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PubMed1960

The sex chromatin and heterochromatic bodies in human diploid and polyploid nuclei.

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of Feulgen-stained interphase nuclei from human amnion epithelium and liver parenchyma as well as the DNA content of their sex chromatin or heterochromatic bodies was determined histophotometrically. In female nuclei the ratio between the nuclear DNA content and that of their sex chromatin or heterochromatic bodies remains constant irrespective of the polyploid state of the nucleus. Thus, in polyploid nuclei the heterochromatic bodies double their DNA content with each duplication of the diploid nuclear DNA content. Therefore, it is assumed that the large or multiple heterochromatic bodies of female polyploid nuclei are conjugated or multiple sex chromatin bodies. Some male diploid nuclei show a distinct heterochromatic body whose DNA content is about one-half that of a sex chromatin. About one-half of the polyploid male nuclei have heterochromatic bodies whose DNA content is approximately one-half of those of female nuclei of the corresponding polyploid class. This would indicate that in male diploid nuclei the single X chromosome sometimes leaves a heterochromatic rest one-half the size of a sex chromatin and in polyploid male nuclei the two or more X's may leave larger heterochromatic bodies. However, many male nuclei, even when polyploid, do not have distinct heterochromatic bodies. Possibly the heterochromatic portions of the X's have failed to join and form a sex chromatin-like body; or the Y inhibits the X from leaving a heterochromatic rest. The proposal of other authors that the sex chromatin is derived from but one of the X chromosomes of the female nucleus, the X in the male leaving no heterochromatic rest, is also considered. The DNA content does not vary significantly between nuclei with and without sex chromatin or heterochromatic bodies. It remains clear that female nuclei with abnormally large or multiple sex chromatin bodies and male nuclei with large distinct heterochromatic bodies are always polyploid.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed2002

Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion Allium cepa L: an ultrastructural study.

This study of the effect of cadmium on nucleolar ultrastructure was carried out with meristematic cell populations of Allium cepa L. Meristems, grown at 25 degrees C, were treated with 10 ppm cadmium chloride. Conventional and silver staining techniques were carried out, and the ultrastructure was analyzed using electron microscopy. Observation showed alterations in the nucleoli of the cells that had been treated with cadmium and this effect varied according to the time of exposure to the metal. After 4h of treatment, nucleolar segregation was observed in interphase, probably because of the effect of cadmium on the synthesis of ribosomal RNA precursors. A decrease in the fibrillar to granular component ratio also occurred in the cells exposed to Cd2+ for 8 h. Some changes were observed in the G1 cells; their chromatin still remained very condensed, and prenucleolus bodies remained scattered within the nucleus. At the same time, there was a large amount of interchromatin granules. These changes produced by cadmium resembled those produced during inhibition of RNA synthesis. The fibrillar bodies, another morphologic feature, resulting from a blocked transcription, were also evidenced. All these observations suggest that one of the ways that cadmium exercises its toxicity is by altering the biosynthesis of the preribosomal RNA precursor.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1986

Retrograde cell changes in medial septum and diagonal band following fimbria-fornix transection: quantitative temporal analysis.

Complete unilateral fimbria-fornix transections, including the overlying cingulate cortex, were administered to female rats. At time points from 1 day to 6 weeks, the septal-diagonal band region was examined using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, Cresyl Violet cell staining, and choline acetyltransferase biochemistry. As early as 1 day following the transection a decrease in acetylcholinesterase positive cell body staining was observed in the medial septum; however, no loss of Nissl-stained neurons was measured in Cresyl Violet stained sections until 1 week after the lesion. Maximal loss of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells, as visualized after irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition, was measured at 1 week, and no further change was observed at time points up to 6 weeks after operation. The loss of acetyltransferase-positive cells was greatest in the medial septal area (-65%) and the vertical limb of the diagonal band (-55%). Little cell loss was measured in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. This is consistent with the known projections of these cell bodies. Remaining acetylcholinesterase-positive cell bodies in the medial septum had shrunk by about 20% (measured as the diameter along the major axis). A marked neuronal cell loss (about 50%) was demonstrable in the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band in the Cresyl Violet-stained sections, too. A pile-up of acetylcholinesterase-stained material was observed in the dorsal-lateral quadrant of the septal area just proximal to the lesion at 1 day following transection. This pile-up occurred in the medial septum and diagonal band area up to 1 week following the transection, and had nearly disappeared by 2 weeks post-transection. Choline acetyltransferase biochemical activity, measured in samples of whole septum, decreased significantly at 1 day but subsequently returned to control levels. By 2 weeks following transection, an increase in acetylcholinesterase-positive stained fibers was observed in the dorsal-lateral quadrant of the septum, ipsilateral to the lesion relative to the contralateral septum. This response, which was interpreted as sprouting from the lesioned axons proximal to the transection, probably accounted for the rise in choline acetyltransferase biochemical activity in the whole septum following the reduction on the first day.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1987

Identity and tissue localization of free and conjugated ecdysteroids in adults of Dirofilaria immitis and Ascaris suum.

