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PubMed2006

Elevated Bmi-1 expression is associated with dysplastic cell transformation during oral carcinogenesis and is required for cancer cell replication and survival.

Bmi-1 is a polycomb group protein that was identified as c-myc cooperating oncogene in murine lymphomagenesis. The current study was undertaken to determine the role of Bmi-1 in human oral carcinogenesis. Bmi-1 protein and RNA expression levels were markedly enhanced in the cells of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) compared with that of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK). Enhanced-Bmi-1 expression was also detected in situ in the archived oral mucosal tissues with cancerous and precancerous histopathology, including that of mild epithelial dysplasia. Thus, Bmi-1 expression occurs at a very early stage in oral carcinogenesis. To determine the biological role of Bmi-1 in cell proliferation, endogenous Bmi-1 was knocked down in actively proliferating SCC4 cells and NHOK by RNA interference. After Bmi-1 knockdown, cell replication was severely retarded. However, the expression of p16(INK4A), a known cellular target of Bmi-1, was not changed in cells with or without Bmi-1 knockdown. Furthermore, Bmi-1 knockdown in HOK-16B-BaP-T cells, in which the p16(INK4A)/pRb pathway was abrogated, led to immediate arrest of replication and loss of viable cells. Thus, our data suggest that Bmi-1 may act through p16(INK4A)-independent pathways to regulate cellular proliferation during oral cancer progression.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2005

Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Although the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is a measure of excess weight, rather than excess body fat, relative to height. We examined the relation of BMI to levels of fat mass and fat-free mass among healthy 5- to 18-y-olds. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat and fat-free mass among 1196 subjects. These measures were standardized for height by calculating the fat mass index (FMI, fat mass/ht2) and the fat-free mass index (FFMI, fat-free mass/ht2). RESULTS: The variability in FFMI was about 50% of that in FMI, and the accuracy of BMI as a measure of adiposity varied greatly according to the degree of fatness. Among children with a BMI-for-age > or =85th P, BMI levels were strongly associated with FMI (r=0.85-0.96 across sex-age categories). In contrast, among children with a BMI-for-age <50th P, levels of BMI were more strongly associated with FFMI (r=0.56-0.83) than with FMI (r=0.22-0.65). The relation of BMI to fat mass was markedly nonlinear, and substantial differences in fat mass were seen only at BMI levels > or =85th P. DISCUSSION: BMI levels among children should be interpreted with caution. Although a high BMI-for-age is a good indicator of excess fat mass, BMI differences among thinner children can be largely due to fat-free mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Central obesity and hypertensive renal disease: association between higher levels of BMI, circulating transforming growth factor beta1 and urinary albumin excretion.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the relationship between circulating transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) has been investigated in non-obese and central obese hypertensive patients. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Fifty-eight consecutive hypertensive outpatients both lean and with central obesity were enrolled and divided in three groups, according to their body mass index (BMI) values. Group A: 16 lean hypertensives (men with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and women with BMI < 24.7 kg/m2); Group B: 16 overweight hypertensives (men with BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2 and women with BMI > 24.7 kg/m2 and < 27.3 kg/m2); Group C: 26 obese hypertensives (men with BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 and women with BMI > or = 27.3 kg/m2). MEASURES: In all patients, UAE, by immunonephelometric assay, circulating TGFbeta1 by a solid-phase specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, by routine laboratory methods, were determined. In addition, left ventricular telediastolic internal diameter (LVIDd), interventricular septum diastolic (IVSTd), posterior wall thickness (PWT), total and normalized to height2.7 left ventricular mass (LVM, LVM/h2.7), relative wall thickness (RWT) and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) by M-B Mode echocardiography were calculated. RESULTS: Overweight and obese hypertensives had significantly (p < 0.05) higher BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), UAE and TGFbeta1 than lean hypertensives. Obese hypertensives had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total and indexed LVM values than lean hypertensives. Obese hypertensives had significantly (p < 0.05) higher BMI, UAE and TGFbeta1 than overweight hypertensives. In all subjects, TGFbeta1 correlated directly with BMI (r = 0.52; p < 0.0001), WHR (r = 0.48; p < 0.003), MBP (r = 0.31; p < 0.02) and UAE (r = 0.57; p < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that BMI, MBP and UAE were able to explain the 47.9% TGFbeta1 variability (r = 0.69; p < 0.0001), and that TGFbeta1 was the best predictor of UAE changes (r = 0.60; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that TGFbeta1 levels are positively associated with BMI, MBP and UAE in hypertensive subjects. This also indicates that TGFbeta1 overproduction might be considered a pathophysiology mechanism of progressive renal function impairment in obese hypertensives.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of BMY 40062, a new fluoronaphthyridone.

