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PubMed2004

Determination of cationic surfactants as the preservatives in an oral solution and a cosmetic product by capillary electrophoresis.

In this study, a capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the determination of cationic surfactants, benzethonium and cetylpyridinium ions, which are commonly used as preservatives in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Determination was performed in a fused-silica capillary using a mixed 75 mmol/L phosphoric acid and 50% acetonitrile electrolyte at pH 2.5. Analysis of benzethonium and cetylpyridinium ions was achieved in around 5 min. Repeatability in migration times (R.S.D.%) for benzethonium and cetylpyridinium ions were 0.3. The calibration curves were linear from 0.0125 to 0.400 mmol/L for benzethonium ions and from 0.025 to 0.400 mmol/L for cetylpyridinium ions. The minimum detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=3) are 1.47 and 4.30 microg/mL for benzethonium and cetylpyridinium ions, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of benzethonium ion in a cosmetic product and cetylpyridinium ion in a mouthwash.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

[The influence of disinfectants on colloidal impression materials and dental stones].

In view of prophylaxis against hospital infections, following tests were performed: Two kinds of alginate impression materials (ALGIACE and Aligix-S) and two kinds of agar impression materials (CARTRIILLOID and RUBBERLLOID) were immersed for 30 minutes in the following six kinds of disinfectants; 0.1% benzethonium chloride (benzethonium), 1% chlorhexidine gluconate (hexidine), 1% chlorhexidine gluconate added with surfactants (hexidine surfactant), 1% sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid), 2% glutaraldehyde (glutaral) and 1% formaldehyde (formalin). Changes in size of the impression materials with time were then measured. Three kinds of dental stones (SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER, NEW PLASTONE and SURSTONE) were infused into the impression surfaces after treatment with disinfectants, and the surface roughness and hardness of the yielded surfaces of the samples were measured. The results obtained are as follows: 1) As to ALGIACE, although the rates of changes in size lay within the range of +/- 0.3% when immersed in hexidine, hexidine surfactant and hypochlorous acid, the infusion of either one of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER, NEW PLASTONE or SURSTONE into the impression showed an effect on the stone surface. 2) As to Algix-S, the rate of changes in size lay within the range of +/- 0.3% when immersed in all the disinfectants, and the influsions of NEW PLASTONE and SURSTONE after immersing in benzethonium, hexidine surfactant and glutaral gave a slight effect on the stone surface. 3) As to CARTRILLOID, the rates of change in size lay within the range of +/- 0.3% except for the immersion in hexidine; the influsion of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER into the impression, the influsion of NEW PLASTONE after immersing in benzethonium and formalin and the influsions of NEW PLASTONE and SURSTONE after immersing in glutaral gave a slight effect on teh stone surface. 4) As to RUBBERLLOID, the rates of changes in size lay within the range of +/- 0.2% when immersed each disinfectant; the influsion of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER after immersing in hypochlorous acid and that of either one of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER, NEW PLASTONE or SURSTONE after immersing in benzethonium, glutaral and formalin gave a slight effect on the stone surface.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed2002

[Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains to quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorhexidine].

The level of susceptibility of 90 different Staphylococcus aureus strains to chosen quaternary ammonium compounds: cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride as well as to chlorhexidine digluconate were examined. The examined strains consist of three groups: hospital originated MRSA, hospital originated MSSA and non-hospital MSSA. The significant differences between these groups were observed in they susceptibility to the investigated disinfectants. The obtained MIC values showed that the most resistant were hospital MRSA strains, where 55% was estimated as resistant to cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 72% were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride and 7% were resistant to chlorhexidine digluconate. Among hospital originated MSSA 3% of strains were resistant to cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and 6% were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. 14% non-hospital S. aureus strains were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. None were resistant to chlorhexidine digluconate or cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1992

Comparative stabilities of glutaraldehyde & heat inactivated pertussis vaccine components of adsorbed DPT vaccine with different preservatives.

The stability of pertussis component (glutaraldehyde or heat inactivated pertussis vaccine) of the adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine preserved in thiomersal or benzethonium chloride was studied at 4-8 degrees C and 35 degrees C for 30 days. The potency of pertussis component of adsorbed DPT vaccine preserved with benzethonium chloride was lower than that preserved with thiomersal. After the initial loss of potency of pertussis component in the benzethonium chloride during blending, the stability of potency of pertussis component at 4-8 degrees C and 35 degrees C for 30 days was similar for vaccines preserved with either benzethonium chloride or thiomersal. The stability of both types of pertussis components inactivated with glutaraldehyde or heat was also similar at both the temperatures for 30 days.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗
PubMed2005

Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses.