Adult males and females of the dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, and of the swine parasite, Ascaris suum, were extracted, the free and polar conjugated ecdysteroid fractions separated and the latter hydrolysed enzymically. The ecdysteroids released by hydrolysis of the conjugates and the free hormones were analysed by radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase and adsorption columns monitoring fractions by radioimmunoassay, and by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). In both species, males and females contained free and polar conjugated ecdysteroids, with evidence for the presence primarily of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone together with smaller amounts of 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone. Males and females of both species were then dissected into body fluid, reproductive system, gut and remaining body wall compartments, the ecdysteroids extracted, fractionated and analysed by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography monitoring fractions by radioimmunoassay. The results for both sexes in the two species were similar and indicated that ecdysteroids were not detectable in body fluids and that free ecdysteroids occurred in the reproductive system and the body wall, whereas polar conjugated ecdysteroids were detected in the reproductive system and the gut; a minor portion of the free ecdysteroids in A. suum was also apparently present in the gut. Further localization of the ecdysteroids in the body wall of A. suum females suggested that negligible immunoreactivity was associated with the circumpharyngeal nerve ring. The possible significance of the results is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used as an inexpensive and noninvasive method to provide estimates of body compartments such as total body water, lean body mass and fat mass. The present study was performed to test the reliability of this method during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in eight young health men. METHODS: Hyperosmolal isohydration was achieved by overnight infusions of hypertonic saline solutions (2 and 5% NaCl) and thirsting, and hypoosmolal hyperhydration by drinking of free water and overnight application of desmopressin. The control study (isoosmolality) consisted of oral water ad libitum. RESULTS: When plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations increased (from 285 +/- 1 to 296 +/- 1 mmol/kg (P<0.001) and from 141.9 +/- 0.7 to 148.3 +/- 0.6 mmol/l (P<0.0001)) and total body water remained unchanged, body impedance decreased and calculated total body water increased from 42.7 +/- 2.7 to 45.6 +/- 2.3 liters (P<0.03). In contrast, during hypoosmolal hyperhydration total body water increased by 1.56 +/- 0.17 kg and plasma osmolality decreased from 285 +/- 1 to 272 +/- 1 mmol/kg (P<0.001) and plasma sodium concentrations from 142 +/- 0.5 to 134.8 +/- 0.4 mmol/l (P<0.0001). In spite of these changes of body water, impedance measurements and calculated total body water remained unchanged. During conditions of isoosmolal isohydration (as demonstrated by unchanged plasma sodium concentrations and osmolality) the measurements by BIA also remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of total body water using BIA under conditions of unknown hydration status (hyper-, hypo- or isohydration) and unknown osmolality (hyper-, hypo- or isoosmolality) may not be reliable. Therefore bioelectrical impedance analysis is not a suitable bedside method to assess changes of body compartments under unstable hydration status.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Quantitative evaluation of the loss of human platelet dense bodies following stimulation by thrombin or A23187.

1. Distributions of dense bodies per platelet were evaluated in unstimulated human platelets and in platelets stimulated to secrete by the addition of varying amounts of thrombin or the ionophore A23187. Since distributions were not Gaussian, they were compared by non-parametric methods. 2. Most distribution obtained following varying levels of dense-body release differed significantly from the control (unstimulated) distribution. In general, distribution from points widely separated in terms of per cent release of total dense-body content also differed significantly. Distributions obtained at points where the total number of dense bodies lost was approximately the same did not differ significantly, regardless of the drug and incubation conditions used to produce the dense-body loss. 3. Dense bodies were lose from platelets during the secretory process (measured as the release of either calcium or ATP), and the number of dense bodies lost correlated at a significant level with the amounts of both substances secreted. 4. Following maximal secretion produced by either thrombin or A23187, a population of dense bodies (refractory dense bodies) remained in platelets. The refractory dense bodies could not have been distributed uniformly among the control populations of either platelets or dense bodies. The distribution of refractory dense bodies could, however, be described by a model in which platelets containing large numbers of dense bodies had a greater proportion of their dense-body complement refractory than did platelets containing fewer dense bodies.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1999

Mapping membrane potential transients in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) optic lobe neuropils with voltage-sensitive dyes.

