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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Biodegradation of exploded cotton stalk by Bacillus sp.

The exploded bast, branch and stem of cotton stalk were degraded by alkalophilic Bacillus NT-19, with weight losses of 24%, 20% and 14%, respectively, after 14 d. Compared with a white-rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), Bacillus NT- 19 preferentially degraded the non-cellulose components of cotton stem. The relative degree of crystallinity of bast fibers decreased by 8% and the middle lamella was partially removed from the fiber bundle by the Bacillus.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2025

4CMenB vaccine coverage of invasive serogroup B meningococci collected in Belgium between 2016 and 2022.

Neisseria meningitidis infections can cause life-threatening meningitis and septicemia. In Europe, serogroup B (MenB) is the leading cause of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), particularly in young children. Genomic surveillance of circulating MenB strains through whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides a powerful tool to assess the potential impact of vaccination strategies, including the 4CMenB vaccine, which is available for infants from 2 months of age. Here, we present a retrospective WGS-based analysis of clinical MenB IMD cases (n = 311) recovered in Belgium from 2016 to 2022 by the Belgian National Reference Center. High-quality WGS data were obtained for 281 of these strains, demonstrating high genetic diversity of the antigen targets included in the 4-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine 4CMenB (fHbp, PorA, NHBA and NadA) and at the 4CMenB Antigen Sequence Types (BAST) level. Novel antigen combinations, not yet assigned a BAST ID, were detected in 23.5% of isolates. Vaccine coverage was predicted using the Genetic Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (gMATS) and the Meningococcal Deduced Vaccine Antigen Reactivity (MenDeVAR) index. Of the 281 strains, 79.5% (lower limit-upper limit: 68.0-91.5%) were predicted to be covered by the vaccine by gMATS, and 80.7% (lower limit-upper limit: 66.5-95.4%) by MenDeVAR. No evidence of variation in vaccine coverage was found throughout the study period nor between different age groups, demonstrating the broad applicability of 4CMenB. This study highlights the benefits of a pathogen surveillance program and the need for experimental characterization of continuously evolving antigenic subvariants of Neisseria meningitidis.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Morphological changes in woody stem of Prunus jamasakura under simulated microgravity.

When the four-week-old woody stem of Prunus jamasakura was grown under simulated microgravity condition on a three-dimensional clinostat, it bent at growth, and width of its secondary xylem decreased due to the reduction of fiber cell numbers and a smaller microfibril angle in the secondary cell wall, as reported in our previous paper. Gravity induces the development of the secondary xylem that supports the stem upward against the action of gravity. In this study, morphological changes of the tissues and cells were microscopically observed. Disorder was found in the concentric structure of tissues that organize the stem. The radial arrangement of the cells was also disturbed in the secondary xylem, and in the secondary phloem secondary cell walls of the bast fiber cells were undeveloped. These findings suggest that differentiation and development of the secondary xylem and the bast fiber cells are strongly controlled by terrestrial gravity. These tissue and cells functions to support the stem under the action of gravity. Furthermore, clinorotation induced disorder in the straight joint of vessel elements and the lattice-like structure of radial parenchyma cells, which is responsible for water transportation and storage, respectively. Gravity is an essential factor for keeping the division and differentiation normal in woody stem.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1985

Serum antibody reacting with placental syncytiotrophoblast in sera of patients with autoimmune diseases--a possible relation to type C RNA retrovirus.

