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PubMed1997

Cyproheptadine produced modest increases in total caloric intake by humans.

Four male and three female normal-weight research volunteers, participating in an 18-day residential study, received oral cyproheptadine (4 mg) or placebo at 0930, 1245, and 1730 hours daily. Food intake, performance, and subjective ratings were measured throughout the day. The interaction between cyproheptadine and carbohydrate consumption was examined by providing subjects diets that engendered varied levels of carbohydrate intake. Three diet conditions were tested for 6 days each: a regular diet, a low-carbohydrate (high-fat) diet, and a high-carbohydrate diet. Placebo was given on days 1, 2, 3, and 6, while cyproheptadine was given on days 4 and 5 of each diet condition. When subjects received placebo and had access to a regular diet, they consumed 2500 kcal/day (59% carbohydrate 28% fat, 13% protein). Total caloric intake decreased (p < 0.007) when subjects received placebo and had access to the low-carbohydrate diet (40% carbohydrate, 43% fat, 17% protein) and increased (p < 0.056) when subjects received placebo and had access to a high-carbohydrate diet (70% carbohydrate, 19% fat, 11% protein). Cyproheptadine significantly increased total daily caloric intake by 20%, to 3000 kcal, only under the regular diet condition. The increase in caloric intake was due to an increase in the number of eating occasions without a change in eating occasion size. Although subjects consumed more food under the regular diet and cyproheptadine condition, cyproheptadine had no effect on the relative contribution of macronutrients to total daily caloric intake. There was no evidence for a modulation of the food-intake increasing effects of cyproheptadine by the macronutrient mix of the available diet. Cyproheptadine also significantly altered self-reported mood: compared to placebo, cyproheptadine produced significant increases in ratings of "Tired", "Sleepy", "Headache", "Can't Concentrate", and "Bad Drug Effect" and decreases in "Alert". Furthermore, cyproheptadine produced small decrements in psychomotor task performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid metabolism in man.

The effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid metabolism were investigated in a series of related studies. The degree of saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was found to be significantly higher in a group of 23 obese healthy subjects than in a group of 23 nonobese controls matched for age, sex, and race. Bile was also significantly more saturated in 11 obese subjects before than after weight reduction. To determine whether supersaturated bile in obesity is due to excessive secretion of cholesterol or to deficient secretion of bile acids and phospholipids, the hepatic outputs of these three lipids were measured during constant duodenal infusion of formula in the same 11 subjects before and after weight reduction. Weight reduction resulted in significant reduction of cholesterol output but not of bile acid or phospholipid output. Moreover, very obese subjects were found to have cholesterol secretion rates markedly higher than less obese subjects previously studied by the same method. In obese subjects, bile was supersaturated with cholesterol despite increased bile acid pool sizes and increased secretion rates of bile acids and phospholipids. Supersaturated bile in the obese could therefore be attributed to a single defect in lipid secretion, namely, an excessive output of cholesterol. To determine whether the rate of caloric intake can account for the effects of obesity on biliary lipid composition and secretion, nine obese white men were studied on a weight maintenance diet and then during weight reduction on a 1,000 cal diet. As compared to weight maintenance, chronic caloric restriction resulted in reduced outputs of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids, reduced bile acid pool size, and reduced synthesis and fecal excretion of cholesterol. Saturation of bile with cholesterol did not decrease during weight reduction, evidently because of the mobilization of cholesterol from adipose stores and the marked reduction in bile acid and phospholipid output observed during chronic caloric restriction. Acute alterations in caloric infusion rates did not fully reproduce the effects of chronic administration of high and low calorie diets. Likewise, chronic intake of hypercaloric diets by nonobese subjects did not reproduce the cholesterol hypersecretion characteristic of the obese. Thus, increased cholesterol secretion in obese subjects could not be fully explained by the amount of calories they ingested to maintain stable weight. It is concluded that obesity is characterized by excessive hepatic secretion of cholesterol which results in supersaturated bile.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1982

Serum bile acids in Gilbert's syndrome before and after reduced caloric intake.

Fasting and postprandial serum bile acids were determined before and after reduced caloric intake in patients with Gilbert's syndrome. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid were determined by radioimmunoassay. In all patients there was a pronounced increase in serum bilirubin (mean increase, 140%) after caloric restriction. However, both fasting and postprandial levels of serum bile acids were within the normal range before and after reduced caloric intake. The results indicate that different mechanisms are involved in the hepatic uptake and secretion of bile acids and bilirubin. Moreover, the results show that determinations of serum bile acids can be used to assess liver function in patients with Gilbert's syndrome irrespective of the degree of hyperbilirubinemia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Effect of dietary carbohydrate on the glucose and insulin response to mixed caloric intake and exercise in both nonpregnant and pregnant women.

