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PubMed1990

A method for reconstructing the development of the sapwood area of balsam fir.

Leaf area is commonly estimated as a function of sapwood area. However, because sapwood changes to heartwood over time, it has not previously been possible to reconstruct either the sapwood area or the leaf area of older trees into the past. In this study, we report a method for reconstructing the development of the sapwood area of dominant and codominant balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). The technique is based on establishing a species-specific relationship between the number of annual growth rings in the sapwood area and tree age. Because the number of annual growth rings in the sapwood of balsam fir at a given age was found to be independent of site quality and stand density, the number of rings in sapwood (NRS) can be predicted from the age of a tree thus: NRS = 14.818 (1 - e(-0.031 age)), unweighted R(2) = 0.80, and NRS = 2.490 (1 - e(-0.038 age)), unweighted R(2) = 0.64, for measurements at breast height and at the base of the live crown, respectively. These nonlinear asymptotic regression models based only on age, were not improved by adding other tree variables such as diameter at breast height, diameter at the base of the live crown, total tree height or percent live crown.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Changes in the water relations of balsam fir and white birch saplings after thinning.

In the autumn of 1987, young balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) trees were thinned and their water relations followed during the next two growing seasons. At the beginning of the first summer following treatment, thinned trees of both species had lower osmotic potentials at full saturation (Psi(pi,sat)) and at turgor loss point (Psi(pi,tlp)) compared with controls. At this time, Psi(pi,sat) was linearly related to the percentage of full sunlight reaching the trees. A higher sugar concentration in leaves was an important component of the lower Psi(pi,sat) of thinned trees. For the other two sampling dates during the first growing season after treatment and all three sampling dates during the second growing season after treatment, little osmotic adjustment of the thinned trees relative to the control tress was observed in either species. The absence of osmotic adjustment during the second growing season following thinning suggests that other mechanisms were responsible for the acclimation of the treated trees to the higher atmospheric evaporative demand. Sapwood permeability (k) of white birch was higher than that of balsam fir, but no differences in k or in sapwood area were found between treated and control trees of either species. Predawn water potentials (Psi(pred)) of treated trees were less negative than those of controls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Increased sensitivity to balsams and fragrances among our patients].

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by fragrances and balsams play an increasingly important role in the daily practice of dermatology. Based on county tests, the authors have found high increase in 1999, which is in accordance with observations made abroad and the prognosis of earlier tests. The balsam of Peru and the fragrance mix are among the leader allergens, and this should be considered during treatment. Irrespective of age, scentless and hypoallergen cosmetics are to be used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of zinc and boron nutrition on balsam pear (Momordica charantia) yield and quality, and polyamines, hormone, and senescence of its leaves].

Field trial and physiological determination on the effects of zinc and boron nutrition on balsam pear (Momordica charantia) yield and quality and on polyamines, hormone, and senescence of its leaves showed that application of ZnSO4.7H2O and Na2B4o7.10H2O on Zn and B deficient soils could increase balsam pear yield and its contents of protein, Vc and 17 sorts of amino acids, especially the contents of essential amino acids for human body, but decrease the NO3(-)-N content. The reason was that Zn and B could increase polyamines (PAs), putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and ascorbic acid (ASA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase(CAT) activities, and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA), abscisic acid (ABA) contents in leaves, which inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation. The results also showed that there was a significant positive correlation between yields and PAs, Put, Spd, Spm, GA3, SOD, POD, CAT, but a significant negative correlation with MDA and ABA contents in leaves. There was a significant positive correlation between MDA and ABA, but a significant negative correlation with PAs, Put, Spd, Spm, IAA, GA3, ASA, SOD, POD, and CAT.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

[Guacetisal: a new molecule with balsamic-antiphlogistic action. Clinical study].