The in vitro and in vivo activities of a new naphthyridone, BMY 40062, were compared with those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. BMY 40062 showed about threefold more activity than ciprofloxacin showed and four- to eightfold more activity than ofloxacin showed against staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. BMY 40062 showed generally twofold less activity than ciprofloxacin showed against most species of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. but twofold more activity than ofloxacin showed against these organisms. BMY 40062 and ofloxacin were more active than ciprofloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile. The antiureaplasmal and antichlamydial activities of BMY 40062 were similar to those of the tetracyclines and were 4- and 16-fold, respectively, higher than those of ciprofloxacin. The in vitro activities of BMY 40062 were influenced by pH and magnesium, although these factors appeared to affect the activity of BMY 40062 against P. aeruginosa to a lesser extent than those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. BMY 40062 was found to be bactericidal, and cross-resistance with other fluoroquinolones was observed. In mouse protection tests, the efficacy of BMY 40062 reflected its in vitro potency. BMY 40062 exhibited longer half-life, higher maximum concentration in serum, greater area under the curve, and better bioavailability in mice after oral dosing than ciprofloxacin. Compared with ofloxacin, BMY 40062 had a lower maximum concentration in serum but a much longer half-life in mice. BMY 40062 was more effective than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in penetrating mouse macrophages and killing macrophage-associated Staphylococcus aureus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is safe and effective in patients with a BMI > or =60.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) has been shown to be safe and effective. There is little data on the outcomes in massively super-obese patients, with a body mass index (BMI) > or =60 kg/m2 (super-super-obese). The goal of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of LRYGBP in these patients, and compare these results to patients with a BMI <60. METHODS: 213 consecutive patients undergoing LRYGBP by a single surgeon at a university hospital were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: BMI <60 kg/m2 (n=167) and BMI > or =60 kg/m2 (n=46). The 2 groups were compared with regard to perioperative complications, and postoperative weight loss. RESULTS: Both groups had statistically similar complication rates. There were major complications in 8 patients (5%) in the lower BMI group and in 3 patients (7%) in the higher BMI group. There were minor complications in 9 patients (5%) in the lower BMI group and in 4 patients (9%) in the higher BMI group. Mean percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was 64% at 1 year in the BMI <60 group and 53% in the BMI > or =60 group. CONCLUSION: LRYGBP can be performed safely and effectively in super-super-obese patients (BMI > or =60). Although these patients have less %EWL than lighter patients, they still end up with a good result. Therefore, LRYGBP should be considered a good surgical option even for patients with a BMI > or =60.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Differential effects of BMI on diabetes risk among black and white Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the associations of BMI and fat distribution with diabetes risk are modified by race. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1971-1992), were used to investigate potential interactions of BMI and fat distribution with race. Incident diabetes was defined by self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes, hospital and nursing home discharge records, and death certificates. RESULTS: Among the 1,531 black and 9,852 white subjects who were nondiabetic at baseline, 1,139 (10.0%) developed diabetes during 20 years of follow-up. Although the cumulative risk of diabetes increased with baseline BMI in all four race-sex groups, the sex-specific odds ratios (ORs) for black:white subjects decreased with increasing BMI. In particular, for BMI of 22 kg/m2, the OR of diabetes for black:white individuals was 1.87 and 1.76 (P < 0.01) for men and women, respectively; for BMI of 32 kg/m2, the OR decreased to 0.99 and 1.20 (NS) for men and women, respectively. Skinfold ratio was also associated with increased diabetes risk in all race-sex groups, but did not modify the association between race and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the effect of BMI on diabetes risk is different for black and white Americans, with a larger risk for blacks than whites at low BMI and an equivalent risk for both groups at high BMI. A lower degree of visceral adiposity among blacks at higher BMI or a greater impact of visceral adiposity among blacks at low BMI may help explain the interaction of race and BMI on diabetes risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BMI in the Trois-Rivières study: child-adult and child-parent relationships.

