[Body image and body scheme].
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Body Image↗
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Body image. Whose body? Whose standards?
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Body Image↗
Perceptual distortion of body image in adolescent girls: distortion of body image in adolescence.
Body image estimations in 86 normal-weight adolescent girls showed (a) a tendency to overestimate body width and underestimate body length and (b) an association between the younger ages and the extent of overestimation of body width. In particular there is a sharp drop in overestimation between ages 10 and 11 and thereafter a more gradual and non-significant decline. These age-specific normative data are useful in assessing body image distortions in a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders.
Adolescent↗
Effects of a body image curriculum for college students on improved body image.
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of an undergraduate body image course, "Body Traps: Perspectives on Body Image," on decreasing body dissatisfaction, weight concern, and disordered eating behaviors. METHODS: Twenty-four undergraduate females enrolled in the body image course. Measures of body image and disordered eating patterns were assessed at baseline and at postintervention. RESULTS: Subjects significantly decreased the frequency and severity of their body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. No changes in body mass index or global self-esteem were observed. DISCUSSION: This is the first investigation to demonstrate that a formal, academic course can result in the reduction of both attitudinal and behavioral eating disorder risk factors. Future controlled studies need to be undertaken to substantiate this effect.
Adult↗
Relationship between body image and percent body fat among male and female college students enrolled in an introductory 14-week weight-training course.
Students (39 men and 27 women) from a southern university, who were enrolled in a 14-wk. introductory weight-training course, were administered a 20-item body-image questionnaire and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Mean scores were correlated with percent body fat. For men, women, and both sexes combined correlations were significant and inverse (rs = -.68, -.41, -.66, respectively). Body image as measured was inversely related to percent body fat among these college students. Researchers should examine how dietary and exercise-induced changes in adiposity (pre-post design) influence scores on body image.
Adipose Tissue↗
Coping with body-image threats and challenges: validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory.
OBJECTIVE: Despite extensive research on both body image and coping, little attention has been given to their interface. This investigation examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI), which measures how individuals characteristically manage threats or challenges to body-image experiences. METHODS: The BICSI and other relevant body-image and psychosocial functioning inventories were completed by 603 male and female college students. RESULTS: Results revealed a 29-item measure consisting of three internally consistent body-image coping factors: avoidance, appearance fixing, and positive rational acceptance. The BICSI significantly converged with other pertinent measures of body-image evaluation, affect, and investment, and with psychosocial functioning (i.e., self-esteem, social support, and eating disturbance). Regression analyses indicated that multiple coping strategies predicted individuals' body-image quality of life and their eating attitudes. Compared with men, women used all coping strategies more, especially appearance-fixing strategies. Ethnic differences were identified. CONCLUSION: The empirical findings support the reliability and validity of the BICSI. Limitations, implications, and research directions are considered.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese Korean elementary school children.
This study was performed to investigate the effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese elementary school children. Sixty-two elementary students of the 4th to 6th grade were selected from two different Seoul schools. Thirty-four children in one school were designated as the experimental group, and 28 children from the other school as the control group. The experimental group received 60 - 70 minutes of behavior modification, once a week, for 8 weeks. The control group received neither management nor treatment. The results indicated a significant improvement of body image and a reduction in the increase rate of body fat for the experimental group. This finding strongly supports the theory that behavior modification can be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of obese children.
Adipose Tissue↗
A 'rubber-hand' illusion reveals a relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change.
The 'rubber-hand' illusion, in which individuals misattribute tactile sensations felt by their hand to a rubber prosthetic hand that they see being stimulated, was employed to examine the relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change in 128 volunteers. Variance in unhealthy body development in males (22%) and in bulimic symptomatology in both females and males (10%), was explained by susceptibility to the illusion. The illusion, which is relatively free from cognitive and emotional 'contamination', could be used to identify individuals most responsive to therapies designed to correct inaccurate body perceptions-individuals whose perceptual body image is malleable.
Adolescent↗
Relationship between body image and percent body fat among college male varsity athletes and nonathletes.
Three groups of students from a large midwestern university (15 varsity swimmers, 15 varsity football players, and 15 nonathletes) were administered a 20-item questionnaire concerned with body image and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Scores obtained were correlated to estimate the relationship between body image and adiposity. For the groups combined (N = 45) the relationship was significant and inverse (r = -0.51). For the nonathletic group a significant value -0.76 was found; for the two groups of athletes there was no relationship (rs = 0.002 and -0.059 for football players and swimmers, respectively). We conclude that body image as measured in this study in inversely related to percent body fat among college men, especially among students not engaged in varsity sports.