This study reports the immunohistological detection of serum antibody reacting with the basal aspect of syncytiotrophoblast of human chorionic villi, where SSAV/GaLV (simian sarcoma associated virus/gibbon ape lymphoma virus) type C retrovirus p30 related antigen was observed by an indirect immunofluorescent method using monospecific antibodies against SSAV p28 and GaLV p29. The immunoglobulin class of this antibody activity called 'the anti-basal aspect of syncytiotrophoblast (anti-BAST)', was exclusively IgM and detected in the sera of both female and male patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, but rarely in the sera of normal controls. Immunofluorescent absorption and blocking test revealed that anti-BAST specifically reacted with human placenta and cross-reacted with subhuman primate type C RNA retrovirus SSV/SSAV (simian sarcoma virus/simian sarcoma associated virus), but did not cross-react with ATLV (adult T cell leukaemia virus) and BaEV (baboon endogenous retrovirus). These results suggest the presence of a new antigen-antibody system for another human type C retrovirus related antigens(s) and a participation of retrovirus in autoimmune diseases.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune↗
PubMed2001

Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 by tocopherols and alpha-tocopherol derivatives.

alpha-Tocopherol inhibits glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) (R.I.M. van Haaften, C.T.A. Evelo, G.R.M.M. Haenen, A. Bast, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 280 (2001)). In various cosmetic and dietary products alpha-tocopherol is added as a tocopherol ester. Therefore we have studied the effect of various tocopherol derivatives on GST P1-1 activity. It was found that GST P1-1 is inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner, by these compounds. Of the compounds tested, the tocopherols were the most potent inhibitors of GST P1-1; the concentration giving 50% inhibition (IC(50)) is <1 microM. The esterified tocopherols and alpha-tocopherol quinone also inhibit the GST P1-1 activity at a very low concentration: for most compounds the IC(50) was below 10 microM. RRR-alpha-Tocopherol acetate lowered the V(max) values, but did not affect the K(m) for either 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or GSH. This indicates that the GST P1-1 enzyme is non-competitively inhibited by RRR-alpha-tocopherol acetate. The potential implications of GST P1-1 inhibition by tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol derivatives are discussed.

Acetates↗
PubMed1999

Ovarian cancer identified through screening with serum markers but not by pelvic imaging.

Woolas RP, Oram DH, Jeyarajah AR, Bast RC Jr, Jacobs IJ. Ovarian cancer identified through screening with serum markers but not by pelvic imaging. This study evaluated the possible role of 3 additional tumor markers to CA 125 among postmenopausal volunteers participating in a sequential multimodal ovarian cancer screening study. In 82 asymptomatic women the finding of a serum CA 125 level of > 30 U/ml precipitated pelvic ultrasound examination. Levels of CA15-3, CA72-4 and CA19-9 were subsequently determined in sera stored from the time of the CA 125 assay. Following ultrasound 29 women underwent surgery for benign conditions. The remaining 53 women underwent 2 years of surveillance. In 5 of these women a diagnosis of ovarian cancer was established between 6 and 10 months after their initial investigation. Elevated levels of at least one of the 3 additional tumor markers were present in the serum, prior to ultrasound abnormalities being detected, in 4 (80%) of the women who developed cancer. At least one of this 3-marker panel was elevated in 29% of the 48 women who have not developed cancer and 14% of the 29 women undergoing surgery for benign conditions. Information complementary to pelvic ultrasound examination for the preclinical detection of ovarian cancer could be obtained through multiple marker assay. Coordinated elevated serum levels of tumor markers could increase the sensitivity of this sequential screening protocol.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Identification of a streptolysin S-associated gene cluster and its role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus iniae disease.

Streptococcus iniae causes meningoencephalitis and death in cultured fish species and soft-tissue infection in humans. We recently reported that S. iniae is responsible for local tissue necrosis and bacteremia in a murine subcutaneous infection model. The ability to cause bacteremia in this model is associated with a genetic profile unique to strains responsible for disease in fish and humans (J. D. Fuller, D. J. Bast, V. Nizet, D. E. Low, and J. C. S. de Azavedo, Infect. Immun. 69:1994-2000, 2001). S. iniae produces a cytolysin that confers a hemolytic phenotype on blood agar media. In this study, we characterized the genomic region responsible for S. iniae cytolysin production and assessed its contribution to virulence. Transposon (Tn917) mutant libraries of commensal and disease-associated S. iniae strains were generated and screened for loss of hemolytic activity. Analysis of two nonhemolytic mutants identified a chromosomal locus comprising 9 genes with 73% homology to the group A streptococcus (GAS) sag operon for streptolysin S (SLS) biosynthesis. Confirmation that the S. iniae cytolysin is a functional homologue of SLS was achieved by PCR ligation mutagenesis, complementation of an SLS-negative GAS mutant, and use of the SLS inhibitor trypan blue. SLS-negative sagB mutants were compared to their wild-type S. iniae parent strains in the murine model and in human whole-blood killing assays. These studies demonstrated that S. iniae SLS expression is required for local tissue necrosis but does not contribute to the establishment of bacteremia or to resistance to phagocytic clearance.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral response of the borer beetle Hoplocerambyx spinicornis to volatile compounds of the tree Shorea robusta.

