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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Flavor release and perception in hard candy: influence of flavor compound-flavor solvent interactions.

The release kinetics of l-menthol dissolved in propylene glycol (PG), Miglyol, or 1,8-cineole (two common odorless flavor solvents differing in polarity and a hydrophobic flavor compound) were monitored from a model aqueous system via atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). Breath analysis was also conducted via APCI-MS to monitor release of l-menthol from hard candy that used PG and Miglyol for l-menthol incorporation. The quantities of l-menthol released when dissolved in PG or Miglyol from the model aqueous system were found to be similar and overall significantly greater in comparison to when dissolved in 1,8-cineole. Analogous results were reported by the breath analysis of hard candy. The release kinetics of l-menthol from PG or Miglyol versus from 1,8-cineole were notably more rapid and higher in quantity. Results from the sensory time-intensity study also indicated that there was no perceived difference in the overall cooling intensity between the two flavor solvent delivery systems (PG and Miglyol).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of formulation on the antimicrobial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride in candy based lozenges.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence on the antimicrobial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride of the various components of the formulation of each of six candy based lozenges. METHODS: In vivo activity was investigated using six volunteers by determining the reduction in colony forming units recoverable from the oropharynx after sucking each lozenge separately on different days. In vitro determinations investigated the relative activity of aqueous solutions of the lozenges, the effect on activity of additional active ingredients, pH and lozenge base ingredients against separate inocula of each of the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Both in vivo and in vitro results showed that the pH of the dissolved lozenge solution was the single most influential readily adjustable formulation parameter which significantly influenced the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride activity in candy based lozenges. CONCLUSIONS: Lozenges containing cetylpyridinium chloride as the active ingredient should be formulated at a pH greater than 5.5.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of annatto in high-fat dairy products, margarine and hard candy by solvent extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Utilizing solvents such as ethanolic aqueous ammonia, petroleum ether, hexane and chloroform, annatto components alpha- and beta-norbixin and alpha- and beta-bixin were extracted from cheese, butter, margarine and hard candy. After transferring the extract into a solution of aqueous acetic acid in methanol, bixin and norbixin were determined quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an absorbance detector set at 500 nm. Recovery of norbixin from spiked cheese samples averaged 92.6% over a range of 1 to 110 micrograms/g. Commercial cheese samples were found to contain 1.1-68.8 microgram/g total norbixin, and two samples also contained 5.1-5.6 micrograms/g total bixin. Samples of uncoloured butter were spiked with bixin and recovery averaged 93.2% over a range of 0.1 to 445 micrograms/g. Levels of 0.2 microgram/g total bixin and 0.91 microgram/g total norbixin were found in one commercial butter sample; the others contained trace levels of both compounds. Hard candies were prepared in the laboratory and recovery studies conducted. Recovery of norbixin averaged 88%.

Bixaceae↗
PubMed1994

Ethanol emission factors for glazing during candy production.

This study determined emission rates of ethyl alcohol from a candy glazing operation and, from observation of source activities, expressed these emission rates as emission factors. A mass balance modeling approach was used in conjunction with on-site field testing. The candy was processed in a row of 24 rotating open-faced pans, each with a capacity of approximately 250 lb candy/batch. Twelve 1-hour periods were monitored during production over two days. Ethanol vapor samples were collected on charcoal tubes simultaneously at four locations at different distances from the pan line. Continuous monitoring also was carried out at one location with a gas analyzer. The tube samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Ventilation measurements and source activity observations were collected at the same time as the gas samples. The average concentration 1.5 m in front of the line was above 1000 ppm. Average emission rates for 12 one-hour periods, determined from the concentration measurements and three different forms of the ethanol mass balance around the space, were 38.4 kg/hour, 42.5 kg/hour, and 49.6 kg/hour. When emission rates were compared with the number of batches the resulting emission factors were 500 g/batch, 291 g/batch, and 453 g/batch, respectively. These values were in good agreement with the estimate of 446 g/batch developed from the glaze mixture composition and the approximate amount of glaze mixture added to each batch. Testing using the emission factor approach removes the effect of the particular interior space in which the data are collected and reproduces changes in emissions and exposures.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Christmas candy maker's asthma. IgG4-mediated pectin allergy.

