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PubMed1976

Mitral valve replacement: a 10-year follow-up of non-cloth-covered vs. cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses.

The timing of operation and the selection of prosthesis depend upon the evaluation of long-term results at 5 years and beyond. From 1965 to 1975, 290 patients had isolated mitral valve replacement with currently used prostheses, resulting in a 6.6% operative mortality and 64% relative survival at 10 years. In considering mortality, the results obtained with both series of valves were combined and a search made for significant differences in preoperative variables between the operative deaths and operative survivors. The significant variables for operative mortality were valve model, preoperative functional class, pump time, and the presence or absence of right ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography. There were significant differences in long-term survival only with regard to preoperative functional class, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pump time. Exponential curves were fitted to the event-free rates, and long-term results were then extrapolated. The 10-year projection of the percentage of patients alive and free of embolus (disregarding transient ischemic attacks) for the Model 6310-6320 (50%) was similar to that actually observed for the Model 6120 (46%). Although further experience may show one prosthesis more effective than the other, statistical extrapolations suggest continued comparable performance.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Sweat responses to pesticide-proof clothing influenced by textile materials.

Themoregulatory responses were compared at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C and a relative humidity of 50% between two kinds of protective clothing for pesticide spraying. One was made of nylon with wet coating polyurethane (A) and another was made of cotton with water repellent finish (B). The clothing ensemble was composed of a short-sleeved cotton shirt, long cotton underpants, cotton socks, shoes and the protective clothing. Five young female adults served as subjects. They took a rest with protective clothing ensemble for 15 min and then walked on a motor-driven treadmill (80m/min, 5% uphill grade) for 40 min, followed by 20-min rest. The increase of forearm sweat rate was higher in clothing A than in clothing B in 4 out of 5 subjects, although the average values were not significantly different. The total sweat rate of the whole body was also significantly larger in clothing A. Mean skin temperature and local skin temperatures in the arm, the chest and the thigh were significantly higher in clothing A than in clothing B. Clothing microclimate humidity was significantly higher in clothing A, while clothing microclimate temperature tended to be higher in clothing A. Individual observations about thermal, humidity and comfort sensation disclosed that the sensation was improved as a whole in clothing B. Local sweat rate was linearly related to mean body temperature and the regression line for clothing A was located above that for clothing B in 4 out of 5 subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Thermophysiological significance and the role of local clothing in ambient 10 degrees C environments.

In order to understand the role of clothing covering and uncovering the hands, feet, legs, thighs, buttocks and hypogastric region for human thermoregulation at an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C, two series of experiments were conducted on six healthy male subjects wearing three different kinds of clothing in Expt. 1 and four different kinds of clothing in Expt. 2. The three kinds of clothing used in Expt. 1 were, clothing A covering the whole body surface area except the head, clothing B covering the whole body surface area except the head and feet, and clothing C covering the whole body surface area except the head, hands and feet. The four kinds of clothing used in Expt. 2 were clothing C used in Expt. 1, clothing D covering the whole body surface area except the head, hands, feet and legs, clothing E covering the whole body surface area except the head, hands, feet, legs and thighs, and clothing F covering the whole body surface area except the head, hands, feet, legs, thighs, buttocks and hypogastric regions. The starting time of the experiment, the subject measurement variables and the garments used were all kept constant throughout the experiment. The subjects were instructed to enter a chamber at room-temperature and various sensors were attached. The subjects were then instructed to relax until a quasisteady temperature state was reached. The subjects were then moved into a chamber at 10 +/- 0.2 degrees C, 50 +/- 5% RH. for two hours. The main results can be summarized as follows: 1) The level of rectal temperatures of subjects wearing clothing C were maintained significantly better than the temperatures of subjects wearing clothing A and B who experienced a significant drop in temperature in the 10 degrees C chamber in Experiment 1. 2) In Experiment 2, the rectal temperatures of subjects wearing clothing E were maintained significantly better than subjects wearing clothing C, D, and F, who also experienced significant drops in temperature in the 10 degrees C chamber. These different behavior patterns of rectal temperatures were discussed in terms of the counter-current heat exchange system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effects of fabric air permeability and moisture absorption on clothing microclimate and subjective sensation in sedentary women at cyclic changes of ambient temperatures from 27 degrees C to 33 degrees C.

