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PubMed1984

The Pima Infant Feeding Study: breast feeding and gastroenteritis in the first year of life.

In 1978, a retrospective study of infant feeding was conducted among 257 Pima Indian women of reproductive age, who were residing on the Gila River Reservation, Arizona. With data on infant feeding patterns from 683 infants born 1950-1977 to the Pima Indian women, infants were classified into one of five feeding groups based on the duration breast-fed and time of introduction and duration bottle-fed. History of severe diarrhea/diarrhea with dehydration/diarrhea and vomiting was abstracted from the infant's medical record and classified as a case of gastroenteritis. The risk of developing a first such episode during the first year of life was compared between the exclusively bottle-fed and each of the other four feeding groups. The odds ratio of gastroenteritis during the first year was significantly less than unity for infants exclusively breast-fed for four months before adjustment (odds ratio = 0.49) and after adjustment for adverse social conditions and seasonality (odds ratio = 0.51). Similarly, univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis of gastroenteritis from birth through four months revealed estimates of the odds ratio that were significantly less than unity for infants exclusively breast-fed for four months (odds ratio = 0.33 and 0.30, respectively). Although a trend of decreasing gastroenteritis with increasing breast feeding was noted across all other feeding groups, the rates of first episodes of gastroenteritis did not significantly differ among all other feeding groups and the bottle-fed. Thus, exclusive breast feeding for four months is associated with reduced risk of early first episodes of gastroenteritis among infants in a less developed community in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive breast-feeding in rural Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the initiation of breast-feeding and exclusive breast-feeding within the first week after delivery for women in rural Vietnam. DESIGN: An interviewer-administered survey was conducted on a sample of rural women who gave birth during August-October 2002. SETTING: Quang Xuong District, Thanh Hoa Province of Vietnam. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and sixty-three women participated in the study, of whom 181 delivered at the district hospital (39.1%), 229 at a commune health centre (49.5%) and 53 at home attended by a traditional birth attendant (11.4%). RESULTS: Although the initiation and exclusive breast-feeding rates were relatively high at 98.3% and 83.6% respectively, the premature introduction of complementary food was a great concern. Logistic regression analysis showed that, together with socio-cultural determinants such as feeding preferences of the husband and maternal grandmother, feeding practices of friends, factors relating to delivery methods, delivery locations and health problems could influence the initiation rate and breast-feeding patterns. CONCLUSIONS: To promote breast-feeding practices of rural mothers, health education on breast-feeding should take into account local socio-cultural features in addition to improving the counselling skills of health workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Breast feeding studies 1981-1983 in 1,500 mothers in Dortmund and Haltern. III. Rates of breast feeding and duration of breast feeding in the first half year].

With two collectives of mothers from the large maternity wards in Dortmund (n = 998) and Haltern (n = 500) breast-feeding patterns were studied prospectively after dismissal. 95 and 93% of initially breast-feeding mothers kept simple protocols of duration and intensity of breast-feeding. 20 and 13% respectively of the breast-feeding mothers in Dortmund and Haltern stopped breast-feeding within 3 days following discharge, only 2 and 6% respectively of all mothers fully breast-fed for a period of a months as recommended. Already from the beginning of the 2nd month some mothers introduced (unnecessarily) juices as Beikost. Reasons given by the mothers for termination of breast-feeding were mostly connected with problems concerning the mother (50%) and nursing problems (35%). Statistical analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) revealed that the mothers' age (less than 25 years), low educational level, bad breast-feeding experience and use of a pump significantly reduce duration of breast-feeding. Promotion and support of breast-feeding is urgently needed especially during the first weeks after birth and with inexperienced, young and less educated mothers.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2000

[The gift of breast feeding--the practice of breast feeding in Israel].

Breast milk is the optimal food for infant growth and development, the prevention of infectious diseases and mother-child bonding. From the economic perspective, breastfeeding is cost-effective both for the family and society as a whole. The Israeli Ministry of Health encourages breastfeeding as the exclusive source of nutrition for infants in the first 4-6 months of life, with gradual addition of complementary foods thereafter. The promotion of breastfeeding in Israel requires comprehensive national activity with involvement of all the stakeholders. This includes implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes and joining the international "Baby Friendly Hospitals" project. Knowledge of breastfeeding should be spread, health professionals should be encouraged to become agents of change, support by breast counselors should be encouraged, post-delivery vacations from work should be prolonged and empowerment of women implemented.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Sucking behavior at breast during the early newborn period affects later breast-feeding rate and duration of breast-feeding.