Essential oils isolated from leaves (LO), bast (BO), heartwood (HO), and ethereal extract of resin (EER) of Shorea robusta were bioassayed with electroantennograph (EAG) and wind tunnel to study the behavioral response of male and female beetles, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newm., the most injurious heartwood borer of the tree. LO, BO, HO, and EER were shown to exhibit the electrophysiological activity in the female beetle, while LO and BO in the male beetle. In wind-tunnel studies, only BO elicited the attractant activity to both the sexes. A possible correlation of the constituents of the BO identified by GC/MS with the bioactivity is also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The utriculo-endolymphatic valve in pediatric temporal bones.

The utriculo-endolymphatic valve (UEV) is located in the posterior wall of the utricle at its junction with the utricular duct and was first described in a human fetus by Bast in 1928. Although different theories about its normal position and function have been postulated, the function of the UEV remains unclear. In the present investigation we studied 118 temporal bones from 70 children to determine whether there were differences in the position of the valve and by inference, its function between children and adults. Premortem ages ranged from newborn to 10 years (mean age, 11.6 months). All temporal bones were fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified and processed by the celloidin technique. Specimens were sectioned in a horizontal plane at a thickness of 20 microns. Every tenth section was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and studied by light microscopy. The position of the UEV was then classified as closed or open. Valves damaged by preparation or having an uncertain position were classified as artifact. The chi-square test was used to determine a correlation between the position of the valve and the status of the rest of the endolymphatic system and whether or not endolymphatic hydrops was present in the cochlear and vestibular systems. The UEV was closed in 39 temporal bones (33.1%) and open in 13 (11.0%). Artifacts were found in 66 bones (55.9%). In the group of patients with a collapsed ductus reuniens the UEV was closed in 38% of the specimens, suggesting that the UEV prevented loss of endolymph from the pars superior, but these findings were not statistically significant.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of diene modified analogs of Matsucoccus sex pheromones.

The biological activity of the Matsucoccus spp. sex pheromones and diene modified analogs has been tested in forests of Israel and Portugal in order to explore the structure-activity relationship of the pine bast scale pheromone/kairomone system. The response of the adult predatory bugs, Elatophilus hebraicus and E. crassicornis and of the brown lacewing, Hemerobius stigma is more selective than that of the conspecific Matsucoccus males. The removal of the terminal methyl group from the diene terminus of both pheromones 1 and 2 eliminates all kairomonal activity but retains moderate pheromonal activity. Addition of a methyl group to the diene terminus of pheromones 1 and 2 sustains full pheromonal and kairomonal activities of the Elatophilus spp. but eliminates entirely the kairomonal activity of H. stigma. Subtle designed alterations in the structure of the diene group, typical of all Matsucoccus pheromones, change the mode of the kairomonal activity markedly.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Microbial alkaline pectinases and their industrial applications: a review.