Voltage-sensitive dyes NK 2761 and RH 155 were employed (in conjunction with a 12 x 12 photodiode array) to study membrane potential transients in optic lobe neuropils in the eye stalk of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. By this means we investigated a pathway linking deutocerebral projection neurons, via hemiellipsoid body local interneurons, to an unidentified target (most likely neurons processing visual information) in the medulla terminalis. Rapid (10- to 20-ms duration), transient changes in absorption with the characteristics of action potentials were recorded from the optic nerve and the region occupied by deutocerebral projection neurons after stimulation of the olfactory globular tract in the optic nerve and were blocked by 1 microM tetrodotoxin. Action potentials appeared to propagate to the glomerular layer of the hemiellipsoid body where synaptic responses were recorded from a restricted region of the hemiellipsoid body occupied by dendrites of hemiellipsoid body neurons. Action potentials were also recorded from processes of hemiellipsoid body neurons located in the medulla terminalis. Synaptic responses in the hemiellipsoid body and medulla terminalis were eliminated by addition to the saline of 500 microM Cd2+ or 20 mM Co2+, whereas the action potential attributed to branches of deutocerebral projection neurons in the hemiellipsoid body remained unaffected. Action potentials of hemiellipsoid body neurons in the medulla terminalis evoked postsynaptic potentials (50- to 200-ms duration) with an unidentified target in the medulla terminalis. Transient absorption signals were not detected in either the internal or external medulla nor were they recorded from other parts of the optic lobes in response to electrical stimulation of axons of the deutocerebral projection neurons. Functional maps of optical activity, together with electrophysiological and pharmacological findings, suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acid affects synaptic transmission in glomeruli of the hemiellipsoid body. Synapses of the olfactory pathway located in the medulla terminalis may act as a "filter," modifying visual information processing during olfactory stimulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Confession and signification: the systematic inscription of body consciousness.

Formulas designed to reduce the overweight body flourish in American culture, yet 98% of all weight loss efforts end in failure. Numerous experts note that women, more frequently than men, are overweight and have greater difficulty adhering to reducing diets. I analyze the discourse of weight loss by taking up Foucault's concepts of confession and surveillance. Specifically, I argue that reducing techniques weave the language of science, deviance, and theology to fuel the perpetuation of a wholly transparent female subject. The weight conscious woman is divided within herself (mind versus body), and must, ironically, become and remain body conscious to alleviate body consciousness. Foucault's work, by describing the means by which bodies are inscribed in discursive practice, provides the diagnostic tools needed to assess the relation of dogma (reducing discourse) and individual (female body in need of alteration).

Body Image↗

PubMed2005

A new and safe technique for removing cervical esophageal foreign body.

Despite the recent advances in instrumentation and anesthesia, removal of esophageal foreign bodies remains a challenge. Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies has yielded a success rate of 80%. Surgical removal of these foreign bodies is necessary when the endoscopic manipulations fail. Localization and size of the bodies play a critical role in the method of treatment. Here we present a patient with a large stone with sharp edges located in the cervico-thoracic region which was removed after being pushed into the hypopharynx through the esophagus rather than being pushed into the stomach. The technique used proved to be effective and safe; this may be the first use of the procedure in the literature.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1984

Taurine in hearts and bodies of embryonic through early postpartum CF1 mice.

The hearts and remaining bodies of embryonic and fetal mice of known gestational age and of neonatal mice up to the age of 8.5 days were freeze-dried, weighed, and analyzed for the amino acid, taurine, by high performance liquid chromatography. Although cardiac taurine is only a small fraction of the taurine in the rest of the body in all animals studied, the concentration of taurine in the heart is similar to that in the rest of the body (40-45 nmole/mg freeze-dried wt) in embryos through Day 14.5 of gestation. Cardiac taurine concentration then begins to exceed that of the remainder of the body which gradually declines throughout the period studied. A doubling of cardiac taurine concentration is seen at birth (Day 19.5) when the cardiac to body taurine ratio rises markedly and is maintained at 2-4 throughout the period of observation. A maximum concentration of cardiac taurine (110 nmole/mg freeze-dried wt) is recorded 2.5 days after birth. The dramatic increase in cardiac taurine concentration at the time of birth follows the reported appearance in neonatal mouse hearts of adult levels of beta-adrenergic receptors and the increased work load of the heart.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Influences of chronic denervation of the carotid bifurcation regions on panting in the sheep.

