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PubMed1979

Barrier methods.

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Contraceptive Devices↗
PubMed1987

Contraceptive usage during lactation in the United States: an update.

National Surveys of Family Growth data showed that as of 1982, most lactating women who were sexually active used a contraceptive method; barrier methods were most frequently used. Black women and women of higher parity and lower educational level were more likely to be sexually active and not using a method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Oral contraceptive agents: current status.

Oral contraceptives are the most widely prescribed and ingested drug in human history. The difficulty in establishing their clear-cut side effects is compounded by the rarity of these side effects and their occurrence with multiple other factors and cofactors that may be etiologically more important. For the prudent surgeon, suffice it to say that should operation require bedrest postoperatively, oral contraceptives should be stopped at least 2 weeks preoperatively and barrier methods begun. Barrier methods should also be used when drugs that interfere with oral contraceptives are prescribed. Oral contraceptives and anticoagulants should not be given together because of the chemical changes in the blood caused by the steroid content of the contraceptive. As surgeons, we must remember the contraindications noted herein and become familiar with the current literature as new developments unfold in the dynamic field of conception control.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Barrier contraceptive methods and preeclampsia.

Recent investigations have suggested that women who use barrier methods of contraception may be at increased risk for preeclampsia. We used data from two prospective pregnancy studies to examine the relationship between contraceptive use before conception and preeclampsia. The preeclampsia rates among women using barrier contraceptives were not significantly higher than the rates in women using nonbarrier contraceptives or the rates in women using no contraceptives in either study. The odds ratios for preeclampsia in barrier contraceptive users in the two studies were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.71 to 1.12) and 0.85 (95% Cl, 0.49 to 1.45) compared with nonbarrier contraceptive users and 0.91 (95% Cl, 0.71 to 1.16) and 0.81 (95% Cl, 0.48 to 1.35) compared with women using no contraceptives. After adjusting for other risk factors, we found no association between preeclampsia and barrier contraceptive use. Additional studies are needed to resolve this issue; however, we would recommend that women not be advised to avoid barrier contraceptives unless more data linking their use to preeclampsia appear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in female college students.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from genital specimens from 21 (4.9%) of 431 female college students. Antibody to C. trachomatis was found in the genital secretions of 52 (11.9%) of 437 women. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed race, number of sexual partners, and use of barrier methods of contraception to be predictive of infection with C. trachomatis. Logistic regression analysis found race, number of sexual partners, use of barrier methods of contraception, and presence of cervical erythema to be predictive of local chlamydial antibody. White participants were infected less often (12 of 388 (3.1%)) than black participants (9 of 43 (20.9%)) (p less than 0.001) and were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. None of the sexually inexperienced women were infected or had local antibody. Among the sexually experienced women, chlamydial infection and local chlamydial antibody increased with increasing number of sexual partners only for women who were not using barrier methods of contraception. Sexually experienced women who used barrier methods of contraception (condom, diaphragm) were less likely to be infected (one of 105 (1.0%)) than were sexually experienced women who used other contraceptive measures or who did not use contraception (20 of 276 (7.2%)) (p = 0.031). Women who used barrier methods of contraception also were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. Women with cervical erythema were more likely to have local chlamydial antibody (4 of 11 (36.4%)) than women without cervical erythema (48 of 426 (11.3%)). Vaginal colonization with other sexually transmitted microorganisms (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis) was noted more often among women with chlamydial infection than among uninfected women.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Understanding the unprotected sexual behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: an empirical test of the cognitive-environmental model.

The cognitive-environmental model (CEM; M. Fishbein et al., 1991) was used to understand the unprotected sexual behaviors of 156 gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths. Unprotected anal sex among the males was associated directly with poor protection skills (e.g., incorrect use of barrier methods, such as condoms), poor intentions to use barrier methods, and poor norms by sexual partners concerning barrier methods. Furthermore, the association between low self-efficacy and increasing unprotected anal sex was attributed to poor intentions. Direct associations of unprotected oral sex with poor intentions and poor partner norms also emerged, as did an indirect relation between unprotected oral sex and low self-efficacy via poor intentions. These last 3 findings were replicated when examining unprotected oral or vaginal-digital sex among the females. Relations among the CEM factors supported some CEM-theoretical propositions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sexually transmitted diseases and oral contraceptive use during adolescence.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) cause lower genital tract infections (cervicitis, vaginitis) or ascending infections of the fallopian tubes, and, possibly, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The syphilis bacterium, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the hepatitis virus cause systematic disease. Although oral contraceptives (OCs) are the most reliable contraceptive method, they have limited anti-STD properties and their relationship with STDs remain unclear. Various mechanisms explain a protective role of OCs against STDs; however, in no way can OCs be considered a safe anti-STD contraceptive method, when compared to specific barrier methods, which provide both contraception and anti-STD protection. The above has been confirmed by a recent study performed in our institution where 10.3% and 6.9% of OC users presented a prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma, respectively, when compared to 0% and 4.5% infection rates found among condom users. It is concluded that although OCs possess some anti-STD properties, mainly in the prevention of PID, they should be used in combination with a barrier method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of cutaneous risks of the Pill].