The biotechnological potential of pectinolytic enzymes from microorganisms has drawn a great deal of attention from various researchers worldwide as likely biological catalysts in a variety of industrial processes. Alkaline pectinases are among the most important industrial enzymes and are of great significance in the current biotechnological arena with wide-ranging applications in textile processing, degumming of plant bast fibers, treatment of pectic wastewaters, paper making, and coffee and tea fermentations. The present review features the potential applications and uses of microbial alkaline pectinases, the nature of pectin, and the vast range of pectinolytic enzymes that function to mineralize pectic substances present in the environment. It also emphasizes the environmentally friendly applications of microbial alkaline pectinases thereby revealing their underestimated potential. The review intends to explore the potential of these enzymes and to encourage new alkaline pectinase-based industrial technology.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1998

[Night driving capacity of ophthalmologically healthy persons of various ages].

UNLABELLED: In 1970 Aulhorn and Harms made fundamental recommendations for the night driving ability of motorists as well as for the corresponding examination methods. Reduced night driving ability of persons over the age of 60, as well the established limits for twilight vision and glare sensitivity, and their relevance to night-time collisions has been re-examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 117 normal volunteers between 10 and 79 years of age underwent ophthalmological examinations including measurement of contrast acuity and glare sensitivity by means of the Mesotest II (Oculus, Germany). RESULTS: Contrast acuity and glare sensitivity deteriorate in an age-dependent fashion. Thus, night driving ability decreased with increasing age. The majority part of persons over the age of 60 were not able to fulfill the actual criteria for night driving ability according to the recommendations of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG). CONCLUSIONS: In the present population, nearly 40% of persons over the age of 60 have reduced night driving ability. Since Lachenmayr showed in the BAST study the correlation of reduced night driving ability and car accidents, this emphasizes the importance of ophthalmological check-ups for motorists at this age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Differential expression of caudal and dorsal genes in the teloblast lineages of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex tubifex.

We have cloned homologues (designated Ttu-cdx and Ttu-dl) of caudal and dorsal genes from the oligochaete annelid Tubifex tubifex. In situ hybridization revealed that Ttu-cdx begins to be expressed around the time of completion of ectodermal teloblastogenesis (i.e., the onset of gastrulation). At this time, Ttu-cdx expression is detected in a few cells that are located in the anteriormost part of the mesodermal germ bands (GBs). As development proceeds and the GBs elongate, the domain of Ttu-cdx-expressing cells in the GBs extends posteriorly. During this process, M teloblasts and primary blast cells remained negative for Ttu-cdx expression. This Ttu-cdx expression pattern is in sharp contrast to the posterior caudal expression in other organisms. Expression of Ttu-dl is detected from the one-cell stage through to the gastrula stage. Although Ttu-dl is expressed in most blastomeres, there are regional differences in Ttu-dl expression levels. During early cleavage, a large amount of Ttu-dl mRNA, which is supplied maternally, is inherited by D-cell line micromeres 2d and 4d; the remaining micromeres and macromeres inherit relatively small amounts of Ttu-dl transcripts. Another regional difference in Ttu-dl expression levels is seen in the ectodermal GB that is comprised of four bast-cell bandlets. The ventralmost bandlet (N lineage) exhibits the highest level of Ttu-dl expression with the lowest level in the two middle bandlets (O and P lineages) and an intermediate level in the dorsalmost bandlet (Q lineage).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Inguinal hernia: preperitoneal placement of a memory-ring patch by anterior approach. Preliminary experience.

The aim of this prospective study was to set up and evaluate a technique allowing, by the mean of a memory ring, easy placement of the patch in the preperitoneal space (PPS), directly via the hernia orifice, so as to associate the advantages of the preperitoneal patch, anterior approach and minimally invasive surgery. The memory-ring patch was made by basting a PDS cord around a 14 x 7.5 cm oval shaped polypropylene mesh. The hernia sac was dissected, blunt dissection of the PPS was carried out through the hernia orifice and the patch was introduced in the PPS via the orifice. Spreading of the patch in the PPS was facilitated by the memory-ring. One hundred and twenty nine hernias, classified as Nyhus Type IIIa, IIIb and IV, were operated on 126 patients; 11 were big pantaloon or sliding hernias. The anesthesia was spinal in 116 cases and local in 10 cases. There were three benign postoperative complications (2.3%) related to the hernia repair. Ninety six percent of the patients were evaluated with a mean follow up of 24.5 months (12-42). Two recurrences (1.6%) occurred, 7 patients (5.6%) felt some degree of light pain, but not any case of disabling pain was observed. This technique offers many advantages. It is tension-free and almost sutureless. The patch is placed in the PPS through the hernia orifice without any remote opening in the abdominal wall. The patch applied directly to the deep surface of the fascia reinforces the weak inguinal area by restoring the normal anatomic disposition. The good preliminary results are encouraging and justify further randomized evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Antennal response and field attraction of the predator Elatophilus hebraicus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to sex pheromones and analogues of three Matsucoccus spp. (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae).