We evaluated a 29-year-old candy maker with no history of asthma who developed asthma after exposure to pectin, a compound manufactured from fruits and fruit rinds. Following eight years of employment during which he added pectin to a recipe for Christmas candies, the candymaker developed acute respiratory symptoms. Challenge testing with the pectin mixture caused a 40 percent decrease in FEV1. Skin prick testing was positive to the pectin extract. Total IgE was normal and pectin-specific IgE antibodies were not detected. A strongly positive pectin-specific IgG4 antibody response was present that was not detected in a control serum and could be inhibited by the addition of pectin. Antigen-specific IgG4 should be sought in IgE negative cases of occupational asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Candy sprays and -gels: effect on salivary flow and pH].

After seeing a child with dental erosion in a pediatric dental clinic the fondness and use of sweets were asked. With a questionnaire it became clear that recently various candy sprays and -gels are available to keep a sweet and fresh taste in the mouth at school. The buffer capacity of a number of sprays and gels were determined and they were tested in the mouth. The taste determines the increase in salivary flow rate. The effects of a taste stimulus on increasing the flow rate and decreasing the pH disappear within 2 until 3 minutes. Concluding: the Candy sprays and particularly the Juicy Drop Pop belong, from the dental point of view, to children sweets with high risk for dental caries and erosion. The use of these fluid sweets has to be reduced as much as possible.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1985

Candy flavoring as a source of salicylate poisoning.

Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) in the form of candy flavoring was ingested by a 21-month-old male infant who subsequently developed vomiting, lethargy, and hyperpnea. A "swallow" of the solution resulted in a serum salicylate concentration of 81 mg/dL six hours after ingestion. The infant was treated with parenteral fluids and sodium bicarbonate and he recovered rapidly. Hazards associated with salicylate use in this form include lack of parental awareness of the substance's toxic potential, the attractiveness of the candy-like odor, and the availability of the liquid in non-child-resistant packaging containing potentially lethal quantities.

Candy↗
PubMed1979

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and soft drinks.

A procedure was developed for the simple and rapid determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and also in soft drinks. An alkaline solution of sample was extracted with ethyl ether to remove fatty substances, and H2SO4 was added to water layer to adjust the pH to less than 2. The acidified layer was saturated with NaCl and then extracted with ether. After drying, the ether layer was concentrated and the adipic acid in the concentrate was methylated using the diazomethane methograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Recovery of adipic acid from crackling candy and from 2 kinds of soft drinks that had been fortified at the 200 ppm level was 96%. An interlaboratory test was carried out on the determination of adipic acid in orange soft drink. The results obtained by 6 laboratories were between 91 and 100% compared with the theoretical value.

Adipates↗
PubMed2005

From "Candy Kids" to "Chemi-Kids": a typology of young adults who attend raves in the midwestern United States.

Although young people attending raves have been most visibly associated with the use of ecstasy and other "club drugs" in the United States, there is reason to believe that they are not a homogenous group in terms of their drug use practices. The purpose of this article is to begin developing a typology of young adult ecstasy users involved in the rave subculture--known as Ravers or Party Kids. The study is based on focus groups and qualitative interviews conducted between November 2001 and September 2003 with 36 current and former ecstasy users, aged 19-31, in central Ohio, as well as participant observation conducted in raves, clubs, and bars where "club drugs" are often used. Findings suggest the existence of five main subgroups in attendance at raves--Chemi-Kids, Candy Kids, non-affiliated Party Kids, Junglists, and Old School Ravers. These groups differ in regard to musical taste, philosophy, style of clothing worn, amount of time in the rave subculture, and most importantly, patterns of drug use. For example, while the use of ecstasy appears most common among Candy Kids, Junglists tend to be more involved with the use of ketamine and methamphetamine. The use of alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and hallucinogens is also widespread in the rave subculture. The typology can aid in the development of communication strategies necessary for successful prevention activities among some categories of ecstasy users.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Field trial on caries prevention with xylitol candies among disabled school students.

BACKGROUND: In a 1999 survey high caries levels were found among physically disabled school students in Kuwait. OBJECTIVES: A field study was planned to test the efficacy of xylitol candies in preventing caries among individuals in two special schools in Kuwait. METHODS: Altogether 176 students were examined in 2002 and 145 (105 in xylitol group and 40 in the control group) after 18 months' intervention. The WHO criteria were used in recording caries according to surfaces (third molars were excluded) by 2 calibrated examiners (E.H., M.S.). The students were allocated to the xylitol group only if the parent/caregiver returned the informed consent form. School health nurses distributed xylitol candies to the students 3 times during the school day (after breakfast and lunch, and before leaving the school). RESULTS: In the xylitol group, the baseline DS and DMFS scores were 3.4 and 8.2 and in the follow-up 1.9 and 7.1, respectively. In the control group, the baseline scores were DS 3.9 and DMFS 9.8, and the follow-up scores DS 3.9 and DMFS 13.2. CONCLUSION: Xylitol seemed to have a strong preventive and a clear remineralizing effect on caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effect of sugar-free green tea chew candies on the degree of inflammation of the gingiva.