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections most commonly result from person-to-person transmission via the hands of health care workers. METHODS: We studied the efficacy of hand hygiene agents (n = 14) following 10-second applications to reduce the level of challenge organisms (Serratia marcescens and MS2 bacteriophage) from the hands of healthy volunteers using the ASTM-E-1174-94 test method. RESULTS: The highest log 10 reductions of S marcescens were achieved with agents containing chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), triclosan, benzethonium chloride, and the controls, tap water alone and nonantimicrobial soap and water (episode 1 of hand hygiene, 1.60-2.01; episode 10, 1.60-3.63). Handwipes but not alcohol-based handrubs were significantly inferior from these agents after a single episode of hand hygiene, but both groups were significantly inferior after 10 episodes. After a single episode of hand hygiene, alcohol/silver iodide, CHG, triclosan, and benzethonium chloride were similar to the controls in reduction of MS2, but, in general, handwipes and alcohol-based handrubs showed significantly lower efficacy. After 10 episodes, only benzethonium chloride (1.33) performed as well as the controls (1.59-1.89) in the reduction of MS2. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial handwashing agents were the most efficacious in bacterial removal, whereas waterless agents showed variable efficacy. Alcohol-based handrubs compared with other products demonstrated better efficacy after a single episode of hand hygiene than after 10 episodes. Effective hand hygiene for high levels of viral contamination with a nonenveloped virus was best achieved by physical removal with a nonantimicrobial soap or tap water alone.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subarachnoid ketamine in swine--pathological findings after repeated doses: acute toxicity study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 5% ketamine with and without preservative, administered intrathecally to swine, produced a clinical anesthetic effect and caused direct subacute neurotoxicity. METHODS: Twenty pigs were used. Under general anesthesia, a subarachnoid catheter was placed at L5-L6 or L6-S1 spinal interspace. Five animals were used for initial clinical evaluation of the anesthetic effects of subarachnoid ketamine (12.5 and 25.0, and 500 mg). Two animals were excluded because of bloody taps, two served as controls (catheterization without drug administration), four received ketamine racemate (25.0 mg/d), four received ketamine racemate preservative free (25.0 mg/d), and three received benzethonium chloride, the ketamine excipient (0.05 mg/d). All drugs were administered for 7 days. The catheters were withdrawn at the end of the treatment period. After 35 days, the pigs were euthanized and the spinal cord removed and preserved for histopathologic study with hematoxilyn-eosin and luxol-fast blue myelin staining. Histopathologic effects were defined as absent/minimal, mild, or severe by a pathologist, unaware of group allocation, by evaluating the presence and intensity of peripheral and/or central chromatolysis, spongiosis, neuronal loss, perivascular neuroglia, neuronolysis, and myelin degeneration. RESULTS: All doses of ketamine produced immediate cutaneous anesthesia and motor block; benzethonium chloride did not. Histopathologic examination showed no neurotoxic effect of ketamine without preservative; ketamine with preservative showed a discrete neurotoxic effect, and the preservative alone produced a moderate neurotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, in swine, subarachnoid ketamine without preservative is a safe and effective anesthetic and did not show significant neurotoxic effects. However, ketamine with preservative produces minimal changes, and benzethonium chloride alone produces moderate neurotoxic effects.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1990

Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein decreases recovery of total protein in urine when trichloroacetic acid is used to precipitate the proteins.

Total urine protein was measured in 132 samples by an automated benzethonium chloride method and the Ponceau-S/trichloroacetic acid (PS/TCA) method. Of these, 27% gave a result 0.1 g/L or more higher by the benzethonium chloride method. Of this 27%, most contained an abnormally high concentration of the acute-phase reactant, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. By assaying urine containing added alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin, we found that alpha 1-acid glycoprotein causes the PS/TCA method to underestimate the total urine protein concentration, whereas the benzethonium chloride method is unaffected. Not all urinary albumin was precipitated by TCA when alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was present. Therefore, protein methods in which trichloroacetic acid is used as a concentrating step before the assay will underestimate total urine protein when the concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is high.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1992

Nephelometric determination of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid and urine using benzalkonium chloride as precipitation reagent.