This study evaluated intraindividual child-adult and interindividual child-parent relationships of body mass index (BMI) using data from the Trois-Rivières semilongitudinal study of growth and development. Intraindividual correlations between age 12 and 35 years were substantial (r(2) = 36% of variance in women, 30% of variance in men). Interindividual child-parent correlations for mothers and fathers age 36.6 +/- 0.4 and 39.5 +/- 0.4 years, respectively, were very low to low for daughters age 12 years (r = 0.09, NS and 0.34, P < 0.001 vs. father and mother, respectively) but all very low for sons age 12 years (r = 0.07, NS and 0.16, NS vs. father and mother, respectively). A multiple regression analysis predicted adult BMI from the individual's BMI at 10, 11, 12 years plus the maternal and paternal BMIs as calculated from self-reported heights and weights. The BMI at age 12 years was a better predictor of adult BMI than the parental BMI in both men and women (P < 0.001) and multivariate analysis revealed that this index at age 12 years was the sole significant predictor of adult BMI for both men and women. The results from our study do not support the hypothesis that parental BMI is a stronger predictor of adult BMI than childhood BMI. However, useful information for the prediction and prevention of adult overweight can be obtained from the BMI at age 12 years. Our results suggest that environmental influences may be the major factor in the present obesity epidemic.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Experimental antitumor activity of BMY-28090, a new antitumor antibiotic.

BMY-28090 is a novel actinomycete fermentation derived antitumor agent. The cytotoxic effect of BMY-28090 was evaluated in two murine and eight human tumor cell lines in vitro. Following 72-hour exposures, BMY-28090 was cytotoxic for all of these cell lines with IC50 values of less than 0.02 to 3.25 micrograms/ml. BMY-28090 was evaluated for in vivo antitumor activity in a variety of experimental murine tumor and human tumor xenograft models. Initial testing against the murine tumor models was performed using BMY-28090 as the water insoluble free base whereas subsequent antitumor tests were performed using water soluble lactate or succinate salts. BMY-28090 administered ip demonstrated good, reproducible antitumor activity against ip implanted P388 leukemia, L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma. The water soluble preparations of BMY-28090 were active iv against sc implanted B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma as well as subrenal capsule (src) M5076 sarcoma; activity against src implanted B16 was marginal. BMY-28090 lactate was also evaluated for activity against src implanted MX-1 human mammary tumor xenografts in nude mice and the HCT116 human colon tumor xenografts in immune-suppressed BDF1 mice. At maximum tolerated doses administered ip, BMY-28090 was active against the MX-1 xenograft in two of three tests, causing greater than 90% inhibition of tumor growth. BMY-28090 administered iv at maximally tolerated doses had marginal activity against the HCT116 xenografts, producing 61% and 68% inhibition of tumor growth in two tests. The results of these studies demonstrated that BMY-28090 has a broad spectrum of in vitro cytotoxicity against both murine and human tumor cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2002

Impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight 5-7 year old children.

BACKGROUND: There is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese children. Genetic and environmental factors are contributing factors but the influence of parental nutritional state on early manifestation of overweight is not well characterised. AIM OF THE STUDY: To systematically investigate the impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight in 5 to 7 year old children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study (as a part of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study [KOPS]) of 3306 children aged 5-7 years and their parents. The nutritional state of the children (BMI, triceps skinfold, fat mass, prevalence of overweight) was investigated in subgroups differing with respect to parental BMI. RESULTS: BMI of the children was significantly correlated with parental BMI (r = 0.272, p < 0.01). Children's BMI showed closer associations with maternal than with paternal BMI (r = 0.254 vs. 0.159, p < 0.01). A multivariate regression analysis showed that parental BMI explained 7.6 % of the variance in children's BMI. OR for overweight was elevated in children with at least one overweight parent (overweight mother: OR 2.9 (boys)/3.1 (girls); overweight father: OR 1.8 (boys)/2.4 (girls). OR was highest for children with two obese parents (OR 7.6 (boys)/6.3 (girls). Children with one obese parent were more frequently overweight than children with one overweight parent. CONCLUSIONS: Parental BMI showed only a weak correlation with the BMI of their children. However, children's risk of becoming overweight increased with parental overweight and obesity. Thus, familial disposition has to be taken into account to identify risk groups for preventive measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

