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PubMed2004

Contribution of in vivo and ex vivo studies to understanding the role of antigen-presenting cells and T cell subsets in immunity to cattle diseases.

In vivo and ex vivo studies of the immune system in relation to infectious disease that are carried out in the natural target species provide data that are relevant to understanding the biology of the immune cells and immunity to infection. This is particularly the case for diseases that show host specificity. Ex vivo studies that exploit the surgical cannulation of lymphatic ducts have allowed access to natural dendritic cells. Investigations of these cells have revealed the presence of subpopulations that differ in their ability to stimulate T cells and differ in the range of cytokines synthesized. These differences would be forecast to have major effects on the bias and type of immune response that are induced. Studies in vivo of the effect of depleting T-cell populations with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown how different T-cell populations have differing critical roles for different infectious diseases, and how they may contribute to the immune response and pathology after infection. Here the case is made for how studies in cattle have aided our understanding of immunity to several infections that can be exploited for the rational design of effective vaccination and control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A survey of goat and cattle diseases in the Artibonite Valley, Haiti, West Indies.

A 40 week study of 43 farmers, 60 goats and 60 cattle was conducted in order to identify abnormal conditions or diseases and predisposing seasonal, managemental or nutritional factors. Farms were visited, farmers interviewed and animals examined up to 4 times, about every 10 weeks, and bled for Ht, total WBC, selected serum vitamins and minerals, hair collected for mineral analysis. Soil and forages were collected for analysis. Animals were generally in fair condition, with poor growth and reproduction. Unexpected wet season caloric deficiency, severe P deficiency and lesser vit. A and E deficiencies were noted. Anaemia, secondary to parasitism, was common to both species, worse in goats. Cattle had ticks, while goats had lice. Goats had reported neonatal diarrhea and mortality; observed exfoliative dermatitis, warts, dermatophytosis and possible contagious ecthyma. Cattle had reported anthrax and babesiosis; observed vesicular vaginitis, orchitis and teat warts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Herbal usage and informant consensus in ethnoveterinary management of cattle diseases among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya).

For most smallholder farmers in Kenya conventional veterinary drugs have become very expensive and therefore unaffordable, causing them to seek low cost alternatives that are rarely documented in most ethnobiological studies. This study surveyed the utilisation of traditional herbal preparations in managing cattle ailments in Central Kenya with the aim of providing a comprehensive ethnobotanical profile and the most important plant species that may warrant scientific validation for efficacy and commercial utilisation. Using semi-structured questionnaires and detailed discussions with smallholder farmers, a total of 40 plant species in 26 families were found to be useful in traditional management of various cattle ailments in this region. Two plant families were particularly frequent in usage: Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, while the most utilised plant species were found to be Synadenium compactum N.E.Br. (Euphorbiaceae), Solanecio manii (Hook.f.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae) and Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin and Barneby (Caesalpinaceae). Informant consensus was particularly high in managing anaplasmosis, East coast fever and ectoparasites. Such plant species become key target in efficacy tests and for development of commercial veterinary botanicals. The usage of some of the species is unfortunately unsustainable as some of the species are rare or endangered hence the need for conservation strategies to be undertaken.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2005

Highly bovine spongiform encephalopathy-sensitive transgenic mice confirm the essential restriction of infectivity to the nervous system in clinically diseased cattle.

Transgenic mice expressing bovine prion protein (PrP)(C) (Tgbov XV mice) display remarkably shorter incubation times for cattle-derived bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity than do nontransgenic mice. To verify that this phenomenon reflects increased sensitivity, we challenged Tgbov XV mice and conventional RIII mice with a BSE brain-stem homogenate of known infectivity titer in cattle. An end-point titration experiment in Tgbov XV mice revealed their superior sensitivity, which exceeded that of RIII mice by at least 10,000-fold and even that of cattle by approximately10-fold. Moreover, Tgbov XV mice were challenged with various tissues from cattle with end-stage clinical BSE, and infectivity was found only in the central and peripheral nervous system and not in lymphatic tissues; the only exception was the Peyer's patches of the distal ileum, which most likely are the site of entry for BSE infectivity. These results provide further indication that the pathogenesis of BSE in cattle is fundamentally different from that in sheep and mice, due to an exclusive intraneuronal spread of infectivity from the gut to the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sero-prevalences of selected cattle diseases in the Kafue flats of Zambia.