An open clinical trial was run on the therapeutic efficacy of a new balsamic-antiinflammatory molecule, guacetisal (presented as 500 mg Broncaspin capsules). The drug was given for a minimum of 7 days to 45 male and female patients with an average age of 64 yr suffering from variously serious diseases of the airways. The concomitant administration of fluidifying, balsamic, steroid, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs was avoided, whereas various combinations of cardiokinetics, diuretics, theophyllines, and antibiotics were used where required. Clinical assessment of the parameters chosen pointed to the good therapeutic activity of the preparation, which is specifically indicated in inflammatory conditions of the airways, especially chronic forms subject to periodic recrudescence. Its equally good tolerability serves to make guacetisal extremely easy to use, with the results that its employment in non-specialist environments can also be recommended.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of balsamic vinegar by multivariate statistical analysis of trace element content.

To characterize vinegars according to the types prescribed by Italian regulations, 8 trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were determined. The data collected were successively elaborated by 3 statistical techniques: linear principal component analysis (LPCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and cluster analysis (CA). LDA and LPCA best classified and discriminated the 3 types of vinegar under study, separating traditional balsamic vinegars from the other 2 types, nontraditionally aged balsamic vinegars and common vinegars. The latter 2 types were appreciably distinguished only by LDA through bidimensional analysis of discriminant scores.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1989

Use of a trypsin, Peru balsam, and castor oil spray on the oral mucosa: case report and review of the literature.

Granulex is an aerosolized spray (Dow B. Hickman Pharmaceuticals, Sugar Land, TX 77487) that contains trypsin, Peru balsam, and castor oil. It has been available for many years as a topical spray for the treatment of decubitus ulcers. We used Granulex to promote tissue healing of a necrotic ulcer of the oral mucosa in a patient with advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The significance of fragrance mix, balsam of Peru, colophony and propolis as screening tools in the detection of fragrance allergy.

BACKGROUND: Patch testing to fragrances is an important step in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of adding propolis to the European standard series to test for fragrance allergy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 2660 consecutive patients were patch tested with a standard patch test series; 747 suspected of fragrance allergy were tested further with a special fragrance series. RESULTS: The positive results to the standard series in 2660 patients were: fragrance mix 243 (9.1%), Myroxylon Pereirae [balsam of Peru] 144 (5.4%), colophony 32 (1.2%); these fragrance mixtures are used as screening substances for fragrance allergy in the European standard series. Propolis, also known as bee's glue, was also an important allergen in this locally revised standard series (n = 35, 1.3%). Positive reactions to the aforementioned allergens were associated significantly among each other (P < 0.01, chi2-test) and did not differ between the sexes. The primary locations of dermatitis in patients with a positive test to one or more fragrance allergens (n = 162) among those suspected of fragrance allergy (n = 747) were: face 46.9%, hands 23.5%, neck 17.9%, axillae 12.3%; 92 of the 747 patients suspected of fragrance allergy had positive skin tests to the special fragrance series comprising the eight constituents of the fragrance mix (most frequent: isoeugenol 5.4%, oakmoss absolute 5.0%, eugenol 2.5%) and 14 other fragrance allergens (most frequent: clove oil 1.6%, lemon grass oil 0.8%, cedar wood oil 0.7%). The additional value of propolis as another screening substance for fragrance allergy in these patients was low. The likelihood of a reaction to one or more of the extra fragrance allergens increased with the number of reactions to fragrance screening allergens in the standard series. CONCLUSIONS: The number of positive reactions to fragrance screening allergens in a standard patch test series may be used as a rule of thumb for predicting a positive outcome of a more detailed testing to fragrances. Propolis is an important allergen in its own right but its value as a screening substance for fragrance allergy is limited.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Systemic contact eczema against Balsam of Peru].

Balsam of Peru (PB; Myroxylon pereirae) is a natural product derived from resin of a tropical tree (MyroxyIon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Baillon). Because of its antiseptic and aromatic properties PB or PB-components can be found worldwide not only in many health care and cosmetic products, but also in food items and semiluxury food. PB contains a wide variety of potent contact allergens leading to hypersensitivity reactions not only after topical application but also oral uptake. We report a 51-year-old brewer with chronic eczema of the hands who showed delayed-type patch test reactions against PB and fragrance-mix. Oral PB-challenge led to exacerbation of the eczema 5 and in a repeated test 2 days later. We here review this probably quite often overlooked disease and the therapeutic consequences which require profound knowledge about the wide distribution of PB when advising the patient about a PB-restricted diet. In addition, this unusual case report demonstrates that one has to consider marked delayed hypersensitivity reaction when investigating a systemic contact allergy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Patch testing with fine fragrances: comparison with fragrance mix, balsam of Peru and a fragrance series.