The respiratory response of conscious sheep subjected to severe heat stress has been assessed before and up to 17 weeks after bilateral denervation of the carotid bifurcations. The characteristic response of the intact animal comprises an initial phase of rapid, shallow panting, superseded by panting of a slower, deeper form which results in a severe respiratory alkalosis; this was not significantly altered by the denervation. However, during recovery from heat stress, denervated animals developed a marked hypoxaemia and tachycardia. Blood pressure was much more labile in denervated animals. After denervation, resting arterial PCO2 was higher, PO2 was lower, and blood pressure and heart rate were higher; with the lapse of weeks, these parameters returned towards pre-denervation levels although the carotid bodies remained inactive. It is concluded that the carotid bodies do not play a significant role in control of the biphasic pattern of panting during severe heat stress, but that they normally prevent post-hyperventilation hypocapnic hypoxaemia during recovery. Further, the respiratory pattern during heat stress is the results of an overwhelming thermoregulatory drive, whereas the pattern during recovery is the result of a balance between arterial and medullary chemoreceptor activity, Finally, the carotid bodies normally play a significant role in determining the 'set-point' for CO2 regulation, but in their absence respiratory control mechanism adapt over a considerable time period.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Oxygen and carotid body chemotransduction: the cholinergic hypothesis - a brief history and new evaluation.

Oxygen can be said to be the most fundamentally necessary substrate for life. In those organisms having a cardiopulmonary system for delivering it in blood to the tissues the carotid body functions as the principal detector of decreases in arterial oxygen. Such a decrease stimulates an increase in neural output from the carotid body to the nucleus tractus solitarii, and this can precipitate a wide array of systemic reflex responses. The neural mechanisms involved in the genesis of increased signal from the carotid body remain unclear. But a current model of carotid body chemotransduction postulates that transmitter-laden glomus cells initiate the neural activity by being depolarized by hypoxemia and releasing an excitatory transmitter which binds to postsynaptic receptors of the adjacent sensory afferent fibers as well as to presynaptic glomus cell autoreceptors. This Frontiers Review evaluates anew the data supporting the hypothesis that acetylcholine (ACh) is an (the) essential excitatory transmitter in this process by examining ACh's fulfillment of criteria required to establish a substance as a synaptic transmitter. All eight criteria are fulfilled in the case of ACh. Indeed, additional data further support the Cholinergic Hypothesis.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1979

Role of skin temperature in the control of sweating.

In five male subjects tympanic membrane temperature (Tty), rectal temperature, skin temperatures at 12 sites were simultaneously recorded. Local sweating rate was measured at six sites using resistance hygrometry. After steady-state sweating was established, the lower body was heated at ambient temperatures of 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C or cooled at an ambient temperature of 29 degrees C while the upper body remained at a constant ambient temperature. During lower body heating or cooling, Tty was maintained constant by the drinking of cold (10 degrees C) or warm (45 degrees C) water. Sweating rate on both upper and lower body surfaces was proportional to lower body skin temperature. The regression coefficients for sweating rate versus mean lower body skin temperature varied from 0.03 to 0.09 mg/cm2.min. degrees C between subjects, but were not significantly different from each other (P greater than 0.05). This study demonstrates an influence of cutaneous thermoreceptors on sweating rate under steady-state conditions.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Methylated lysine in storage body protein of sheep with hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinosis.

Juvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) is a hereditary storage disease with an autosomal-recessive mode of transmission. This disorder has been identified in humans, dogs and sheep. It is characterized by massive accumulations of autofluorescent storage bodies in many tissues. This storage body accumulation is accompanied by functional decline and degeneration of the affected tissues, and ultimately results in premature death. The primary defect responsible for juvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis has not been identified. Previous studies have indicated that the storage material is primarily protein. Why this protein accumulates in storage bodies remains to he determined. In affected humans, the storage body protein appears to be abnormally rich in a methylated derivative of lysine (epsilon-N-trimethyllysine). Studies were undertaken to determine whether the storage bodies from sheep with hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinosis were also characterized by the presence of this modified amino acid. Chromatographic and mass spectral analyses of hydrolysates of the storage body protein indicated a significant fraction of the lysine residues in this protein were present as the epsilon-N-trimethyl derivative. This modified amino acid was not detected in hydrolysates of protein from normal sheep tissues or from tissues of sheep with GM1 gangliosidosis, nor did it appear to be present in the storage body protein from a human subject with the late infantile form of ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Thus, it is apparently specific to the storage body protein that accumulates in the juvenile type of this disease. The abnormal presence of epsilon-N-trimethyllysine in proteins could interfere with their sorting or degradation within cells and thus cause them to accumulate in the storage bodies characteristic of the human juvenile and ovine ceroid-lipofuscinoses.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1999

Human herpesvirus-8-encoded LNA-1 accumulates in heterochromatin- associated nuclear bodies.