The predator Elatophilus hebraicus is closely associated with its prey, the pine bast scale, Matsucoccus josephi, and utilizes the M. josephi sex pheromone as a kairomone. Kairomonal activity of E. hebraicus was studied by GC-EAD and field bioassays. The sex pheromone of M. josephi [2E,5R,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one [(R)-E-M.j.] elicited a strong EAD response and attracted large numbers of the predator. The sex pheromone of two allopatric Matsucoccus spp., Matsucoccus feytaudi, (3S,7R,8E,10E)-3,7,9-trimethyl-8,10-dodecadien-6-one [(S,R)-E-M.f.] and Matcucossus matsumurae, (2E, 4E,6R,10R)-4,6,10,12-tetramethyl-2,4-tridecadien-7-one [(R,R)-E-M.m.], were also EAD-active and attracted significant numbers of E. hebraicus in the forest. Increasing the lure load of (S,R)-E-M.f. and (R,R)-E-M.m., in order to compensate for their lower volatility relative to (R)-E-M.j., resulted in similar attraction of E. hebraicus to each of the three pheromones. Other Matsucoccus pheromone stereoisomers displayed no behavioral activity. There was a significant difference in the activity of sex pheromone analogues, (6E/Z,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-6,8-decadien-4-one (52% E + 48% Z, ANLG 1) and (6E/Z,8E)-2,4,6-trimethyl- 1,6,8-nonatrien-3-one (60% E + 40% Z, ANLG 2). The (E) isomer of ANLG 1 evoked a strong EAD response from E. hebraicus and the mixture of E/Z ANLG 1 attracted the predator in moderate numbers, whereas ANLG 2 was inactive both in EAD and field tests. Conversely, M. josephi males were not attracted to M. feytaudi and M. matsumurae pheromones or pheromone analogues. Cross-activity of E. hebraicus to M. feytaudi and M. matsumurae pheromones may be based on structural similarity of the compounds. Alternatively, E. hebraicus may respond specifically to the pheromones of two allopatric Matsucoccus spp. If true, kairomonal attraction of E. hebraicus to these pheromones may have evolved during speciation of Matsucoccidae and may have been preserved despite the allopatry of M. josephi, M feytaudi and matsumurae.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Chemical characterization of pitch deposits produced in the manufacturing of high-quality paper pulps from hemp fibers.

The composition of pitch deposits occurring in pulp sheets and mill circuits during soda/anthraquinone pulping and elemental chlorine-free pulp bleaching of bast fibers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) was studied. Pitch deposits were extracted with acetone, and the extracts analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acetone extracts (15-25% of pitch deposits) were constituted by the defoamers used at the mill and by lipophilic extractives from hemp fibers. Acetone-insoluble residues (75-85% of pitch deposits) were analyzed by pyrolysis-GC/MS in the presence and absence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. These residues were constituted by salts of fatty acids (arising from hemp fibers) with calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other cations that were identified in the deposits. It was concluded that inappropriate use of defoamer together with the presence of multivalent ions seemed to be among the causes of hemp extractives deposition in the pitch problems reported here.

