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PubMed1988

Sensitization to green coffee bean (GCB) and castor bean (CB) allergens among dock workers.

Dock workers (n = 218) occupationally exposed to green coffee beans (GCB) were studied, using a specific questionnaire for allergic symptoms and skin tests for common and occupational allergens. Thirty-one workers (14.3%) complained of allergic symptoms of the eye, nose and bronchial system at the workplace. The prick tests, using both commercial allergens and specific extracts prepared from the most common types of coffee and their corresponding sacks, confirmed a sensitization in 21 workers (9.6%). A positive skin reaction to castor beans (CB) was found in nearly all these cases; in ten workers there was also a positive reaction to GCB allergens and in 14 cases prick tests were positive to extracts of sacks. There was a good concordance between prick tests and specific IgE for CB (95.0%) and also, but to a lesser extent, for GCB. The authors concluded that there is a significant risk of sensitization to CB and GCB allergens in dock workers occupied in handling green coffee bean, despite the fact that the exposure is not continuous. CB emerged as a common contaminant of GCB from various countries. For effective prevention, a modification of the methods of transport is required to avoid CB contamination to other products. Eliminating environmental dust during shipping operations is the most important preventive measure and it can be achieved by the use of containers, as some exporting countries are already doing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Molecular mapping of genes for resistance to the bean pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner) in common bean.

The bean pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner) is a serious insect pest of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Mexico and Central America that is best controlled by host-plant resistance available in Durango or Jalisco genotypes such as J-117. Given unreliable infestation by the insect, the use of marker-assisted selection is desirable. In the present study, we developed a set of nine molecular markers for Apion resistance and mapped them to loci on chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 6 (linkage groups b01, b08, b07 and b11, respectively) based on genetic analysis of an F (5:10) susceptible x resistant recombinant inbred line population (Jamapa x J-117) and two reference mapping populations (DOR364 x G19833 and BAT93 x JaloEEP558) for which chromosome and linkage group designations are known. All the markers were derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands that were identified through bulked segregant analysis and cloned for conversion to sequence tagged site (STS) markers. One of the markers was dominant while four detected polymorphism upon digestion with restriction enzymes. The other markers were mapped as RAPD fragments. Phenotypic data for the population was based on the evaluation of percentage seed damage in replicated trials conducted over four seasons in Mexico. In single point regression analysis, individual markers explained from 3.5 to 22.5% of the variance for the resistance trait with the most significant markers overall being F10-500S, U1-1400R, R20-1200S, W9-1300S and Z4-800S, all markers that mapped to chromosome 2 (b01). Two additional significant markers, B1-1400R and W6-800R, were mapped to chromosome 6 (b11) and explained from 4.3 to 10.2% of variance depending on the season. The latter of these markers was a dominant STS marker that may find immediate utility in marker-assisted selection. The association of these two loci with the Agr and Agm genes is discussed as well as the possibility of additional resistance genes on chromosome 4 (b07) and chromosome 3 (b08). These are among the first specific markers developed for tagging insect resistance in common bean and are expected to be useful for evaluating the mechanism of resistance to A. godmani.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Molecular characterization of a bean alpha-amylase inhibitor that inhibits the alpha-amylase of the mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus.

Cultivated varieties of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contain an alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha AI-1) that inhibits porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA; EC 3.2.1.1) and the amylases of certain seed weevils, but not that of the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus. A variant of alpha AI-1, called alpha AI-2, is found in certain arcelin-containing wild accessions of the common bean. The variant alpha AI-2 inhibits Z. subfasciatus alpha-amylase (ZSA), but not PPA. We purified alpha AI-2 and studied its interaction with ZSA. The formation of the alpha AI-2-ZSA complex is time-dependent and occurs maximally at pH 5.0 or below. When a previously isolated cDNA assumed to encode alpha AI-2 was expressed in transgenic tobacco seeds, the seeds contained inhibitory activity toward ZSA but not toward PPA, confirming that the cDNA encodes alpha AI-2. The inhibitors alpha AI-1 and alpha AI-2 share 78% sequence identity at the amino acid level and they differ in an important region that is part of the site where the enzyme binds the inhibitor. The swap of a tripeptide in this region was not sufficient to change the specificity of the two inhibitors towards their respective enzymes. The three-dimensional structure of the alpha AI-1/PPA complex has just been solved and we recently obtained the derived amino acid sequence of ZSA. This additional information allows us to discuss the results described here in the framework of the amino acid residues of both proteins involved in the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and to pinpoint the amino acids responsible for the specificity of the interaction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Nucleotide sequence of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus.