Sera from five traditionally managed herds grazing in the Kafue flats were tested for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), parainfluenza 3 (PI3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV), bovine adenovirus 3 (BAV3) and Bluetongue (BT). The sero-prevalences of the first four diseases were respectively 76.2, 94.4, 42.1 and 87.4%. Five samples (2.3%) gave doubtful reactions for BT. Prevalences of 28.5% for brucellosis, 14% for Rift Valley fever (RFV), 0.9% for Q fever and 11.2% for chlamydiosis were also recorded. Significantly higher values for BVD-MD (p less than 0.005), IBR-IPV (p less than 0.01) and brucellosis (p less than 0.05) were found in animals over 1 year of age. No differences were recorded between herds or between male and female animals. The high concentration of wild and domestic ruminants grazing together in the flood plains during the dry season may be a major determinant of the high values observed. Traditional farmers, slaughterhouse workers and other people involved in livestock production are particularly at risk of contracting brucellosis and RVF because of the high prevalences in cattle and local habits favourable to their transmission.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1991

Treatment of cardiovascular disease in cattle.

Cardiac diseases of cattle may involve valvular structures, myocardium, pericardium, or blood vessels and are manifested by the clinical signs of cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac murmurs, generalized edema, muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention, jugular venous pulsations, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, or ascites. Digoxin, quinidine, and furosemide can be used effectively to control signs of CHF and cardiac arrhythmias. Combination antimicrobial therapy can be successful for cows with infective endocarditis and thrombophlebitis. Pericardial fluid drainage may temporarily improve cattle with traumatic pericarditis or lymphosarcoma so that short-term goals may be reached.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The role of the defective interfering particle DI9c in mucosal disease in cattle.

Mucosal disease occurs in cattle persistently infected with a noncytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDVnc) following in utero infection. The disease can be initiated by superinfection with a cytopathogenic biotype (BVDVc) of the virus with antigenic "homology" to the persisting virus. A BVDVc isolated from a clinical case of mucosal disease has been discovered to consist of a defective interfering particle, DI9, and an associated BVDVnc helper virus. A defective virus corresponding to DI9 was recently recovered from an infectious cDNA clone and was named DI9c. To evaluate the role of DI9 in the pathogenesis of mucosal disease a two-part experimental study was carried out which included clinical, haematological, pathological and virological investigations. Eight of nine calves persistently infected with BVDVnc were experimentally inoculated with DI9c. The defective virus was propagated in cells preinfected with the same strain of virus used to persistently infect the calves in utero. The calves were euthanased on days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 40, 40 or 87 post inoculation. None of the inoculated animals developed classical mucosal disease, neither clinically nor pathologically. DI9c was not found in serum, nasal swab or tissue samples from the calves by observing cytopathogenic effect and/or using a polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription (RT-PCR) of viral RNA. DI9c did not replicate to a detectable extent in these assays, and its participation in the pathogenesis of mucosal disease could not be proven.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Vaccines for respiratory disease in cattle.

Respiratory disease is one of the most serious disease complexes affecting beef cattle production. For example, it is claimed to cost the UK industry about 70 million pounds per year. It is usually associated with young cattle and can occur in a variety of situations. It is a good example of multifactorial disease in that its aetiology involves both infection by a variety of microorganisms and a number of environmental factors. Several distinct syndromes occur and a number of microorganisms are thought to be important including the bacteria Pasteurella haemolytica type A1, P. multocida, Haemophilus somnus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Mycoplasma bovis and M. dispar. Of the viruses, bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are known to be important, the former also causing the specific syndrome, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in addition to its involvement in the pneumonia complex. Other viruses of possible importance include para-influenza 3 (Pi3), adenoviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus, coronavirus and rhinovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Live and killed virus vaccines: their use against the respiratory diseases of cattle.

The respiratory diseases of cattle are due to a combination of different factors among which figures a viral infection. The antiviral vaccination, perfectly possible owing to associated killed vaccines and live virus, is thus a very important element which must enter into every general plan of prophylaxis. Moreover, these plans will concern bacterial infections, conditions of rearing, etc. We have demonstrated that it is possible to produce good immunity in calves and sheep using a trivalent killed vaccine (parainfluenza 3, adenovirus 3 and reovirus 1). Possible interference with antibodies of maternal origin makes the multiplication of vaccine injections desirable.

Adenoviridae↗