BMI affects presenting symptoms of achalasia and outcome after Heller myotomy.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and worldwide. The impact of obesity on health is increasingly recognized; however, its impact on achalasia has not been established. METHODS: The present study was undertaken to determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the symptoms of achalasia and outcome after myotomy. In our institution, 262 patients have undergone laparoscopic Heller myotomy and scored their symptoms before and after myotomy on a Likert scale (frequency: 0 = never to 10 = every time I eat/always; severity 0 = not bothersome to 10 = very bothersome). Patients were stratified by BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 or BMI < 30 kg/m2, and preoperative symptom scores and postmyotomy outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Patients with BMI > or = 30 had higher symptom scores for frequency of choking and vomiting before myotomy (p < 0.05). All symptom scores improved significantly after myotomy, except heartburn frequency and severity for patients with BMI > or = 30. By regression analysis, increasing BMI tended to exacerbate the frequency of choking and vomiting before myotomy and the frequency of heartburn after myotomy. Among the patients with BMI > or = 30 kg/m2, 73% reported excellent or good outcomes compared to 91% for patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2 (p = 0.02, Fisher's exact test). However, 96% of patients with BMI > or = 30 kg/m2, as well as 93% of patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2 would still elect to have the operation if they were asked to make the decision over again. CONCLUSIONS: Although some preoperative symptoms are exacerbated by elevated BMI, all symptoms of achalasia are improved with myotomy, even when undertaken for obese patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

High prepregnancy BMI increases the risk of postpartum anemia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the independent effect of prepregnancy BMI on the risk of postpartum anemia. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Pregnant women from North Carolina who enrolled in the Iron Supplementation Study at their first prenatal visit at <20 weeks gestation and who delivered a live infant were followed to the postpartum visit (n = 439). BMI had a curvilinear relation in the logit of postpartum anemia; therefore, a restricted quadratic spline with three knots at the inflection points was used to specify BMI. Multiple log binomial regression was used to quantify the relation between prepregnancy BMI and postpartum anemia after adjusting for maternal ethnicity/race, education, smoking, initial hemoglobin concentration, and prenatal iron supplementation. RESULTS: Prevalence of postpartum anemia was 19.1%. After adjusting for confounders, we found that risk of postpartum anemia was similar for women with BMI values from 17 to 24 compared with women with a BMI of 20. Adjusted relative risk increased as BMI increased from 24 to 38. Women with a BMI of 28 had approximately 1.8 times the postpartum anemia risk of a woman with a BMI of 20 (95% confidence interval 1.3, 2.5), and obese women with a BMI of 36 had approximately 2.8 times the risk (95% confidence interval 1.7, 4.7). DISCUSSION: These data suggest that high prepregnancy BMI substantially increases the risk of postpartum anemia. Postpartum anemia screening and iron supplementation of overweight and obese women may be warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Racial differences in the tracking of childhood BMI to adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: The possibility that there are racial differences in the patterns of BMI (kilograms per meter squared) change throughout life has not been examined. For example, the high prevalence of obesity among black women could result from a higher prevalence of obesity among black girls or because normal-weight black girls experience larger BMI increases in adolescence or adulthood than do their white counterparts. Therefore, we examined the tracking of childhood BMI into adulthood in a biracial (36% black) sample. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Five- to 14-year-old children (2392) were followed for (mean) 17 years. Childhood overweight was defined as BMI > or = 95th percentile, and adult obesity was defined as BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2). RESULTS: The tracking of childhood BMI differed between whites and blacks. Among overweight children, 65% of white girls vs. 84% of black girls became obese adults, and predictive values among boys were 71% (whites) vs. 82% (blacks). These racial differences reflected contrasting patterns in the rate of BMI change. Although the initial BMI of black children was not higher than that of white children, BMI increases with age were larger among black girls and overweight black boys than among their white counterparts. In contrast, relatively thin (BMI < 50th percentile) white boys were more likely to become overweight adults than were their black counterparts. DISCUSSION: These findings emphasize the black/white differences in BMI changes with age. Because of the adult health consequences of childhood-onset obesity, early prevention should be given additional emphasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Comparison of self-reported and measured BMI as correlates of disease markers in US adults.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of BMI based on self-reported data by comparison with technician-measured BMI and biomarkers of adiposity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We analyzed data from 10,639 National Health and Nutrition Education Study III participants > or =20 years of age to compare BMI calculated from self-reported weight and height with BMI from technician-measured values and body fatness estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis in relation to systolic blood pressure, fasting blood levels of glucose, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and leptin. RESULTS: BMI based on self-reported data (25.07 kg/m2) was lower than BMI based on technician measurements (25.52 kg/m2) because of underreporting weight (-0.56 kg; 95% confidence interval, -0.71, -0.41) and overreporting height (0.76 cm; 95% confidence interval, 0.64, 0.88). However, the correlations between self-reported and measured BMI values were very high (0.95 for whites, 0.93 for blacks, and 0.90 for Mexican Americans). In terms of biomarkers, self-reported and measured BMI values were equally correlated with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.43), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = -0.53), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.54). Similar correlations were observed for both measures of BMI with plasma concentrations of triglycerides and leptin. These correlations did not differ appreciably by age, sex, ethnicity, or obesity status. Correlations for percentage body fat estimated through bioelectrical impedance analysis with these biomarkers were similar to those for BMI. DISCUSSION: The accuracy of self-reported BMI is sufficient for epidemiological studies using disease biomarkers, although inappropriate for precise measures of obesity prevalence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Obesity in a cohort of black Jamaican children as estimated by BMI and other indices of adiposity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships of body mass index (BMI) to obesity indices derived from anthropometry and to determine tracking of overweight between late childhood and early adolescence, in a cohort of children with mixed nutritional history. We also compared identification of overweight children using The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-off points with skinfolds. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: A total of 306 children examined at 7-8 y and at 11-12 y. MEASUREMENTS: Triceps (TSF) and subscapular skinfolds (SSF), height and weight were measured. The sum of the skinfolds (sum SF), BMI, percentage body fat (%fat) and fat mass (FM) were calculated. Pubertal stage was assessed at 11-12 y. RESULTS: Overweight increased from 3.5 to 9.5% over the follow-up period. BMI was better correlated with the other indices of adiposity in girls and in the older age group. BMI tracking over follow up was high. In regression analysis BMI explained 52 and 61% of the variance in FM in boys and girls at 7-8 y. This increased to 69% in both sexes at 11-12 y. Using the IOTF cut-off points BMI had low sensitivity to identify children >85th percentile of the NHANES references for SSF. The sensitivity for those assessed by TSF and sum SF was higher, but between 14 and 30% of the children were misclassified. The specificity of BMI was high. CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity increased over follow-up. Although the cohort remained relatively lean BMI rank among the fattest children was maintained. Girls were fatter than boys, reflecting adult obesity patterns. Children identified as overweight by the IOTF BMI cut-off points are likely to have high body fatness. However the BMI cut-off points may not identify many children with high body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Changes in body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity among Kuwaitis 1980-1994.