The genome of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV-B) comprises 4109 nucleotides and thus is slightly shorter than those of the two other sequenced sobemoviruses (southern bean mosaic virus, cowpea strain (SBMV-C) and rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV)). SBMV-B has an overall sequence similarity with SBMV-C of 55% and with RYMV of 45%. Three potential open reading frames (ORFs) were recognized in SBMV-B which were in similar positions in the genomes of SBMV-C and RYMV. However, there was no analog of SBMV-C and RYMV ORF 3. From a comparison of the predicted sequences of the ORFs of these three sobemoviruses and of the noncoding regions, it is suggested that the two SBMV strains differ from one another as much as they do from RYMV and that they should be considered as different viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Interactions of soya-bean agglutinin with purified glycoconjugates and soya-bean seed components.

A radioaffinity assay for lectin binding to receptors was developed and characterized by using the interactions between soya-bean agglutinin and four glycoconjugates, namely thyroglobulin, galactomannan, fetuin and asialofetuin. On application of the assay to soya-bean extracts a wide range of seed components were found to have the capacity to interact with soya-bean agglutinin. These included both trichloroacetic acid-soluble and trichloroacetic acid-insoluble glycoconjugates and two classes of particulate matter distinguished by their differential solubility in Triton X-100.

Asialoglycoproteins↗
PubMed1992

Mineral excretion of rats fed on diets containing faba beans (Vicia faba L.) or faba bean fractions.

The effects on faecal mineral excretion of two commercial varieties (local cultivar and Troy cultivar) of raw faba beans (Vicia faba L., minor) meal (VFM) and its fractions have been studied in growing rats. Diets contained local-VFM (dark seed coat) and Troy-VFM (light seed coat) at 474-500 g/kg diet, hull (VFH) from both varieties at 65 g/kg diet, and the insoluble cotyledon residue (VFCR) obtained from the Troy variety at 237 g/kg diet. Rats were pair-fed on diets which had been supplemented with amino acids to target requirements and contained similar amounts of zinc, manganese, iron and copper. With VFM diets the apparent absorption of Zn and Mn was significantly reduced. On the other hand, with hulls the apparent absorption of Fe was reduced while that of Cu slightly increased. As the amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in VFM and VFH diets were higher than in the controls, the increased intake resulted in a significant increase in both the apparent absorption and the faecal excretion of these minerals. The inclusion of VFCR in the diet had no significant effect on the mineral content of faeces. The relatively low concentrations of phytate in the bean seeds of 7.8 and 6.7 g/kg for the local and Troy cultivars respectively, could not adequately account for the increased mineral excretion. The results suggest that other seed constituents, possibly the soluble non-starch polysaccharides, may be involved in the elevated loss of Zn and Mn in rats fed on diets containing faba bean for extended periods, while some insoluble structural hull components may interfere with the absorption of Fe from the gut.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Mean wheal diameter in skin tests for castor bean extracts in castor bean allergic workers of eastern Sudan.

The mean wheal diameter by prick test for castor bean (Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae) extracts was measured in a castor bean allergic population. Three types of castor bean extracts namely Cimmaron, Pacific and dust (a mixture of Cimmaron, Pacific and hull), were applied at 1/10,000 dilutions with a control solution. The subjects comprised 318 male workers who were divided into four groups with a fifth control group of 63 male workers. The solutions were tested on three subject groups with Cimmaron in the first, Pacific in the second, and dust in the third. All three extracts were applied in the fourth and the control groups. The results have shown that the Cimmaron type gives a larger wheal diameter than Pacific or dust at the same concentration. There were statistically significant differences between the wheal diameters caused by different extracts in the same subjects. The possibility of producing a type of seed containing less amount of allergen could be considered and experimented on by the agricultural research bodies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene and 3' untranslated region of azuki bean mosaic potyvirus, a member of the bean common mosaic virus subgroup.

