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The transformation of cells in animals into tumour cells is mainly evoked by tumour viruses: These are taken into the genome and evoke the formation of transforming proteins (tumour antigens), which partly acts as protein kinases and cause changes of the membrane proteins. Thus the regulation of the cell division is excluded. The DNA-molecules which are in their structure analogous or much equal to the desoxyribonucleic acids of the proviruses and the tumour viruses are normal constituents of the nucleus-DNA of the man and the animals and are called cellular oncogens in contrast to the viral oncogens. Under physiologic conditions the cellular oncogens are not or only at a very small extent used for the formation of proteins. Some tumour viruses cause a formation of tumours only by means of an activation of cellular oncogens, i.e. by efficacy as promotor sections. In man most tumours develop under the influence of carcinogens which lead to the development of repair processes on the DNA and to the new organisation of the arrangement of DNA-molecules. Here the cellular oncogens are activated, which evoke an increased synthesis of transforming proteins. Thus, on principle the development of tumours takes place in the same way in man and animal. In the most tumour forms of man oncogenic DNA-molecules are proved, which in their structure correspond to the viral oncogens of animals.
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OBJECTIVES: The relationship between abnormal hepatic biochemistries and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. We determined the prevalence of abnormal hepatic biochemistries and chronic liver disease in a cohort of IBD patients, and we compared patients with normal and abnormal liver biochemistries. METHODS: Patients with IBD evaluated at our institution between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2000 were identified. Data on gender, age, IBD subtype, extent and activity, medications, liver disease history, liver biochemistries, and vital status were collected. The chi(2) test, Student's t-test, and Cox proportional regression were used. RESULTS: We identified 544 patients with available hepatic biochemistries. Abnormal hepatic biochemistries were found in 159 (29%). Defined chronic liver disease was present in 5.8% of patients (primary sclerosing cholangitis in 4.6%). The prevalence of abnormal hepatic biochemistries was 27% for those with active IBD and 36% for those in remission (P= 0.06). Patients with abnormal hepatic biochemistries were less frequently on 5-aminosalicylates (35%vs 51%, P < 0.001), and a smaller proportion was alive at last follow-up (90.4%vs 98.5%, P < 0.0001). The age-adjusted risk of death was 4.8 times higher in patients with abnormal hepatic biochemistries, after excluding patients with any diagnosis of liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal hepatic biochemistries were present in nearly one-third of our patients, and surprisingly, they were not associated with IBD activity. Abnormal hepatic biochemistries and chronic liver disease appeared to have a negative impact on vital status. Persistently abnormal hepatic biochemistries should be evaluated, and not attributed to IBD activity.
The article deals with a short record including the information about the history of creation and main developmental stages of the first and presently the single in Ukraine Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The record contains the main achievements of the Institute scientific subdivisions for the 75 years period of their creative work in the field of the most urgent problems of fundamental and applied biochemistry. As well it displays the information about comprehensive and extensive publishing and educational activity conducted by the staff,, the work on training the scientific manpower of the highest qualification--Doctors of Science (D.Sc.) and Philosophy Doctors (Ph. D.), active participation of the research scientists in attracting to science the talented young people representing the students and school-children taking interest in the biological chemistry. The article shows the great role of the Institute famous scientists-biochemists in forming some scientific schools on functional biochemistry acknowledged in the world biochemistry. There are also some data about the each of nine scientific departments of the Institute for the period of last 20-25 years of their activity in the field of the most urgent problems of the contemporary biochemistry. These are the following Departments: Neurochemistry, Metabolism Regulation, Muscular Biochemistry, Protein Structure Functions, Coenzymes Biochemistry, Enzymes Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Immunology, Biochemistry of Lipids, Sensor and Regulator Systems Biochemistry. There is also a short review regarding the history of foundation, development and scientific achievements of the Institute division in L'viv including four scientific departments: Biochemistry of Cellular Differentiation, Biochemical Genetics, Regulation of Low Molecular Compounds Synthesis, Regulation of Cells Differentiation.
A comparative statistical analysis of scientific publications of "Ukrainian Biochemical Journal" (UBJ), Biokhimiya (Biochemistry USSR), "Biochemistry" USA has been made. Information analysis was based on the data of annual reference publication "Journal Citation Reports" (JCR) and lists of bibliographic citation in the papers of UBJ and Biokhimiya in 1981, 1986 and 1991. It is found out that as to the composition of publications cited by the UBJ and "Biochemistry" USSR and frequency of their use the journals coincide more frequently than each of them (by this index) coincides with "Biochemistry" USA, that evidences for the difference of the use of information files. The number of references in leading journals to "Biochemistry" USA (1978-1988) is much higher of the works from UBJ (100 times) and "Biochemistry" USSR (30 times). Besides, considerable differences in the contents of the journals where there are references of UBJ and "Biochemistry" USA. For the IF-factor of the journal influence, index of dynamics of information response the UBJ is inconsiderably different from "Biochemistry" USSR and they both considerably yield to "Biochemistry" USA. The analysis results are discussed in the plan of finding out the role of UBJ in the world information stock in the field of biochemistry and possible ways of its increase.