Adipose Tissue↗
The relationship between body-image and body-fat in adult women.
Measures of body-fat or adiposity, body-image, and other psychological variables were obtained from a sample of 100 female volunteer subjects. The measures of adiposity included surface anthropometry, underwater weighing and a new electrical impedance method. Body-image measures were derived from two experimental techniques, namely the visual-size estimation (or calliper) method and a distorting-mirror, and also from a self-report body-satisfaction scale (BSS). The main findings were that measures of adiposity were positively and significantly related to each other. But, that by contrast, measures of body-image separated out into three distinct sets, namely: (i) 'mirror' accuracy, (2) 'callipers' accuracy, and (3) 'dissatisfaction/desire for change'. The 'accuracy' measures were found to be unrelated to measures of adiposity or other psychological variables: while the 'dissatisfaction' measures were found to relate to both of these. The implications of these findings for future studies of weight and eating disorder groups are discussed.
Adult↗
Media images, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in adolescent women.
This article examines the literature related to the media, body image, and diet/weight issues in children and young women. The media holds an awesome power to influence young women, bombarding them with images of abnormally thin models who seem to represent the ideal. When the majority of adolescents inevitably fail to achieve the extremely thin image they crave, body dissatisfaction results, and disordered eating can begin. Emerging research in the pediatric and adolescent literature demonstrates that children as young as 5 are already anxious about their bodies, and want to be thinner. This obsessive interest in body weight is only fueled by a dramatic increase in the number of Internet Web sites devoted to disordered eating. Unfortunately many of the Web sites are "pro-ana" (pro anorexia) and "pro-mia" (pro bulimia); these Web sites encourage young people at risk to begin starving themselves, or to begin binge-purging. As nurses know, each of these scenarios can lead to serious illness, and sometimes to death.
Adolescent↗
Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a distressing body image disorder that involves excessive preoccupation with physical appearance in a normal appearing person. Prior case reports of behavior therapy were encouraging, but no controlled evaluation of behavior therapy or any other type of treatment had been conducted. In the present study, 54 BDD subjects were randomly assigned to cognitive behavior therapy or no treatment. Patients were treated in small groups for eight 2-hour sessions. Therapy involved modification of intrusive thoughts of body dissatisfaction and overvalued beliefs about physical appearance, exposure to avoided body image situations, and elimination of body checking. Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms were significantly decreased in therapy subjects and the disorder was eliminated in 82% of cases at posttreatment and 77% at follow-up. Overall psychological symptoms and self-esteem also improved in therapy subjects.
Adult↗
'Body image is for girls': a qualitative study of boys' body image.
Although a considerable and informative literature on boys' body image is beginning to emerge, this literature has been guided strongly by theorizing about female body image. The present study aimed to gain access to boys' own ideas and terminology regarding their body image. The participants (aged 14 to 16 years) said that they are satisfied with their appearance, but some conceded their physical appearance to be more important than they like to admit. Boys do not believe that the mass media influences their body image and said they do not talk about body image because it is a feminine or gay issue.
Adolescent↗
Body image changes in adolescents I development of Self-Rating Body Image (SRBI) test and effects of sex, age and body shape.
We investigated the effects of sex, age and body shape on self-body image estimated by our Self-Rating Body Image (SRBI) test in 687 adolescents. Three factors were derived from the 20 items of the SRBI by using a factor analysis. They were interpreted as the images of "body shape," "face" and "visceral organ." Scores of these images in the females were significantly higher than those in the males. There was a significantly negative correlation between the body shape and "body shape" image for the female adolescents 13 years of age (middle) and 18 years of age (late), while no correlation was found for the male and female adolescents 10 years of age (early) and late male adolescents. Our results suggest that a female adolescent wants to be thinner and that the body image showed critical changes during the early and middle periods of adolescence, leading to unsatisfactory images of self-body.
Adolescent↗
Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. Obsessions or delusions?