The present paper aimed at learning the effects of two different levels of air permeability and moisture absorption on clothing microclimate and subjective sensation in sedentary women. Three kinds of clothing ensemble were investigated: 1) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and low air permeability (A clothing); 2) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and high air permeability (B clothing); and 3) cotton clothing with high moisture absorption and high air permeability (C clothing). After 20 min of dressing time, the room temperature and humidity began to rise from 27 degrees C and 50% rh to 33 degrees C and 70% rh over 20 min, and it was maintained for 30 min (Section I); it then began to fall to 27 degrees C and 50% rh over 20 min, and it was maintained there for 20 min (Section II). The subject sat quietly on a chair for 110 min. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) The clothing surface temperature was significantly higher in C clothing than in B clothing during section I, but it was significantly higher in B clothing than in C clothing during section II. 2) Although the positive relationship between the microclimate humidity and forearm sweat rate was significantly confirmed in all three kinds of clothing, the microclimate humidity at the chest for the same sweat rate was lower in C clothing than in A and B clothing. These results were discussed in terms of thermal physiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Clothing evaporative heat resistance--proposal for improved representation in standards and models.

Clothing heat and vapour resistance are important inputs for standards and models dealing with thermal comfort, heat- and cold-stress. A vast database of static clothing heat resistance values is available, and this was recently expanded with correction equations to account for effects of movement and wind on the static value of heat resistance in order to obtain the dynamic heat resistance of clothing ensembles. For clothing vapour resistance, few data were available so far. Indices for vapour permeability (im) and reduction factors for vapour transfer (Fpcl) of clothing were used instead, using a relation between heat and vapour resistance to derive the clothing vapour resistance from the value for clothing heat resistance. This paper reviews the two commonly used approaches (im and Fpcl), as well as five alternative approaches to the problem. The different approaches were evaluated for their accuracy and their usability. The present paper shows that the currently used relations are not adequate when the wearer of the clothing starts moving, or is exposed to wind. Alternative approaches are shown to improve the determination of dynamic clothing vapour resistance, though some are thought to be too complex. An empirical description of the relation between the clothing permeability index (im) and the changes in clothing heat resistance due to wind and movement was selected as the most promising method for deriving clothing vapour resistance. For this method the user needs to know the static heat resistance, the static im value of the clothing and the wind- and movement-speed of the wearer. This method results in a predicted maximal decrease in clothing vapour resistance by 78%, when clothing heat resistance is reduced by 50%, which is consistent with theoretical expectations and available data.

Bias↗
PubMed2000

Exposure to mite and cat allergens on a range of clothing items at home and the transfer of cat allergen in the workplace.

BACKGROUND: Clothing has been proposed as an additional source of exposure to mite and cat allergens. Dispersal of allergen into public places has also been attributed to clothing. OBJECTIVES: We sought to study the contribution of various types of clothing on mite and cat exposure in a domestic environment. Also, we studied the ability of clothing to transfer allergen in a workplace. METHODS: Personal exposure to mite and cat allergen from a range of clothing was measured by using intranasal air samplers in 11 homes. Five categories of clothing were tested. Wearing no upper clothing was the sixth category tested to distinguish the contribution of clothing over ambient background exposure. An adhesive tape was used to sample allergen from the surface of clothing, and reservoir dust samples were also collected. The above techniques were also used in the workplace to examine the amount of cat allergen transferred from cat owners to non-cat owners. RESULTS: The amount of mite and cat allergen inhaled differed among the clothing types worn and whether they had been washed recently. Wearing a woolen sweater increased personal allergen exposure to cat and mite allergen by a mean of 11 and 10 times, respectively. Clothing items that were less frequently washed carried more allergen whether assessed by vacuuming or sampled with adhesive tape. This corresponded to the amount of allergen inhaled. We also found that cat levels on non-cat owners' clothing increased significantly at the end of a working day, which lead to the increase in their personal allergen exposure to cat. CONCLUSIONS: These studies strongly support the emerging model that personal clothing is an important source of both mite and cat allergen exposure. This article also demonstrates the importance of clothing as a means of distributing cat allergen into cat-free environments.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Effects of endurance training and heat acclimation on psychological strain in exercising men wearing protective clothing.