Despite the fact that about 150 millions women must have taken hormonal contraceptives all over the world since the 1960s, the risk/benefit ratio of this birth control method has yet not been reliably assessed. The side effects of the pill on the skin do not pertain, in general, to those (like thrombo-embolism or, perhaps, breast cancer) which might be life-threatening, but they are probably more frequent and may have a potential to alter the quality of life of women who use it. The aim of this paper is to review the dermatological effects of hormonal contraceptives from the point of view of everyday prescribing, with the emphasis on the quality of life of patients. The reported side effects of the pill are therefore classified according to their real or probable frequency, not to their severity or the theoretical importance of their mechanisms. As it would be unwise to speak of the risks without consideration for the benefits, an attempt is made to compare the dermatological safety profile of oral contraceptives to that of other birth control methods (barrier contraceptive methods, intrauterine devices, etc.) on the one hand; on the other hand, one insists upon the fact that the pill in itself may have health benefits, general (reduction in the incidence of some cancers) or dermatological (e. g. an effect on acne).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: I. Infant growth. World Health Organization Task force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health; Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction.

Growth, development and health of infants whose mothers used progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation were examined in a prospective, non-randomized study carried out in seven centres in five countries (Egypt, Thailand, Kenya, Chile and Hungary). The results on growth are reported here. Breastfeeding women requesting effective contraception were admitted to the study at six weeks postpartum. Infants of acceptors of progestogen-only methods (pill, DMPA, NET-EN or NORPLANT implants) and non-hormonal methods (IUD, barrier methods or sterilization) formed the study groups. The follow-up was at monthly intervals until the end of the first postpartum year. Participating in the study were 2466 mother-infant pairs. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding varied from 68 to 159 days, but did not differ significantly between study groups within centres. In anthropometric measures (weight, arm circumference and triceps skinfold), the mean rates of change varied over time as expected, and across the centres. However, there were very few statistically significant differences in these rates of change between groups within centres. Since a large number of statistical comparisons were made, and there was no consistency either across centres, over time, or in the direction of the differences, we conclude that in this study, the progestogen-only contraceptives used during lactation did not adversely affect infant growth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: II. Infant development. World Health Organization, Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health; Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction.

Growth, development and health of infants whose mothers used progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation were examined in a prospective, non-randomized study that was carried out in seven centres in five countries (Egypt, Thailand, Kenya, Chile and Hungary). The results on development are reported here. Breastfeeding women requesting effective contraception were admitted to the study at six weeks postpartum. Infants of acceptors of progestogen-only methods (pill, DMPA, NET-EN or NORPLANT implants) and non-hormonal methods (IUD, barrier methods or sterilization) formed the study groups. The follow-up was at monthly intervals until the end of the first postpartum year. At each visit, the infant examination included, among other things, a set of developmental tests covering the following areas: gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing, language and concept development, and self help and social skills. Participating in the study were 2466 mother-infant pairs. The comparisons between the study groups were carried out within centres using life table methods and Cox-model analysis having the time to first passing the test as the criterion. There were altogether 247 comparisons between the study groups. Thirty-two (13%) of these comparisons showed statistically significant differences: 20 differences showed that the infants in the progestogen-only groups passed the tests at an earlier age and 12 at a later age than infants in the non-hormonal groups. Since no consistent trends were observed across the centres, we conclude that in this study the progestogen-only contraceptives used during lactation did not adversely affect infant development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Postcoital contraception: some characteristics of women who use this method.

This paper describes some of the characteristics of the women who attended a medical clinic requesting postcoital contraception. The information is derived from 871 observations in 653 women who requested this contraception. The mean age of women at the time of first request for this method was older than expected (21.9 years) and the mean time from first coitus to first request for the method was longer than expected (2.7 years). Previous pregnancy with therapeutic abortion was reported by 11.3% of the women. Multiple users of the method were younger at their first visit, and more likely to report a previous pregnancy. The method of contraception used before and after the need for postcoital contraception tended to be the same. Barrier method users have need of this method either for use when they fail to use their barrier method or for use when their barrier method fails. The need for more general availability of this method is discussed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1977

Penetration of some O-and/or N-methylated norepinephrine derivatives through the rat blood brain barrier.

Methods for the determination of a number of O and/or N-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine were developed. The IP injection of these compounds into rats shows quick absorption and short half-lives in plasma, liver and brain. Most compounds do not cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) due to low lipid solubility. However, lipid solubility is not a sole determinant. Compounds which have at least one of the 2 phenolic hydroxyl groups methylated and possess a tertiary amino group do cross the BBB readily.

Animals↗