The relationship of azuki bean mosaic potyvirus (AzMV) to members of the bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) subgroup has been unclear. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers and the polymerase chain reaction were used to amplify and clone the coat protein (CP) gene and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of AzMV. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CP is 94% identical to that of dendrobium mosaic virus, establishing the two as strains of the same virus. While the CP amino acid identities between AzMV and potyviruses of the BCMV species are at or below 90%, the 91 to 94% identity between their UTRs suggests that AzMV could be considered a strain of BCMV. Interestingly, the grouping of potyviruses within the greater BCMV subgroup on a coat protein amino acid tree correlates with a grouping based on the response elicited on bean containing the I gene for resistance to BCMV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

[Antienzymatic activities of two Leguminosae: bean pods and bean bulls. Antiamylase activity].

Amylase inhibitory activities have been sought in the powders of Phaseolus vulgaris pods and of Vicia faba bean hulls. Unlike to the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris pod has no amylase inhibitory activity and the presence of tannin could not be determined. Contrary, Vicia faba bean hull shows an obvious amylase inhibitory activity. It contains an appreciable content of tannins which may be responsible of this activity. The quantities of amylase whose are inhibited increase in some measure with the quantities of enzyme added. They are not in direct ratio to the quantities of extract, then, inhibition may be of no competitive type.

Amylases↗
PubMed1988

Photoaffinity labeling of the adenine binding site of the lectins from lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, and the kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.

8-Azidoadenine was employed as a photoaffinity probe of the adenine binding site of the seed lectin from lima beans and from Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin. This compound was shown to (a) bind competitively to the adenine binding site of these lectins and (b) exhibit enhanced binding in the presence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid in the same manner as adenine. The presence or absence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid during labeling caused no change in the peptide maps of either lectin when digested with trypsin. The peptide maps of each lectin showed one major peak of radioactivity. Sequencing of the corresponding tryptic peptide from lima bean lectin indicated the primary structure to be Val-Leu-Ile-Thr-Tyr-Asp-Ser-Ser-Thr-Lys. The sequence of the labeled peptide isolated from P. vulgaris erythroagglutinin was Thr-Thr-Thr-Trp-Asp-Phe-Val-Gly-Glu-Asn-Glu-Val-Leu-Ile-Thr-Tyr, which corresponded to residues 173-190 of the cDNA-derived sequence (Hoffman, L. M., and Donaldson, D. D. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 883-889). Residues 186-190 (italicized) are identical to the first five amino acids in the lima bean lectin peptide. The peptides are located at the COOH-terminal half of the lectin and show extensive homology with other legume lectins.

Adenine↗
PubMed1996

Molecular detection of bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis potyviruses and pathogroups.

Partial nucleotide sequences of selected isolates of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) were determined. Based on these sequences and previously published sequence data, a reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction endonuclease analyses, was developed for molecular detection of BCMV, BCMNV and some viral pathogroups (PG). Specific detection of the two viruses was accomplished by constructing two virus-specific primer pairs that amplified a PCR product specific for each virus. By application of RT-PCR, four BCMV-PG-V isolates were differentiated from isolates of BCMV pathogroups I, II, IV and VII. Distinction of two BCMNV pathogroups (PG-III and PG-VI) was achieved by restriction enzyme XbaI digestion of BCMNV PCR products. However, no combination of tested restriction enzymes distinguished all five recognized BCMV pathogroups. A primer pair Dts/Uny15 proved to be specific for BCMV pathogroup PG-V. Thus, by a combination of RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analyses, it was possible to differentiate both viruses, two pathogroups of BCMNV, and one pathogroup of BCMV from the others.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

A reproducible genetic transformation system for cultivated Phaseolus acutifolius (tepary bean) and its use to assess the role of arcelins in resistance to the Mexican bean weevil.