Four different protein precipitants, namely trichloroacetic acid, sulphosalicylic acid, benzethonium chloride and benzalkonium chloride, were used to estimate the total protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid and urine by nephelometry. Protein determinations for 50 cerebrospinal fluid samples and 100 urine samples were compared with values obtained by a trichloroacetic acid-Ponceau S spectrophotometric method. All methods were correlated well, but total protein results using acid precipitants were usually lower, while results obtained using benzethonium chloride were generally higher, than results obtained by the trichloroacetic acid-Ponceau S method. Anomalous results were obtained for some urine samples with benzethonium chloride, but not with benzalkonium chloride. Assays using benzalkonium chloride as precipitating reagent showed good precision and closest agreement with the trichloroacetic acid-Ponceau S dye-binding method. The use of benzalkonium chloride as precipitant is recommended for automated cerebrospinal fluid and urine protein estimations by nephelometry.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cytotoxicity of various surfactants tested on normal human fibroblast cultures using the neutral red test, MTT assay and LDH release.

We used the neutral red test, MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release to compare the potential cytotoxicity of six surfactants belonging to different classes--three non-ionic surfactants (Triton x100, octylphenoxypolyethoxy alcohol, from Orion; Tween 60, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate, from ICI Speciality Chemicals; Tween 80, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, from Labosi), two anionic surfactants (Texapon K1298, sodium lauryl sulphate, from Henkel; Texapon N40, sodium laurylether sulphate, from Henkel) and one cationic surfactant (benzethonium chloride, from Siber Hegner)--on human fibroblast cultures. According to the LC50 (microg ml(-1)), the tested surfactants can be classified in the following order of increasing cytotoxicity: Tween 80 < Texapon N40 < Tween 60 < Texapon K1298 < Triton x100 < benzethonium chloride.

Benzethonium↗
PubMed1990

Polyurethane elastomer with PEO-PTMO-PEO soft segment for sustained release of drugs.

Blood-compatible segmented polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas were evaluated as drug delivery matrices using crystal violet and benzethonium chloride as model drugs. These polymers were synthesized from ABA-type triblock copolyether as a prepolymer, where A stands for poly(ethylene oxide) and B for poly(tetramethylene oxide). Microphase separation was observed in segmented polyurethaneureas, including drug-doped films. Crystal violet dissolved more in the hard segment domain than in the soft segment matrix, whereas benzethonium chloride was easily dissolved in the soft segment matrix. The drug release behaviours from these films were analysed by the exponent relation Mt/M infinity = ktn, where k and n are constants and Mt/M infinity is the fraction of drug released until time, t. The constant k grew with increasing poly(ethylene oxide) content in the prepolymer, i.e. increased swelling. The constant n was found to be close to 0.5 in many samples, which suggests the release of drug from these polymers is explained by the Fickian diffusion model. However, the mechanism became non-Fickian with increased swelling of the devices.

Benzethonium↗
PubMed2003

A nonpeptide provides insight into mechanisms that regulate Drosophila melanogaster heart contractions.

Here we report the effect of a nonpeptide, benzethonium chloride (bztc), on Drosophila melanogaster larval, pupal, and adult heart rates in vivo. Benzethonium chloride reduced the frequency of spontaneous contractions in the D. melanogaster pupal heart, but not in the larval heart or the adult heart as measured in noninvasive whole animal preparations. When applied directly to the D. melanogaster heart, in the absence of hemolymph, bztc reduced the frequency of spontaneous contractions in larval, pupal, and adult hearts. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that bztc acts through or is regulated by different mechanisms in these three developmental stages. An alternative explanation is that larval hemolymph and adult hemolymph contain a material that interferes with the effect of the nonpeptide on heart contractions. Bztc mimicked the effect of the peptide dromyosuppressin (DMS) on the heart at an equivalent concentration; in contrast, 103-fold more nonpeptide is required to mimic the effect of DMS on fly gut. These findings are consistent with the presence of tissue-specific myosuppressin receptors or mechanisms.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Effect of two antibacterial mouth sprays and dentifrices on dental plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs.

Plaque inhibition by dilute mouth sprays and dentrifrices containing benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate was compared in beagle dogs. Agents with chlorhexidine gluconate produced less plaque than their benzethonium chloride or placebo counterparts, but the differences were not significant when compared to mean control scores registered during interexperimental recovery periods.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of synaptosomal serotonin uptake by Ketalar.

The effects of the clinical preparation of ketamine, Ketalar and its preservative, benzethonium chloride on [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine uptake were studied using rat brain synaptosomes. Ketalar caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of substrate uptake by the high affinity transport site (I50 = 20.2 +/- 2.75 microM) while benzethonium chloride had no effect. Kinetic analysis indicated the inhibition to be competitive with serotonin; the apparent km (54 nM) was increased nearly two-fold at 10 microM ketamine. This action may represent a mechanism involved in ketamine anesthesia.

Animals↗