Subnuclear distribution of the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)- encoded nuclear protein LNA-1 was analysed at high resolution in body cavity (BC) lymphoma-derived cell lines, in cell hybrids between BC cells and various human and mouse cells and in freshly infected K562 and ECV cell lines. Three-dimensional reconstruction of nuclei from optical sections and quantitative analysis of the distribution of LNA-1 fluorescence in relation to chromatin showed that LNA-1 associates preferentially with the border of heterochromatin in the interphase nuclei. This was further confirmed in the following systems: in endo- and exonuclease-digested nuclei, in human-mouse (BC-1-Sp2- 0) hybrids and on chromatin spreads. LNA-1 was found to bind to mitotic chromosomes at random. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but not HHV-8, was rapidly lost from mouse-human hybrid cells in parallel with the loss of human chromosomes. HHV-8 could persist on the residual mouse background for more than 8 months. In early human-mouse hybrids that contain a single fused nucleus, LNA-1 preferentially associates with human chromatin. After the gradual loss of the human chromosomes, LNA-1 becomes associated with the murine pericentromeric heterochromatin. In human-human hybrids derived from the fusion of the HHV-8-carrying BCBL-1 cells and the EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell line IB4, LNA-1 did not co-localize with EBNA-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-5 or EBNA-6. LNA-1 was not associated with PML containing ND10 bodies either. DNase but not RNase or detergent treatment of isolated nuclei destroys LNA-1 bodies. In advanced apoptotic cells LNA- 1 bodies remain intact but are not included in the apoptotic bodies themselves.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Assay of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in infant rabbits.

Infant rabbits were shown to respond to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by a consistent increase in intestinal fluid content, which was maximal 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits could be used in a simple quantitative assay for heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin based on the ratios of gut weight to remaining body weight 5 h after oral dosing. Infant rabbits remained responsive to heat-labile enterotoxin up to 14 days of age, after which their gastric pH became low enough to destroy the enterotoxin. Rabbits that had been deprived of food before being dosed had a reduced gastric pH and a reduced response to the enterotoxin. Lincomycin andmitomycin C were found not to increase th e yield of heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli strain P307.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Foreign body in paranasal sinuses].

AIMS: All cases of the last 5 years requiring foreign bodies to be removed from the paranasal sinuses were investigated as to causes, special aspects in diagnostics and therapy, occurrence of pathologic germs and possible sequels. PATIENTS: 68 cases were evaluated: 43 patients were male, 25 female. Average age was 29 years in males and 37 years in females. RESULTS: In our patients foreign bodies in the paranasal sinuses were in more than 60% the result of medical or dental procedures followed by industrial accidents (25%). The maxillary sinus was affected in 75%, the frontal sinus in about 18%. Involvement of the ethmoid or sphenoid sinus was rare. The spectrum of pathologic microbes was dominated by mixed infections, the share of actinomyces and aspergillus was unexpected high. Most important acute complications were bleeding, compression of the optic nerve and liquorrhoe. Late complications consisted mainly of pain--often associated with disturbances of sensibility- and infections. CONCLUSIONS: A smear should be taken whenever the foreign body remained in the sinus for more than 4 days. Foreign bodies jammed in the posterior wall of the sinus require a sufficiently open view since the risk of heavy bleeding is especially high.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

In utero measurement of ultrasonically induced fetal mouse temperature increases.

The temperature increase in the murine fetus, exposed in vivo to 1 MHz ultrasound in the spatial-peak temporal-average intensity range 0.5 to 10 W/cm2 for durations of 30 to 400 s, was determined with implanted thermocouples at 9, 12 and 15 days of gestation by a method that preserved the normal uterine environment. The results show that the temperature increase is related approximately linearly to the energy flux It, where I is the acoustic intensity and t is the exposure duration. The temperature increase was observed to be nearly the same for the 9- and 12-day fetuses but less for day-15 specimens, possibly due to the smaller size in early gestation and increased vascularization in later gestation. The results are compared with calculations based on a model of a pair of nested parallelpipeds for which the properties of the outer body remain unchanged, the dimensions and absorption coefficient of the inner body increase with gestational age and the perfusion constant varies with gestational age.

Absorption↗