OBJECTIVE: To compare temporal changes in body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and prevalence of obesity (BMI > 25 and > 30 kg/m2) among adult Kuwaitis between two periods 14 y apart. DESIGN: Comparison of two independent cross-sectional samples of Kuwaitis studied in 1980-1981 and 1993-1994. SUBJECTS: 2067 (896 men and 1171 women) and 3435 (1730 men and 1705 women) adult Kuwaitis (aged > or = 18 y), drawn from primary health care (PHC) clinics and studied for nutritional assessment and for prevalence of obesity in 1980-1981 and 1993-1994, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: BMI, which is the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (kg/m2), was based on measured weight and height. Obesity was defined as BMI > 25 kg/m2 (grade 1) and BMI > 30 kg/m2) (grade 2). RESULTS: Mean BMI increased significantly (P < 0.001) by 10.0% and 6.2% (2.5 and 1.7 kg/m2) among men and women, respectively. Prevalence of obesity (BMI > 25 and > 30 kg/m2) increased by 20.6% and 15.4% and by 13.7% and 8.4% among men and women, respectively. After controlling for sociodemographic differences between the two study periods, BMI was 2.0 and 1.6 kg/m2 higher in 1993-1994 than in 1980-1981 among men and women respectively. The risk of obesity (BMI > 25 and > 30 kg/m2) also increased among both genders between the two periods (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.7 and OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.4, for men and OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.6-3.0 and OR = 1.4, 95% CI 2.2 CI-1.0-1.9, for women). CONCLUSION: BMI and prevalence of obesity increased among Kuwaitis between 1980-1981 and 1993 and 1994 probably due to the effects of modernization, affluence, increased food consumption and the concomitant changes to sedentary lifestyles. The rate of temporal changes in BMI and obesity were higher, by comparison, in Kuwait than in selected other countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Body mass index (BMI) in Turner Syndrome before and during growth hormone (GH) therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether body mass index (BMI) is different in girls with Turner syndrome (TS) compared to normal girls, and whether BMI in TS is affected by growth hormone (GH) treatment. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 2468 girls with TS enrolled in the National Cooperative Group Study (NCGS), a collaborative surveillance study for assessing GH-treated children. MEASUREMENTS: BMI and BMI standard deviation score (BMI SDS) at baseline and during GH treatment were computed from height and weight data. RESULTS: BMI in TS patients increases with age as expected. However, BMI SDS increased starting at about age 9 y. A similar pattern of increase in BMI SDS was observed after each year of GH treatment for up to 4 y, but GH treatment did not change the magnitude of increase. BMI and BMI SDS curves before and during GH treatment were essentially superimposable. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that mechanisms specific for TS are responsible for the age-related increase in BMI SDS. This increase was unaffected by GH treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Human leptin locus (LEP) alleles and BMI in Samoans.