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a woman's dietary carbohydrate mix modifies the glucose and insulin response to both mixed caloric intake and exercise. Either a prospective randomized or a prospective randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two isocaloric, high-carbohydrate diets on the whole-blood glucose and insulin responses to mixed caloric intake and exercise in healthy nonpregnant (n = 14) and pregnant (n = 12) women. The diets differed only in the type of carbohydrate ingested. Those in one had low glycemic indexes and those in the other had high glycemic indexes. In nonpregnant women, the blood glucose response to a meal containing low-glycemic carbohydrate was half that seen with high-glycemic carbohydrate, and the effect of exercise on blood glucose was more pronounced while eating the high-glycemic carbohydrate diet. During pregnancy, women on the low-glycemic carbohydrate diet experienced no significant change in their glycemic response to mixed caloric intake, whereas those who switched to the high-glycemic carbohydrate diet experienced a 190% increase in their response. In conclusion, the type of dietary carbohydrate in a healthy, physically active woman's diet influences both her postprandial blood glucose profile and her blood sugar response to exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Dehydroepiandrosterone-mediated decrease in caloric intake by obese Zucker rats is not due to changes in serum entrostatin-like immunoreactivity.

To understand the mechanism(s) of appetite modulation by DHEA, we have undertaken a series of studies to examine the effects of DHEA on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides known to affect appetitive behavior. Here, we report the effect of DHEA on serum enterostatin-VPDPR or E, a pentapeptide known to cause selective diminution in fat intake. Four-week-old lean (fa/+) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were divided into control and treatment groups. DHEA-treated groups received powdered chow containing 0.6% DHEA ad lib for 16 weeks. Another group of obese rats was pair fed to match the intake of the obese DHEA-treated rats. At the end of this period, trunk blood was collected from fasted rats for assay of E-like immunoreactivity (E-LI) by ELISA. DHEA treatment caused a significant diminution in circulating E-LI in both lean (control: 2030 +/- 226; treated: 752 +/- 145 ng/mL; n = 10, p < 0.0001) and obese (control: 2489 +/- 391, n = 6; treated: 1123 +/- 185 ng/mL, n = 7; p = 0.0003) rats. Because DHEA treatment decreases caloric intake and body weight, we examined the effect of caloric intake and body weight on E-LI levels. Serum ELI levels were lower in the obese DHEA-treated group compared to that of obese pair fed (pair fed: 1589 +/- 313, n = 6; DHEA: 1123 +/- 185 ng/mL, n = 7), but the differences were statistically insignificant (p = 0.185). Also, both weight-matched lean and obese control rats had significantly (p < 0.008) higher E-LI than their DHEA-treated counterparts. To examine whether the decrease in serum E-LI following DHEA treatment could be due to increased peptide metabolism, the rate of disappearance of endogenous E-LI from serum (obese control and DHEA-treated) at 37 degrees C was evaluated. The results show an attenuation of peptide metabolism in serum from DHEA-treated rats, a finding contrary to our expectations. In summary, DHEA treatment lowers serum E-LI levels both in lean and obese Zucker rats. This decrement in peptide level is not secondary to changes in body weight or caloric intake due to DHEA, or due to altered serum peptide metabolism. Although DHEA appears to be a potent modulator of E-LI levels, the relationship between DHEA and E-LI in relation to appetitive behavior remains to be clarified.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The infant's ability to self-regulate caloric intake: a case study.

A case study which illustrates the infant's ability to regulate caloric intake through adjustments in formula intake is presented. A daily record of infant formula and supplemental food intake of a normal, bottle-fed male infant was kept from 1 week to 9 months after birth. The infant's physical growth was assessed at regular intervals. Measurements included weight, recumbent length, head circumference, and skinfold thicknesses. Feeding was ad libitum, and caregivers were highly responsive to the infant's satiety behaviors. Under these conditions, the infant adjusted his caloric intake as supplemental foods were added to his diet by progressively decreasing the volume of formula consumed. His growth was well canalized and tracked very close to the 50th centile of NCHS weight and length standards. The regularity of his growth attests to the adequacy of his intake for meeting energy needs without excess energy storage. This suggests that to avoid overfeeding the bottle-fed infant, caregivers should attempt to facilitate the infant's self-regulation of intake.

Energy Intake↗

PubMed1998

Caloric intake in a group of peritoneal dialysis patients.