At this time, the question posed by this article's title--body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: obsessions or delusions?--is probably best answered "both." Both disorders appear to be characterized by obsessional and delusional thinking. In addition, it is likely that their nondelusional and delusional variants constitute a single disorder encompassing a spectrum of insight, with the entire spectrum characterized by obsessional thinking. This view represents a considerable departure from DSM-III-R, in which the psychotic disorders were encapsulated in a separate section of the manual and considered different disorders from their nonpsychotic variants. The one exception was the mood disorders, which were acknowledged to have psychotic variants that were classified in the manual's "nonpsychotic" section. In DSM-IV, on the basis of emerging empirical evidence about the dimensional nature of the psychotic/nonpsychotic boundary, the dichotomy between delusional and nondelusional disorders is less clear. The double coding allowed for BDD acknowledges that BDD and its delusional disorder variant may constitute a single disorder; that allowed for OCD acknowledges that OCD may be delusional. With regard to eating disorders, however, DSM-IV is surprisingly silent, perhaps because delusional preoccupations are less common than in BDD. These issues also may apply to other disorders. Like BDD, hypochondriasis is classified as a somatoform disorder, with its delusional variant a type of delusional disorder, somatic type. Do the delusional and nondelusional variants of hypochondriasis constitute the same disorder? Do other types of somatic delusional disorder, such as parasitosis and olfactory reference syndrome (the belief that one emits a foul body odor) have nondelusional variants? It is likely that a number of disorders span a spectrum from delusional to nondelusional thinking, with unlimited shades of gray in between. Future research may indicate that obsessional disorders such as BDD, anorexia, OCD, and hypochondriasis, as well as other disorders such as major depression, should have qualifiers or subtypes--for example, "with good insight," "with poor insight," and "with delusional (or psychotic) thinking"--with an implied continuum of insight embraced by a single disorder. Such an approach, which scatters psychosis throughout the nomenclature, ultimately may be shown to be a more valid and clinically useful classification approach. Answers to these questions will not only improve our classification system but also may have important treatment implications. For example, the preliminary finding that delusional BDD responds preferentially to SRIs but not to neuroleptic agents contradicts conventional wisdom about the treatment of psychosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adult↗
Psychological aspects in orthognathic surgery. Body image and quality of life in postsurgical assessment. Body image and quality of life in postsurgical assessment.
AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychological assessment of 20 patients after orthognathic surgery. Body image, anxiety levels, depression, somatic symptoms, aggressiveness and quality of life have been evaluated using 3 different questionnaires (BDDE, SQ, Q-LES-Q) during the postsurgical period. Analysis of the questionnaire has shown that the patients undergo orthognathic surgery mainly for esthetical reasons and, even if they could be considered normal, psychological evaluation followed by a proper support is a must. The present study has mainly developed and outlined this aspect. METHODS: BDDE has been utilised to evaluate body image, self-estimation and social relationship. It was evident that the psychological impact after surgery represents a "revolution" for the patient. The "new face" may generate psychological problems for the patients. The SQ test has been used to evaluate the emotional profile. We also considered it essential for our study to evaluate several aspects of the quality of life of our sample group. The body image, particularly when others find it pleasing or displeasing may affect everyday life behaviour. RESULTS: The study reports positive results in the psycho-emotional profiles and in several aspects of the quality of life, while the results of the self-perception of the body image could be considered average. CONCLUSION: Reported data show that the corrections following orthognathic surgery have a positive impact on the assessment of the patients and on the personal and social attitude and behaviour, however suggesting, a long term psychological support to assure a satisfactory postoperative recovery.
Adult↗
A Macintosh and Windows program for assessing body-image disturbance using adjustable image distortion.
Body image is one of the most important concepts in the study of eating disorders. The assessment and treatment of body-image issues are considered to be integral aspects of assessment and clinical management of eating disorders (Thompson, 1996b). The program, BodyImage, is software for the assessment of body-image disturbance. It uses an image-distorting technique to estimate body size. The image of the whole body or parts of the body can be captured as a digital image by a digital camera. Response data from participants are recorded as ASCII files so that other computer programs such as spreadsheets or word processing programs can handle the data. BodyImage works on personal computers, both Macintosh and Windows. It is available at no cost, and it can be obtained from the following URL: http://homepage2.nifty.com/s_shibata/softwares/bodyimage.html.
Algorithms↗
The relationship between body image discrepancy and body mass index across ethnic groups.
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine at what body mass index (BMI) body image discrepancy (BD) was reported in a community sample of 389 white, Hispanic, and black women. In addition, we assessed the trajectory of the BMI-BD relationship as BMI increases by ethnic group. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All participants were assessed on height and weight and completed the Figure Rating Scale. RESULTS: We found no difference in the proportion of women in each ethnic group reporting BD. However, white women experienced BD at a lower BMI level (BMI = 24.6), and below the criterion for overweight (BMI = 25). In contrast, black and Hispanic women did not report BD until they were overweight (BMIs of 29.2 and 28.5, respectively). Compared with black and white women, Hispanic women registered increases in BD at smaller increases in BMI. DISCUSSION: These findings could have unhealthful implications for weight control behavior. The results encourage a closer look at ethnicity and BD, and their relationship to obesity and weight control.
Acculturation↗