Two experiments examined the influences of endurance training and heat acclimation on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal discomfort (RTD) during exercise in the heat while wearing two types of clothing. In experiment 1, young men underwent 8 weeks of physical training [60-80% of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) for 30-45 min day-1, 3-4 days week-1 at 20-22 degrees C dry bulb (db) temperature] followed by 6 days of heat acclimation [45-55% VO2max for 60 min day-1 at 40 degrees C db, 30% relative humidity (rh)] (n = 7) or corresponding periods of control observation followed by heat acclimation (n = 9). In experiment 2, young men were heat-acclimated for 6 or 12 days (n = 8 each). Before and after each treatment, subjects completed bouts of treadmill exercise (1.34 m s-1, 2% grade in experiment 1 and 0% grade in experiment 2) in a climatic chamber (40 degrees C db, 30% rh), wearing in turn normal light clothing (continuous exercise at 37-45% VO2max for a tolerated exposure of 116-120 min in experiment 1 and at 31-34% VO2max for 146-150 min in experiment 2) or clothing protective against nuclear, biological, and chemical agents (continuous exercise at 42-51% VO2max for a tolerated exposure of 47-52 min in experiment 1 and intermittent exercise at 23% VO2max for 97-120 min in experiment 2). In experiment 1, when wearing normal clothing, endurance training and/or heat acclimation significantly decreased RPE and/or RTD at a fixed power output. There were concomitant reductions in relative work intensity (% VO2max) [an unchanged oxygen consumption (VO2) but an increased VO2max, or a reduced VO2 with no change of VO2max], rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and/or heart rate (HR). When wearing protective clothing, in contrast, there were no significant changes in RPE or RTD. Although training and/or acclimation reduced %VO2max or Tre, any added sweat that was secreted did not evaporate through the protective clothing, thus increasing discomfort after training or acclimation. Tolerance times were unchanged in either normal or protective clothing. In experiment 2, when wearing normal clothing, heat acclimation significantly decreased RPE and RTD at a fixed power output, with concomitant reductions in Tre, Tsk, and HR; the response was greater after 12 than after 6 days of acclimation, significantly so for RPE and HR. When wearing protective clothing, the subjects exercised at a lower intensity for a longer duration than in the moderate exercise trial. Given this tactic, either 6 or 12 days of heat acclimation induces significant reductions RPE and/or RTD, accompanied by reductions in Tre, Tsk, and/or HR. Tolerance times in protective clothing were also increased by 11-15% after acclimation, despite some increase of sweat accumulation in the protective clothing. The results suggest that (1) neither endurance training nor heat acclimation reduce psychological strain when protective clothing is worn during vigorous exercise, because increased sweat accumulation adds to discomfort, and (2) in contrast to the experience during more vigorous exercise, heat acclimation is beneficial to the subject wearing protective clothing if the intensity of effort is kept to a level that allows permeation of sweat through the clothing. This condition is likely to be met in most modern industrial applications.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2001