Dialysis patients as a group appear to have a caloric intake less than the recommended values; because their energy expenditure is not different than that of healthy adults, they should be in negative caloric balance and lose body mass progressively. We retrospectively analyzed our data in a group of peritoneal dialysis patients who had dietary evaluations and kinetic measurements performed two consecutive times over a period of 6 months. Body weight, lean body mass (LBM), fat mass, and anthropometric parameters remained stable over this period of time, suggesting that these patients are not in negative energy balance. When their daily caloric intake was normalized to a new ideal body weight derived from the LBM calculated from creatinine kinetics, the values were within normal limits, suggesting that these patients were in zero energy balance; hence, a stable body mass was expected.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose and insulin responses in relation to insulin dose and caloric intake 12 h after acute physical exercise in men with IDDM.

Acute exercise in insulin-dependent diabetic patients may perturb glycemic control, and adjustments of insulin and diet might be required to avoid postexercise hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to assess the role of alterations in insulin dose or caloric intake on blood glucose and free-insulin levels during 12 h after an evening bout of exercise. Nine insulin-dependent diabetic men (28-42 yr of age) receiving two daily injections with a combination of intermediate-acting and soluble insulin participated in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to four treatment protocols: A, 50% reduction in intermediate-acting insulin dose; B, 50% reduction in soluble insulin dose; C, extra caloric intake (1700 kJ) 1 h after exercise; and D, no change. Exercise consisted of 45 min of cycling at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake at each occasion. Glucose and insulin responses were similar for the four protocols. There was a significant (P less than .001) time effect found regardless of treatment, with lowest blood glucose values 75 min after exercise. Hypoglycemia occurred in six of the nine patients at some time during the study, with half of the occurrences on the control night (protocol D). Consistent individual plasma insulin and glucose patterns were observed independent of protocol used. In some patients, hypoglycemia was evident after reductions in insulin dose, and in others it was evident on the night increases in caloric intake were to occur; thus, none of the interventions were totally adequate in preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Carcinogenesis: influence of caloric intake restriction].

In experimental animals, restriction of caloric intake is associated to a decreased incidence in the number and size of both spontaneous and induced tumors. Epidemiologic evidence of a similar effect in humans is not conclusive. However, some dietary recommendations regarding calories, protein and fiber content may be made in order to help prevent cancer development in human subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of caloric intake on anticancer therapy in rats with valine-depleted amino acid imbalance.

Valine-depleted amino acid imbalance solution markedly inhibits tumor growth but causes fatty liver as a side effect. However, much remains unknown about the mechanism of the development of fatty liver. Valine-depleted amino acid imbalance solution containing various concentrations of calories was administered to tumor-bearing rats for four days by means of total parenteral nutritional methods to investigate the interaction of caloric intake and the development of fatty liver. Compared with the total parenteral nutrition control group the triglyceride content of the liver rose significantly in the group given valine-depleted amino acid imbalance solution with an increase in caloric intake. Plasma total protein and albumin significantly decreased. The very-low-density lipoprotein concentration in serum was also significantly lower than that in the control group. Valine-depleted amino acid imbalance caused hypoproteinemia, suggesting a fall in synthesis of apolipoproteins in the liver indispensable for lipid release. Along with the increase in the total caloric intake, triglyceride synthesis in the liver increased, resulting in augmentation of fatty content of the liver, probably because of the decreased lipid release.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Effects of tobacco smoking on caloric intake.

Reduced body weight due to smoking may be an important factor inhibiting smoking cessation and promoting relapse after cessation in some smokers. It is popularly believed that smoking decreases body weight by suppressing appetite. However, cross-sectional studies show that, despite their lower body weights, smokers do not eat less than non-smokers or ex-smokers and, in fact, tend to eat slightly more. Similarly, laboratory studies show no acute effects of smoking or nicotine intake via other means on caloric intake in smokers, although intake of non-smokers may be reduced after nicotine. In contrast, longitudinal studies show that eating consistently increases in the first weeks after stopping smoking, but may recede to pre-cessation levels with longer-term abstinence, while resumption of smoking after cessation is accompanied by a reduction in eating. A similar pattern of results is seen for self-reported hunger and some, but not all, constituents of diet. Thus, there appear to be no acute or chronic effects of smoking on eating in smokers maintaining regular smoking, but changes in eating are observed concomitant with changes in smoking status (i.e. cessation or relapse). Although tolerance to anorectic effects of nicotine is one potential explanation, these findings may be more parsimoniously explained by viewing changes in eating due to smoking as secondary to an alteration in the set point around which body weight is regulated. According to this notion, cessation is accompanied by increased eating only until a new, higher body weight set point is reached, while relapse (and perhaps initiation of smoking) decreases eating only until a lower set point is reached. Implications of these findings and a set point explanation for them are discussed.