OBJECTIVES: Because of their location in known candidate gene regions for obesity the associations between six microsatellite markers (D2S2170, D2S144, D2S1268, D2S1788, D2S1348 and a tetranucleotide repeat in the 3' UTR of the LEP locus) and body mass index (BMI) were studied in adult Samoans. DESIGN: The study was designed to detect differences in the proportion of alleles at the six microsatellite markers between two groups of adult Samoans at the extremes of the longitudinal BMI distribution. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS: The 181 unrelated Samoan participants were 25-55 y of age, reported that all four grandparents were Samoan, resided in American Samoa (AS) or Samoa (S) and were without diagnosed hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Initial statistical analysis was based on chi(2) tests of independence between marker allele frequencies and BMI status at each marker. The association of individual alleles with BMI status was tested by aggregating a marker's allelic data into a two-by-two contingency table and applying a two-tailed version of Fisher's exact test, with a Bonferroni correction to account for the multiple testing implicit in the procedure. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in allele frequencies at any of the markers between AS and S, as expected from our prior population genetic analyses. Only the LEP gene 3'-tetranucelotide repeat was associated (P<0.006) with BMI status. The distribution of the marker alleles at the LEP locus was significantly associated with the BMI groups (P<0.01), due to the low frequency of allele 226 in the high BMI group. The same pattern of association was found in sub-group analyses with low BMI individuals from AS and high BMI individuals from S. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the leptin 3'-tetranucleotide repeat is associated with high BMI in adult Samoans, with allele 226 having a low frequency in the high BMI group.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validity of BMI as a measure of obesity in Australian white Caucasian and Australian Sri Lankan children.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is used to diagnose obesity. However, its ability to predict the percentage fat mass (%FM) reliably is doubtful. Therefore validity of BMI as a diagnostic tool of obesity is questioned. AIM: This study is focused on determining the ability of BMI-based cut-off values in diagnosing obesity among Australian children of white Caucasian and Sri Lankan origin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Height and weight was measured and BMI (W/H2) calculated. Total body water was determined by deuterium dilution technique and fat free mass and hence fat mass derived using age- and gender-specific constants. A %FM of 30% for girls and 20% for boys was considered as the criterion cut-off level for obesity. BMI-based obesity cut-offs described by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), CDC/NCHS centile charts and BMI-Z were validated against the criterion method. RESULTS: There were 96 white Caucasian and 42 Sri Lankan children. Of the white Caucasians, 19 (36%) girls and 29 (66%) boys, and of the Sri Lankans 7 (46%) girls and 16 (63%) boys, were obese based on %FM. The FM and BMI were closely associated in both Caucasians (r=0.81, P<0.001) and Sri Lankans (r=0.92, P<0.001). Percentage FM and BMI also had a lower but significant association. Obesity cut-off values recommended by IOTF failed to detect a single case of obesity in either group. However, NCHS and BMI-Z cut-offs detected cases of obesity with low sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: BMI is a poor indicator of percentage fat and the commonly used cut-off values were not sensitive enough to detect cases of childhood obesity in this study. In order to improve the diagnosis of obesity, either BMI cut-off values should be revised to increase the sensitivity or the possibility of using other indirect methods of estimating the %FM should be explored.

Adolescent↗