Effects of physical training and mental practice of in-clothes swimming: assessment by physiological parameters.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether a short-term physical or mental training reduces the physiological load and perceived exertion of the in-clothes swimming. METHODS: The study included 24 male inter-collegiate competitive swimmers with no previous experience of the in-clothes swimming. Prior to the training, the subjects performed 200-meter swimming with two styles of swimming, namely the crawl and elementary backstroke, and the degree of perceived exertion in the Borg scale, heart rate, and blood lactic acid level were determined. Following this baseline determination, the subjects were divided into 4 groups with 6 individuals each. These four groups were Group A "in-clothes training", Group B "image training", Group C "swimsuit training", and Group N "no training". Group A and C were lectured on the in-clothes swimming and practiced 7.5 min-long in-clothes swimming per day for a week with the two swimming styles, with Group A subjects wearing daily clothes and Group C subjects in swimsuits. Group B received 15 min of nonphysical mental practice primarily through viewing video recording of swimming performance everyday for a week. No training was given to Group N. At the completion of the training session, the subjects underwent the 2nd 200-meter swimming, and the physiological parameters were determined. RESULTS: The 1st in-clothes swimming load test showed that the elementary backstroke swimming resulted in significantly lower values of heart rate, blood lactic acid level, and perceived exertion than the crawl. For Group N, no difference was observed in the physiological parameters between the 1st and 2nd load test with either the elementary backstroke or crawl. Upon the 2nd in-clothes load test with the elementary backstroke, all three parameters were lower for Group A, B, and C than those seen for the 1st load test, and these differences were statistically significant, except for blood lactic acid in Group A. The 2nd in-clothes load test with the crawl showed that both heart rate and blood lactic acid were lower than those of the 1st load test for all three groups, with the differences in heart rate and blood lactic acid in Group A and that in blood lactic acid in Group B reaching the statistic significance. With respect to perceived exertion, the Borg score determined after the in-clothes load test with the crawl was significantly reduced for Group A, B, and C. The score after the in-clothes load test with the elementary backstroke was significantly reduced only for Group A. CONCLUSION: The elementary backstroke, when practiced in-clothes, imposes a relatively less physiological load. The present training methods can reduce physiological load and/or perceived exertion of the in-clothes swimming. Thus, both image training and swimsuit swimming are equally effective as a training method of the in-clothes swimming.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pesticide personal protective clothing.

A fairly large established data base provides information on clothing worn by U.S. and Canadian farmers to work with pesticides, their attitudes and beliefs about pesticide risk, and clothing as a dermal barrier. Very limited similar data are available for farmers in less developed countries. Clearly, farmers perceive the benefits of pesticides to far exceed any risks. While few report poisoning symptoms, most believe that their usual work clothing offers a sufficient pesticide barrier, and few wear special-purpose protective clothing. Gloves of various materials, including cotton and leather, appear to be the major protective clothing item. Although farmers feel that their usual work clothing provides excellent protection, fabric penetration research does not support this. Shirting-weight fabrics offer some limited protection against light spray of field-strenght pesticides. Heavier-weight fabrics, such as denim and twill, are better barriers. With a heavier spray or a spill, usual work clothing does not give sufficient protection. Greater protection can usually be achieved with the use of a fluorocarbon finished fabric, such as Scotchgard or Zepel. Scotchgard can readily be applied at home. A durable-press finish does not appear to improve fabric's pesticide-barrier resistance and some data suggest that it may decrease barrier properties. A second alternative for increased protection is the use of a special-purpose fabric, such as a coated nonwoven or possibly Gore-Tex. Numerous other new "waterproof breathable" fabrics have recently come to the market. Many of these are finished or coated fabrics and one would expect them to be at least somewhat resistant to pesticides. However, they have not been tested. Wearing an additional layer also appears to be another clothing strategy to minimize exposure. Fabric penetration research also shows that pesticide formulation, volume or spray regime, concentration, and active ingredients influence the barrier properties of fabrics. Clothing evaluation studies have shown that protective clothing and coveralls of various materials and designs were effective in reducing exposure. Results of some of these studies suggested that the farmer's typical work clothing was more effective than fabric penetration results suggested. This apparent conflict is not surprising, given the methods used in both types of research. The field studies use pads placed in various areas under the clothing. This method assumes that exposure is uniform over entire body regions. But fluorescent tracer research has shown that this is not a valid assumption (DeJonge et al. 1985; Fenske 1988). Also, the way in which the pads are attached may make a difference, although no research has examined this issue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