, respectively. Under identical conditions, DeltaT(Mean) for FS capillaries was 20.4 degrees C.

Benzophenones↗
PubMed1988

Structure and distribution of lymphatic capillaries and fenestrated blood capillaries in the conduction system of the rabbit heart.

The distribution and structure of lymphatic and blood capillaries in the rabbit heart conduction system were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, and atrioventricular bundle possessed a rich network of lymphatic capillaries, which were situated not only at the periphery but also in the interior of the conduction system. The fine structure of these lymphatic capillaries was essentially similar to those within the atria and the ventricles. Although blood capillaries within working myocardium were nonfenestrated, the heart conduction system was often supplied by fenestrated blood capillaries. In the atrioventricular node and bundle especially, fenestrated blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries were topographically associated, forming an extensive microcirculatory system. The presence of fenestrated capillaries suggests that a fast transcapillary passage of metabolites occurs in these regions, while the lymphatic capillaries may play an important role in the removal of macromolecules and excess intercellular fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a novel hydrophilic derivatized capillary for protein analysis by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry.

A new type of hydrophilic derivatized capillary has been used to enable the on-line capillary electrophoresis separation and electrospray mass spectrometric detection of a mixture of proteins containing bovine cytochrome c, tuna cytochrome c and horse heart myoglobin. Less than 40 fmol of each compound were loaded into the capillary. Baseline resolution of components was achieved, as were accurate assignments of molecular masses. The hydrophilic derivatized capillaries were taken through extensive testing procedures to characterize their performance and capabilities for protein analysis. A mixture of six proteins (cytochrome c, ribonuclease A, alpha-chymotrypsinogen, myoglobin, carbonic anhydrase II and alpha-lactalbumin) in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer was used to delineate the relationships between migration time and pH, along with migration time and buffer concentration for each protein. The variations in capillary efficiency as a function of pH and as a function of buffer concentration were also characterized for the same six proteins in the acetic acid-sodium acetate system. A pH of 4.8 was found to offer an excellent compromise between separation efficiency (up to 500,000 theoretical plates) and analysis time. Capillary efficiencies were also found to be very good when employing a Tris.HCl electrolyte adjusted to pH 4.8. Lastly, electropherogram reproducibility and capillary durability were examined with the finding that little deterioration of the capillary occurred over the course of 400 injections (200 h run time). This represents a notable improvement over previously documented derivatization procedures designed to reduce protein adsorption to fused-silica capillary walls.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of gas exchange between air capillaries and blood capillaries in avian lungs.

A number of models is analyzed to study gas exchange between blood capillaries and air capillaries in the avian parabronchial wall when diffusion is the only transport mechanism in the air capillaries. The existing anatomical arrangement of blood capillaries that traverse the periparabronchial tissue from peripherally located arterioles to draining venules at the luminal surface appears to provide a particularly high gas exchange efficiency. Application of the theory to measurements in the hen using histological estimates suggests that substantial concentration gradients exist inside the air capillary gas whose magnitude vary along the parabronchus. Thus at the gas inflow end of the parabronchus the partial pressure drop within the air capillaries could amount, for both O2 and CO2, to about 10--15 torr at rest and to 30--40 torr during exercise. Due to the peculiar arrangement of capillary blood flow to the air capillaries the effects of these gradients on gas exchange are very slight during rest. During exercise, however, the diffusional resistance inside the air capillaries may become limiting for the over-all gas exchange, and other mechanisms may be needed to secure respiratory gas transfer.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

On-line post-capillary affinity detection of immunoglobulin G for capillary zone electrophoresis.

To address the quality issues of antibody manufacturing, post-capillary affinity detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is developed for capillary zone electrophoresis. In analogy to a two-dimensional separation system, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), as the first dimension, resolves IgG variants based on their differences in molecular structure. IgG variants separated by CZE are discriminated against other serum and cellular proteins by affinity complex formation with protein A binding fragment in a post-capillary reactor. The analytical power of post-capillary affinity detection is demonstrated for rapid and selective heterogeneity analysis of human IgG subclasses and monoclonal antibodies in complex sample matrices. By comparing with pre-capillary formation of affinity complexes between IgG and protein A, post-capillary affinity detection clearly exhibit greater resolving power for examining IgG microheterogeneity. Affinity complex formation prior to CZE analysis, however, has the advantage of lower detection limits. Detection limits suffer with post-capillary affinity detection because of the high fluorescence background contributed by the fluorescently labeled protein A in the post-capillary reactor, and the need to determine a small change in the background level upon complex formation.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed1998

Stable cationic capillary coating with successive multiple ionic polymer layers for capillary electrophoresis.

A coated capillary modified with a cationic polymer was developed by using a novel coating procedure, successive multiple ionic-polymer (SMIL) coating. The SMIL coating was achieved by first attaching the cationic polymer to the capillary inner wall, and then the anionic polymer to the cationic polymer layer, and finally the cationic polymer to the anionic polymer layer. The stability of Polybrene (PB)-modified capillary made by SMIL coating was remarkably improved in comparison with a conventional PB-modified capillary. It endured during 600 replicate analyses and also showed strong stability against 1 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl. The relative standard deviation of the run-to-run, day-to-day, and capillary-to-capillary coating was all below 1%, and good reproducibilities were obtained. The PB-modified capillary made by SMIL coating was applied to the basic protein analyses. It gave good performances for the protein analyses even when the pH of the electrolyte was near the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein. In addition, 0.1 M NaOH rinse prior to the sample injection allowed the reproducible analysis of a highly adsorptive sample such as plasma because the adsorbed sample could be flushed out of the capillary. Besides protein analyses, an efficient analysis of the cationic drugs by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) was also possible.

Cations↗
PubMed1999

Localization of lymph capillaries and blood capillaries in human temporomandibular joint discs.

The localization of lymph capillaries and blood capillaries in the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs was examined immunohistologically with anti-human collagen IV antibody and anti-human von Willebrand factor in 26 human TMJ samples. The 16 internal derangement cases were then compared with the 10 normal control cases. The findings suggested that blood capillaries scarcely existed in all the fields of normal control TMJ discs (5/270, 1.9%) nor did lymph capillaries exist in the normal TMJ discs (0/270, 0%). New growth of blood capillaries had localized in all fields of the internal derangement discs specimens (113/378, 29.9%) and was concentrated in the lower area of the posterior part of the discs. The authors also observed a small distribution of lymph capillaries in all fields of this material (17/378, 4.5%). The new growth of lymph capillaries were always related to the blood capillary distribution and therefore their presence might be directly related to the capillary proliferation.

Adult↗