BACKGROUND: One of the objectives of health-workers is to help increase the rate and duration of breast-feeding. It could become a helpful tool if babies sucking behavior at breast in the early neonatal period could predict babies at risk of short-term breast-feeding. The aims of this study are: to determine the prevalence of a range of sucking behaviors at breast in the early neonatal period in Japan; to determine if sucking behavior in the early neonatal period affects the later breast-feeding rate; and to clarify reasons for ceasing breast-feeding for each sucking behavior. METHODS: A total of 1582 mothers of infants aged 6-12 months were surveyed. The questionnaire asked mothers their interpretation from memory of the sucking behavior of their infants in the early neonatal period. Mothers were asked to choose one out of five defined types (barracudas, excited ineffectives, procrastinators, gourmets and resters) and others. The study also included questions about the type of feeding (i.e. full, partial). Finally mothers were questioned about the time of and reasons for ceasing breast-feeding. RESULTS: Sufficient responses to the questionnaires were given by 1474 mothers (93.2%). The remainder of mothers questioned (108, 6.8%) did not provide appropriate answers. The babies whose mothers selected 'Barracudas' as the sucking behavior which best described their babies breast-feeding showed the largest number of full breast-feeding. These babies also displayed the highest breast-feeding rate all the time. The 'Procrastinators' type showed the lowest overall rate of breast-feeding. The Chi-square test revealed that sucking behavior in the early neonatal period affects the breast-feeding rate at 3 and 6 months of age (P < 0.001). The reasons for ceasing breast-feeding observed in all subtypes were perceived shortage of milk volume and elder children's anger and jealousy. CONCLUSION: Based on the sucking behavior at breast in the early neonatal period, it is possible to predict babies at risk for short-term breast-feeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Promotion program for breast feeding in Poland. II. Analysis of the breast feeding situation in Poland].

Assessment of breast-feeding situation in Poland was based on three kinds of nation-wide surveys conducted in 1988: newborn feeding and breast feeding routines in maternity wards epidemiology of breast-feeding and other feeding methods in first six months of infant life KAP study among MCH professionals The major findings of the surveys were: conflicting with lactation maternity wards routines especially: very initiation of breast-feeding, administration of liquids and formulas, rigid feeding schedule, separation of newborns from the mothers too early supplantation of breast-feeding lack of current breast-feeding knowledge among MCH professionals.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Yield and nutrient content of milk in eight women breast-feeding twins and one woman breast-feeding triplets.

1. The milk yield of eight mothers each breast-feeding twins was determined by test weighing the mothers. Milk yield was determined at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post partum; however, only one mother was studied at all these times. 2. At 6 months post partum the milk yield for individual breasts of three mothers fully breast-feeding and four mothers partially breast-feeding their infants ranged from 0.84 to 2.16 kg/24 h and 0.42 to 1.39 kg/24 h respectively. The average frequency of breast-feeding for the mothers studied at 6 months post partum was 15.4 feeds/24 h. 3. The milk yield of one mother fully breast-feeding 2.5-month-old triplets was 3.08 kg/24 h and the infants were fed twenty-seven times in 24 h. 4. The concentration of lactose, protein and mixed fat in the milk from individual breasts of mothers fully breast-feeding their infants ranged from 65.6 to 82.2, 7.8 to 15.7 and 16.7 to 46.2 g/l respectively. For the three mothers partially breast-feeding 12-month-old infants the values ranged from 54.8 to 71.8, 14.2 to 19.9 and 4.7 to 40.5 g/l respectively. 5. At 6 and 12 months of age, the proportion of the total energy intake of the infants which was derived from breast milk ranged from 64 to 100% and 6 to 13% respectively. 6. It is concluded that the maximum potential milk yield for women may be higher than the often quoted value of 700-800 ml/24 h.

Adult↗