The components of green tea extracts such as catechins and polyphenols gain increasing significance in tumor research and immunology. - The clinical double blind study presented here was aimed at the investigation on how green tea catechins and polyphenols in the form of green tea dragées may influence the inflammatory behaviour of the gingiva. A total of 47 test persons with a mean age of 25.76 years (23 males, 24 females) were randomly divided into two groups: one group (n = 22: 11 males, 11 females) received chew candies containing green tea extracts, the other group (n = 25: 12 males, 13 females) received placebos with the same flavour but without active substances. At the beginning of the four week investigation period, a professional dental cleaning was carried out on all test persons. Then the persons were instructed to do their usual dental cleaning and chew eight candies distributed over the day. The API (approximal plaque index) and the SBI (sulcus bleeding index) were determined after seven days (API-1, SBI-1) and after another 21 days (API-2, SBI-2). Within the verum group, a mean value of 33.2% +/- 18.3% was determined for API-1, and 29.6% +/- 17.5% for API-2. The mean SBI-1 was 5.9% +/- 7.6%, and 3.6% +/- 5.8% for SBI-2. The clinical data within the placebo group were different: The plaque index values changed from API-1 30.3% +/- 16.3% after one week to API-2 31.8% +/- 17.2% after another three weeks. The values for the inflammatory degree of the gingiva had also changed to the negative: from SBI-1 3.4% +/- 4.1% after seven days to SBI-2 4.7% +/- 6.4% after another 21 days. Whereas in the verum group a distinct improvement in both API and SBI values could be stated, slight worsening of the values were determined for the placebo group. The results indicate that the oral application of green tea catechins and polyphenols might have a positive influence on the inflammatory reaction of periodontal structures.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[A method for the determination of tartrazine in candies and pudding mixes (author's transl)].

The use of food additives is viewed increasingly from a critical point of view. In some countries, stronger regulations with limitations for the use of synthetic coal-tar dyes are planned or exist already. For that reason, a quantitative method for the determination of tartrazine (E 102) is needed for supervision of food quality. A method is described using as its steps extraction of the dyestuffs from the samples, chromatography on silicagel plates and automatically recorded densitometry. In candies amounts of up to 285 mg tartrazine/kg and in pudding mixes up to 1223 mg tartrazine/kg were found.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1997

Determination of the quaternary ammonium compounds dequalinium and cetylpyridinium chlorides in candy-based lozenges by high-performance liquid chromatography.

The retention behavior of the quaternary ammonium compounds benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride and dequalinium chloride on a 100 x 4.6 mm id cyanopropyl stationary phase column is reported as a function of organic modifier and ionic hydrophobic mobile phase additive concentrations. Optimum liquid chromatographic mobile phases using different mobile phase additives are reported which are suitable for the determination of cetylpyridinium chloride and dequalinium chloride in a variety of candy-based lozenge formulations. The quantitative aspects of assays based on the separation of active ingredients and formulation excipients were established. The generality of application of the assay methods was evaluated by determining the quaternary ammonium content of different lozenges and comparing the values obtained with the stated dose.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead-contaminated imported tamarind candy and children's blood lead levels.

In 1999, an investigation implicated tamarind candy as the potential source of lead exposure for a child with a significantly elevated blood lead level (BLL). The Oklahoma City-County Health Department tested two types of tamarind suckers and their packaging for lead content. More than 50% of the tested suckers exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Level of Concern for lead in this type of product. The authors calculated that a child consuming one-quarter to one-half of either of the two types of suckers in a day would exceed the maximum FDA Provis onal Tolerable Intake for lead. High lead concentrations in the two types of wrappers suggested leaching as a potential source of contamination. The authors used the Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model to predict the effects of consumption of contaminated tamarind suckers on populat on BLLs. The IEUBK model predicted that consumption of either type of sucker at a rate of one per day would result in dramatic increases in mean BLLs for children ages 6-84 months in Oklahoma and in the percentage of children wth elevated BLLs (> or =10 micrograms per deciliter [microg/dL]). The authors conclude that consumption of these products represents a potential public health threat. In addition, a history of lead contamination in imported tamarind products suggests that import control measures may not be completely effective in preventing additional lead exposure.