A reproducible Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation method that delivers fertile and morphologically normal transgenic plants was developed for cultivated tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius L. Gray). Factors contributing to higher transformation efficiencies include (1) a low initial concentration of bacteria coupled with a longer cocultivation period with callus, (2) an initial selection of callus on a medium containing low levels of the selectable agent, (3) omission of the selectable agent from the medium during callus differentiation to shoots and (4) the efficient conversion of transgenic shoots into fertile plants. All plants regenerated with this procedure (T0) were stably transformed, and the introduced foreign genes were inherited in a Mendelian fashion in most of the 33 independent transformants. Integration, stable transmission and high expression levels of the transgenes were observed in the T1 and/or T3 progenies of the transgenic lines. The binary transformation vectors contained the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene, the neomycin phosphotransferase II selectable marker gene and either an arcelin 1 or an arcelin 5 gene. Arcelins are seed proteins that are very abundant in some wild P. vulgaris L. genotypes showing resistance to the storage insect Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae). Transgenic beans from two different cultivated P. acutifolius genotypes with high arcelin levels were infested with Z. subfasciatus, but they were only marginally less susceptible to infestation than the non-transgenic P. acutifolius. Hence, the arcelin genes tested here are not major determinants of resistance against Z. subfasciatus.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2002

Bean common mosaic virus isolates causing different symptoms in asparagus bean in China differ greatly in the 5'-parts of their genomes.

Potyvirus isolates from asparagus bean ( Vigna sesquipedalis) plants in Zhejiang province, China, caused either rugose and vein banding mosaic symptoms (isolate R) or severe yellowing (isolate Y) in this host, but were otherwise similar in host range. Both isolates were completely sequenced and shown to be isolates of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). The complete sequences were 9992 (R) or 10062 (Y) nucleotides long and shared 91.7% identical nucleotides (93.2% identical amino acids) in their genomes and were more distantly related to the BCMV-Peanut stripe virus sequence (PStV). The isolates were much less similar to one another in the 5'-UTR and the N-terminal region of the P1 protein. In the P1, isolate Y was closer to PStV (76.1% identical amino acids) than to isolate R (64.8%). Phylogenetic analyses of the coat protein region showed that the new isolates grouped with other isolates from Vigna spp., forming the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain subgroup of BCMV with 94-98% nucleotides (96-99% amino acids) identical to one another and about 90% identity to other BCMV isolates. Other significant subgroupings amongst published BCMV isolates were detected.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2003

Degradation of African locust bean oil by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus isolated from soumbala, a fermented African locust bean condiment.

AIMS: To investigate predominant isolates of Bacillus subtilis and B. pumilus in soumbala, a fermented African locust bean condiment, for their ability to degrade African locust bean oil (ALBO). METHODS AND RESULTS: Agar diffusion test in tributyrin and ALBO agar was used for screening of the isolates for esterase and lipase activity, respectively. The quantity and the profile of free fatty acids (FFA) during 72 h of degradation of ALBO by the Bacillus isolates were studied by titration and gas chromatography. The degradation of tributyrin and ALBO was variable among the isolates. Two strains of B. subtilis and two strains of B. pumilus showed significantly higher esterase and lipolytic activities than the others. The degradation ALBO was most pronounced in enriched nutrient agar except for one isolate of B. pumilus degrading ALBO to the same extent regardless of the enrichment. The quantity of FFA released from ALBO by the most lipolytic strains of Bacillus increased mainly between 0 and 24 h and differed among the isolates. The profile of FFA was similar for the Bacillus isolates with oleic acid (C18:2) occurring as the major FFA in all the samples except in samples incubated with B. subtilis B9 where stearic acid (C18) was dominant. CONCLUSION: Bacillus isolates from soumbala showed high strain dependent lipolytic activity against ALBO. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study contributes to the selection of Bacillus strains to be used as starter cultures for controlled production of soumbala.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1976

[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration].