Acetone↗
PubMed2004

Polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis in transgenic flax.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual plant species widely cultivated in temperate climates for bast fibres and linseed oil. Apart from traditional textile use, the fibres are fast becoming an integral part of new composite materials utilized in automobile and constructive industry. Especially attractive for environmental safety demands are biodegradable and renewable biocomposities based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymer as a matrix and reinforced with the flax fibres. Manufacturing of PHB by bacteria fermentation is however substantially more expansive as compared to technologies producing conventional plastics. We report for the first time generation of transgenic plants which produce both components of flax/PHB composites, i.e. the fibres and the thermoplastic matrix in the same plant organ of a crop. The flax (cv. Nike) plants were transformed using constructs bearing either single cDNA, encoding the beta-ketothiolase enzyme (C plants), or all three of the genes necessary for poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis (M plants). Both constructs contained a plastidial targeting sequence. The amount of PHB produced by the transgenic plants was up to over 70-fold higher than in wild-type plants, when analysed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS method). The PHB accumulation in plastids caused change both in their shape and size. The use of a stem-specific promoter for transgene expression protected the transgenic plant from growth retardation and also provided higher PHB synthesis than in the case of constructs governed by the 35S CaMV constitutive promoter. None toxic effects that could lead to stunted growth or the loss of fertility were observed, when 14-3-3 promoter was used as the stem-specific. Significant modifications in stem mechanical properties were accompanied to the PHB accumulation in growing cell of fibres in the transgenic plants. The Young's modulus E, the average measure of stem tissues resistance to tensile loads increased up to twice in M plants as compared to a single gene transformed ones. However, a wide range of E values, from 24.1 to 54.4 MPa, was observed in dependence of tested strain. Potential commercial significance of the genetic manipulation approach enabling synthesis of thermoplastic in crops cultivated for fibres is discussed.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2005

Ultrastructural quantification of glutamate receptors at excitatory synapses in hippocampus of synapsin I+II double knock-out mice.

Previous findings, mainly in in vitro systems, have shown that the density of vesicles and the synaptic efficacy at excitatory synapses are reduced in the absence of synapsins, despite the fact that transgenic mice lacking synapsins develop an epileptic phenotype. Here we study glutamate receptors by quantitative immunoblotting and by quantitative electron microscopic postembedding immunocytochemistry in hippocampus of perfusion fixed control wild type and double knock-out mice lacking synapsins I and II. In wild type hippocampus the densities of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunits were higher (indicated for glutamate receptor subunit 1, highly significant for glutamate receptor subunits 2/3) in mossy fiber-to-cornu ammonis 3 pyramidal cell synapses than in the Schaffer collateral/commissural-to-cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal cell synapses, the two synapse categories that carry the main excitatory throughput of the hippocampus. The opposite was true for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. The difference in localization of glutamate receptor subunit 1 receptor subunits was increased in the double knock-out mice while there was no change in the overall expression of the glutamate receptors in hippocampus as shown by quantitative Western blotting. The increased level of glutamate receptor subunit 1 at the mossy fiber-to-cornu ammonis 3 pyramidal cell synapse may result in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors with reduced proportions of glutamate receptor subunit 2, and hence increased Ca2+ influx, which could cause increased excitability despite of impaired synaptic function (cf. [Krestel HE, Shimshek DR, Jensen V, Nevian T, Kim J, Geng Y, Bast T, Depaulis A, Schonig K, Schwenk F, Bujard H, Hvalby O, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH (2004) A genetic switch for epilepsy in adult mice. J Neurosci 24:10568-10578]), possibly underlying the seizure proneness in the synapsin double knock-out mice. In addition, the tendency to increased predominance of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors at the main type of excitatory synapse onto cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal cells might contribute to the seizure susceptibility of the synapsin deficient mice. The results showed no significant changes in the proportion of 'silent' Schaffer collateral/commissural synapses lacking alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors or in the synaptic membrane size, indicating that plasticity involving these parameters is not preferentially triggered due to lack of synapsins.

Analysis of Variance↗