Candy↗
PubMed2002

Randomized trial of 5 dollars versus 10 dollars monetary incentives, envelope size, and candy to increase physician response rates to mailed questionnaires.

BACKGROUND: The validity of the results of mailed surveys is often threatened by nonresponse bias, which is made more likely when response rates are low. However, the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of several strategies to increase response rates are uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To assess three strategies to increase response rates to mailed physician surveys: including a 10 dollars versus a 5 dollars cash incentive in the initial mailing, including a mint candy or not, and using a large versus small outgoing envelope. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, a randomized trial of these strategies was conducted in a survey of 1200 physicians randomly selected from the American Medical Association's Master File. RESULTS: Including a 10 dollars incentive yielded a significantly higher response rate (60.5% vs. 52.8%) (P = 0.009). The mailing and incentive costs per completed response were 12.24 dollars (95% CI, 11.75 dollars, 13.64 dollars) in the 5 dollars group and 18.48 dollars (95% CI, 17.77 dollars, 20.69 dollars) in the 10 dollars group. Each additional response obtained in the 10 dollars group came at an incremental cost of 61.26 dollars (95% CI, 36.98 dollars, 200.80 dollars). Neither inclusion of a mint nor use of a large envelope influenced the response rate. CONCLUSIONS: Investigators may increase response rates by including more money in the initial questionnaire packet, but there may be diminishing returns to serial increments in incentives greater than 5 dollars. Including smaller incentives in more questionnaires may maximize total responses.

Candy↗
PubMed1993

Effects of preexercise candy bar ingestion on glycemic response, substrate utilization, and performance.

This study examined the effects of preexercise candy bar ingestion on glycemic response, substrate utilization, and performance in 8 trained male cyclists. The cyclists randomly ingested one large milk chocolate bar (1CB), two large milk chocolate bars (2CB), or a placebo (P) 30 min prior to a 90-min cycle ride at 70% VO2max followed by a 33-W increase every 2 min until exhaustion (approximately 10 min). Glucose decreased after 15 min of exercise but returned to preexercise values by 30 min of exercise. Glucose concentration for 2CB was significantly higher than for P and 1CB at exhaustion. Insulin concentration increased in response to 1CB and 2CB and returned to preexercise values within 15 min of exercise. No significant differences were noted for free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations, lactate concentrations, respiratory exchange ratio, total carbohydrate oxidation, or estimated fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Time to exhaustion was similar among the groups. The results suggest that the transient lowering of blood glucose observed with preexercise milk chocolate bar ingestion 30 min prior to exercise may not cause major metabolic perturbations that impair athletic performance in trained athletes performing moderately intense cycle exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1969

Rapid determination of Salmonella in samples of egg noodles, cake mixes, and candies.

A glass apparatus system was compared with a standard enrichment broth-selective agar method to test samples of egg noodles, cake mixes, and candy for the presence or absence of salmonellae. The glass apparatus system used fermentation of mannitol, production of H(2)S, or motility, in conjunction with a serological test of flagellar antigens, to detect salmonellae. No salmonellae were detected in 173 samples of food products. Of these samples, 171 were found to be Salmonella-negative after 48 hr with the glass apparatus system. After 72 hr, the standard Salmonella procedure yielded 38 samples which produced Salmonella false-positive results on selective agars. Inoculation of samples with cultures of Salmonella showed that approximately one inoculated cell could be detected after 48 hr of incubation with the glass apparatus. The standard Salmonella test requires a minimum of 72 hr for completion. Compared with the standard Salmonella test, the glass apparatus system is a more rapid and simple system that can be used to determine the presence or absence of Salmonella in these food products.

Antigens↗
PubMed1978

Enamel dissolution by various food acidulants in a sorbitol candy.

The carboxylic acids used as food acidulants were evaluated for their effect on enamel dissolution in vitro. In water, the potential of the food acids to demineralize enamel was directly proportional to their acidity. However, in a sorbitol candy, the amount of enamel dissolution was correlated with the potential of the acids to chelate calcium.

Adipates↗