Energy Intake↗

PubMed1982

Hypothalamic obesity in the weanling rat: dietary self-selection, actual macro-nutrient intake, caloric regulation and response to subsequent low palatability diet.

Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMNL rats); sham-operated rats served as controls. For 28 post-operative d all animals were fed three equicaloric [16.9 kJ/g (4.03 kcal)] diets with different amounts of macronutrients in each (HCD = high-carbohydrate diet, HFD = high-fat diet and HPD = high-protein diet). VMNL rats selected more than controls from HCD (P less than 0.05) and HFD (P less than 0.01) but similar amounts from the HPD. The total intake from all three diets was greater (P less than 0.001) than that of the controls, but in percent of total diet intakes, VMNL selected proportions comparable to the controls. In terms of macronutient intake, VMNL rats ingested more than controls from each (carbohydrate, P less than 0.001; fat, P less than 0.05; protein, P less than 0.01). Again, in percent of total macronutrient intake, they ingested proportions comparable to the controls. Lee Index (P less than 0.001) was greater and body weight gain/kJ (kcal) smaller (P less than 0.001) in VMNL rats than in controls. However, body weight gains were normal. For the following 14 d, one group of VMNL rats and one control group continued to self-select from the three diets while another VMNL and control group received lab chow [14.2 kJ/g (3.39 kcal)]. Analysis of variance showed a lesion effect for the Lee Index (P less than 0.001) and Lee Index gain /kJ(kcal) (P less than 0.01) but body weight gains and caloric intake were normal among the groups, ie the VMNL rats switched to chow decreased their caloric intake to control levels. On sacrifice, white and brown fat percent protein (P less than 0.001 for both), carcass lipid (P less than 0.001) and protein (P less than 0.01) and plasma insulin (P less than 0.001) showed lesion effects, but there were no differences among the groups in plasma glucose, glycerol, total protein and free-fatty acids. Availability of palatable diets immediately following VMN lesion placement in weanling rats will result in hyperphagia that after one month recedes to normophagia, whether the rats are fed palatable or less palatable diets. Availability of a less palatable diet (chow) following presentation of palatable diets will not result in diminished caloric intake, body weight, obesity and hyperinsulinemia.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

Blood alcohol level and caloric intake in the gravid rat as a function of diurnal period, trimester, and vehicle.

Blood ethanol levels, caloric intake and weight gain were monitored over the 21-day gestational period in the gravid Sprague-Dawley rat as a function of the administration of ethanol in either a liquid diet (Ensure) or an aqueous saccharin solution. The mean daily percentage of ethanol consumed (38% vs 31%), and g/Kg of ethanol consumed (11.9 vs 9.7 g/Kg) were higher for the liquid diet group than the aqueous solution group. Ethanol consumption varied by the trimester in the Ensure but not in the saccharin solution rats. Proportional maternal weight gain, live litter size, and live litter weight did not vary as a function of the method of ethanol administration. Both groups exhibited significant diurnal periodicity in ethanol consumption, and the greatest caloric intake during the second trimester. The implications of these results for ethanol administration in gravid rats is discussed.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1984

Cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen as influenced by dietary cholesterol, caloric intake, and genotype.

Three trials, each with 24 hens, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary cholesterol, caloric intake, and genotype on the synthesis, storage, and excretion of cholesterol in the laying hen. The two genotypes of birds used in this experiment had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P less than .01) in body weight gain and carcass lipid deposition from 0 to 4 weeks of age. The dietary treatment, administered for a 2-week period to birds in each genotype, consisted of two levels of dietary cholesterol (0 and 1% added) and two energy intakes (ad libitum and 75% ad libitum). The experimental design was a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial. One percent added cholesterol versus none supplemented produced a significant (P less than .01) decrease in available metabolizable energy and uptake of acetate into liver cholesterol while causing significant (P less than .01) increases in egg and liver cholesterol but not in plasma cholesterol. Restricting caloric intake, as compared to ad libitum feeding, resulted in significantly (P less than .01) decreased egg production and total amount of cholesterol excreted via the egg with significantly (P less than .05) increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels but no change in egg cholesterol concentration. Differences were significant (P less than .05) between the two genotypes in feed intake and hepatic cholesterol and lipid synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Prolonged bottle feeding in a cohort of children: does it affect caloric intake and dietary composition?