Biochemistry in broad terms is the study of the chemical composition of the living matter and the biochemical processes that underlie life activities during growth and maintenance. This article is an attempt to explore the metamorphosis of biochemistry from a pupa entwined in its own cocoon to a vibrantly colored phenomenon. Studies pertaining to this discipline of science began with Biochemistry interfaces with biology and chemistry even before nineteenth century with studies concerned with the chemical processes that take place within living cells. Modern biochemistry developed out of and largely came to replace what in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was called physiological chemistry, which dealt more with extra cellular chemistry, such as the chemistry of digestion and of body fluids. The name Biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuber. However, work in this very living, aspect of chemistry had started much earlier. Claude Bernard is accredited with the Sirehood of Biochemistry. During the later part of the nineteenth century eminent scientists contributed a great deal to the elucidation of the chemistry of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. At this period some very fundamental aspects of enzymology were under close scrutiny. Study of nucleic acid is central to the knowledge of life but its fusion with biochemistry started with works of Fredrick Sanger and Har Gobind Khurana. Their experiments involved a subtle bland of enzymology and chemistry that few would have thought possible to combine. The scientists were busy removing the mist that was mitigating the light of knowledge but they still lacked an insight into the cell. In 1990's research turned to finding the structural details of cell. The field of molecular biochemistry was also progressing at an almost unstoppable speed having expanded its horizons beyond human imagination with the introduction of PCR, creating waves of appreciation from every field of medicine and then coming out of the lab to help establish better therapies for various diseases by introduction of gene therapy. Biochemistry has promises to the world of science in development of new path-breaking research and coming times would surely prove these promises to be fulfilled.
This article presents the results of a survey of the 251 undergraduate dietetic programs for course content and level of the biochemistry course most frequently used to satisfy competencies in biochemistry under Plan IV of the ADA in 1979-80. It showed that a common core of information was stressed by all biochemistry instructors, but there was great variability in content and level of material covered and the textbook chosen, depending on whether the biochemistry course was offered to dietetic majors only, in classes with other nonchemistry majors, or in classes with chemistry majors. Variability was also seen in the time allotted for biochemistry--39 to 280 hours (total lecture and required laboratory hours); laboratory requirements--only 71%; and departmental affiliation of the instructor--17 different departments, primarily of chemistry (80%), biology (8%), and home economics (4%). Topics given greatest emphasis were descriptive ones, such as definitions, simple structures, and reactions of intermediary metabolism in general terms. Topics given least emphasis were those involving mechanistic and quantitative biochemistry, such as respiratory quotient (RQ), enzyme kinetics, calculations of energy from fat and carbohydrates, and specific structures of vitamins, ketones, and metabolic intermediates. The lack of communication between biochemistry and nutrition instructors and the great differences in the preparation of dietetic majors in biochemistry are sources of concern.
Methods for the interpretation of veterinary clinical biochemistry have not developed as rapidly as biochemical technology. However, the results of clinical biochemistry tests are only of value when they are interpreted appropriately. A retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the equine biochemistry data which had been stored in a veterinary hospital database. By applying percentile analysis and Bayesian probability methods to the clinical biochemistry and corresponding diagnosis data, a novel method for the interpretation of clinical biochemistry data has been developed. The method allows clinicians to determine whether a biochemistry value is abnormal, its degree of abnormality, and the most likely associated diagnoses. The method could be used to investigate a practice-based population and may have significant implications for the interpretation of clinical biochemistry data in veterinary medicine in the future.
The medical faculty in the National University of Singapore started in 1905 but the Chair in Biochemistry was only established in 1927. For many years the biochemistry course consisted of the teaching of the organic chemistry of substances of physiological importance, nutrition, metabolism and hormones. In 1961, clinical biochemistry was introduced and in the 1980s, genetics and molecular biology were included. By then, most of the organic chemistry content had been removed as greater emphasis was placed on clinical correlation. Laboratory classes consisted of mock glucose tolerance tests and the measurement of various enzymes. By the 1990s, students were no longer interested in such practical classes, so a bold decision was made around 1995 to remove laboratory classes from the curriculum. Unfortunately, this meant that the medical students who might have been interested in laboratory work could no longer do such work. However, the new curriculum in 1999 gave the department an opportunity to offer a laboratory course as an elective for interested students. This new curriculum adopted an integrated approach with Genetics being taught as part of Paediatrics, and a new module (Structural and Cell Biology) comprising aspects of cell biology and biochemistry was introduced. This module is currently taught by staff from Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry. Some biochemistry content is now incorporated into the clinical problem scenarios of problem-based learning such as jaundice, diabetes mellitus, anorexia nervosa, etc. So the evolution of teaching biochemistry to medical students in Singapore has paralleled worldwide trends and moved from the didactic teaching of organic chemistry of biomolecules to problem-based learning using clinical cases.