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence that the effect of soya bean phosphatidylinositol-cholesterol-cyclosporin liposomes on the biosynthesis of acidic phospholipids in isolated subcellular membranes from rat liver and heart is attributable to the soya bean phosphatidylinositol-cholesterol liposomes.

This study examined the effect of adding soya bean phosphatidylinositol-cholesterol (2:1 molar ratio) liposomes and soya bean phosphatidylinositol-cholesterol (2:1 molar ratio)-cyclosporin liposomes on the biosynthesis of [3H]polyglycerophosphatides (phosphatidylglycerolphosphate, phosphatidyl-glycerol and cardiolipin) and [3H]phosphatidylinositol in mitochondria and microsomes, respectively, isolated from rat liver and heart. The results obtained with liposomes, and liposomes containing cyclosporin, established that cyclosporin did not participate in the metabolism of acidic phospholipids. In rat liver and heart mitochondria the amount of biosynthesized [3H]polyglycerophosphatides fell to one-third and a half respectively in comparison with the amounts found when liposomes were not added. The composition of [3H]polyglycerophosphatides in both mitochondria showed an increased accumulation of [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate with a concomitant decrease of about 30 per cent in [3H]phosphatidylglycerol. The biosynthesis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol in both rat liver and rat heart microsomes fell to one-third of that found in the absence of liposomes. Under similar conditions the biosynthesis of [3H]cardiolipin decreased by 50 per cent in both mitochondria. The incubation of the same liposomes and liposomes containing cyclosporin with isolated rat liver mitochondria and microsomes released about 5-7 per cent of the linoleic acid. When a corresponding amount of linoleic acid was added to the incubation mixture, the biosynthesis of [3H]polyglycerophosphatides in rat liver did not change significantly, whereas in rat heart mitochondria this biosynthesis decreased by about 33 per cent. Under these conditions, the accumulation of [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate and the decrease of [3H]phosphatidylglycerol was established. The biosynthesis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol in the presence of linoleic acid in rat liver and rat heart microsomes was significantly reduced. Under similar conditions the addition of stearic acid did not significantly affect the level or composition of biosynthesized [3H]polyglycerophosphatides or biosynthesized [3H]phosphatidylinositol.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of Broad bean wilt virus 2 isolate infection on photosynthetic activities and chloroplast ultrastructure in broad bean leaves].

The effects of Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV 2) isolate B935 and PV131 infection on photosynthetic activities and chloroplast ultrastructure in broad bean (Vicia faba) were investigated. As the disease progressed, net photosynthetic rate (P(n)), stomatal conductance (G(s)) of leaves, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased while the intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) of leaves rose in comparison with that of the healthy plants (Figs. 1, 2). After BBWV 2 infection, F(v)/F(m), F(v)'/F(m)', Phi(PSII) and q(P) values all became lower, but the NPQ values were higher, than the healthy control plants (Fig. 3). Electron microscopy showed that BBWV 2 infection disrupted the chloroplast structure. Most of the B935-infected chloroplasts showed inhibition of lamellar development or membrane vesiculation (Fig. 4B, C) and PV131-infected chloroplasts showed swollen or disintegrated membrane (Fig. 4D-F). Chloroplasts of PV131-infected leaves were different from those of normal ones to a higher degree than those of the B935-infected ones, which suggests that the disruption of chloroplast structure by virus invasion is responsible for the suppression of photosynthesis, which is more serious with PV131 than with B935.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed1994

Serotype-specific detection of bean common mosaic potyvirus in bean leaf and seed tissue by enzymatic amplification.

An assay involving reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described for specific detection of serotypes A and B BCMV isolates in bean leaf and seed tissues. Three oligonucleotide primers designed according to the sequence data available allow, in appropriate combination, serotype-specific detection of BCMV. The sensitivity of the method was sufficient to detect BCMV in as little as 100 fg and 50 pg of infected leaf and seed tissues, respectively.

Base Sequence↗