Little is known about the consequences to children of bottle feeding prolonged beyond age 1 year on caloric intake and overall dietary composition. To obtain these data, 165 children, followed up from infancy, were assessed in these respects for a 24-hour period at age 3 1/2 years. Bottle-fed children (n = 14) consumed more milk than their weaned counterparts (p < 0.001), had a higher mean daily calcium intake (p < 0.05), received fewer calories from carbohydrates (p = 0.034), and received a greater percentage of calories from protein (p = 0.033). There were no significant differences between the groups in total caloric intake, total iron intake, total volume ofjuice, or calories from fat. Pediatricians questioned about the effects of continuing to offer children nutritive liquids from bottles as well as cups (versus offering cups alone) may inform parents that this feeding practice is associated with significantly greater milk consumption and daily calcium intake. However, this study could not find evidence that prolonged bottle feeding at age 3 1/2 years is associated with a significantly decreased total daily iron intake or an increased risk for factors associated with adiposity such as a greater daily calorie intake, a higher body mass index, or greater percentage of total calories derived from fat.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Some obese subjects repeatedly fail to lose weight even though they report restricting their caloric intake to less than 1200 kcal per day. We studied two explanations for this apparent resistance to diet--low total energy expenditure and underreporting of caloric intake--in 224 consecutive obese subjects presenting for treatment. Group 1 consisted of nine women and one man with a history of diet resistance in whom we evaluated total energy expenditure and its main thermogenic components and actual energy intake for 14 days by indirect calorimetry and analysis of body composition. Group 2, subgroups of which served as controls in the various evaluations, consisted of 67 women and 13 men with no history of diet resistance. RESULTS: Total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in the subjects with diet resistance (group 1) were within 5 percent of the predicted values for body composition, and there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in the thermic effects of food and exercise. Low energy expenditure was thus excluded as a mechanism of self-reported diet resistance. In contrast, the subjects in group 1 underreported their actual food intake by an average (+/- SD) of 47 +/- 16 percent and overreported their physical activity by 51 +/- 75 percent. Although the subjects in group 1 had no distinct psychopathologic characteristics, they perceived a genetic cause for their obesity, used thyroid medication at a high frequency, and described their eating behavior as relatively normal (all P < 0.05 as compared with group 2). CONCLUSIONS: The failure of some obese subjects to lose weight while eating a diet they report as low in calories is due to an energy intake substantially higher than reported and an overestimation of physical activity, not to an abnormality in thermogenesis.

Calorimetry↗

PubMed1998

Hormesis--implications for risk assessment caloric intake (body weight) as an exemplar.

Hormesis can be considered as a parameter which has a non-monotonic relationship with some endpoint. Since caloric intake is such a parameter, and the impact of this parameter on risk assessment has been fairly well characterized, it can provide clues as to how to integrate the information from a hormetic parameter into risk assessments for toxicants. Based on the work with caloric intake, one could: (a) define a biomarker for hormetic effect; (b) integrate specific information on when in the animals lifespan the parameter is active to influence parameters such as survival; (c) evaluate component effects of the overall hormetic response; and (d) address the consequences of a non-monotonic relationship between the hormetic parameter and endpoints critical for risk assessment. These impacts on risk assessments have been characterized for chronic tests, but are also true for short-term tests. A priority is the characterization of the dose-response curves for hormetic parameters. This quantification will be critical in utilizing them in risk assessment. With this information, one could better quantitatively address the changes one expects to result from the hormetic parameter, and limit the uncertainty and variability which occurs in toxicity testing.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Influence of caloric intake on experimental carcinogenesis: a review.

The effect of caloric intake on tumor growth has been recognized for over 70 years. Inhibition of tumor growth depends primarily on the extent of caloric restriction, but tumor type, animal strain, and dietary composition all exert some influence. Caloric restriction is most effective when maintained during both initiation and promotion, but if limited to one of these phases, restriction during promotion appears to be the more effective modality. The types of tumor that have been studied include spontaneous mammary and lung tumors as well as tumors induced by organ-specific carcinogens or irradiation with ultraviolet light. Numerous investigators have studied the effects of fat, and a diet low in calories but high in fat is generally significantly more effective in inhibiting carcinogenesis than is a diet high in calories but low in fat. Mice fed high fat, low calorie diets exhibited 48% fewer chemically induced skin tumors and 61% fewer tumors induced by ultraviolet irradiation than did mice fed low fat, high calorie diets. Mice fed a diet containing 2% fat exhibited a 66% incidence of skin tumors, whereas mice fed an isocaloric diet containing 61% fat showed a 78% incidence. Rats whose diet was restricted in calories by 40% exhibited no mammary tumors (coconut oil as primary dietary fat) or 75% fewer tumors (corn oil as dietary fat) compared to ad libitum-fed controls; they also exhibited 47% fewer colonic tumors. The mechanism by which caloric restriction exerts its tumor-inhibiting effects remains to be elucidated.

Animals↗