High frequencies of contact allergy to fragrance ingredients have been reported in recent years. Only approximately 70-80% are detected by fragrance allergens in the standard patch test series. This investigation compares the patch test reactions to fine fragrances with reactions to fragrance mix (FM), balsam of Peru (BP) (Myroxylon pereirae resin) and a fragrance series. 641 consecutive patients with eczema were patch tested with the European standard series and with selected fine fragrances. Those who were positive to 1 of the fine fragrances or the FM or BP were also tested with the fragrance series. 95 (14.8%) patients were found to have a positive patch test reaction to FM or BP; 41 (6.4%) had positive results to fragrance no. 1 and 29 (4.5%) to no. 2. 9 (9.5% of the 95 positive patients) had a positive reaction to fine fragrances and a negative reaction to all other fragrance allergens in the standard series. These findings indicate that testing with fine fragrances can add to our evaluation of fragrance-sensitive patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Purpuric vasculitis-like eruption in a patient sensitive to balsam of Peru.

A case is reported of secondary dissemination of allergic contact dermatitis in a patient sensitive to balsam of Peru. The primary eruption was located in the face. The secondary lesions appeared as purpuric vasculitis-like eruptions on both legs. Such an unusual manifestation of contact dermatitis may cause considerable delay in establishing the correct diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Effects of two gutta-percha formulations and one zinc oxide-eugenol and Canada balsam mixture on human blood monocytes and lymphocytes.

In this study we performed an in vitro assay of the effects of two gutta-percha formulations and one zinc oxide-eugenol and Canada balsam-based endodontic material on the behavior of a mixed cell population of human monocytes and lymphocytes. Cells were cultured either in direct contact with or near experimental samples of Ultrafil, standard gutta-percha cones or Endoseal and the inhibitory effects of these materials upon cell attachment and spreading on test surfaces were analyzed. Ultrafil and the standard gutta-percha cones showed little or no adverse effects, whereas the inhibitory effects of Endoseal appeared to be severe. There were statistically significant differences between the results obtained from both Ultrafil and gutta-percha cones and those obtained from Endoseal. Differences between all tested materials and their respective controls were also statistically significant.

Balsams↗
PubMed2003

Using a castor oil-balsam of Peru-trypsin ointment to assist in healing skin graft donor sites.

Skin graft donor sites are partial-thickness wounds that are commonly managed with gauze-type dressings. As such, they often cause more pain and difficulty in healing than the graft-recipient site. A retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the effects of using a castor oil-balsam of Peru-trypsin containing ointment on skin graft donor sites in 36 consecutive patients (16 female, 20 male). All donor sites were epithelialized after 11 days (range 6 to 11 days, mean 8 days) and no wound complications were observed. Given these healing results and product ease of use, this particular formulation has become the facilities' current treatment of choice and further study is indicated and warranted.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome bullous lesions treated with trypsin-balsam of peru-castor oil ointment: a case study.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome is a serious, potentially life-threatening adverse reaction to the use of heparin anticoagulation therapy that can result in significant skin damage and organ morbidity. A case study design is used to describe the innovative use of a topical wound treatment (trypsin-balsam of Peru-castor oil ointment) on bullous lesions related to the effects of this syndrome. An elderly, morbidly obese woman was treated for 2 weeks with twice-daily applications of the product along with non-adherent oil emulsion dressings. Oozing decreased substantially within a few days and open blisters closed within 1 week. After 2 weeks of therapy, the bullous skin reaction was fully resolved with no recurrence. The results of this case study suggest that this topical product may have had a positive effect on the bullous lesions and should be considered for use in other similar significant integumentary reactions.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1978

[Contact urticaria caused by Peru balsam].

By tests on six patients with recurrent urticaria it could be demonstrated that it was caused by an allergy against Peru balsam. Different reaction types seem to have been responsible for the occurrence of the urticaria. Cross reactions with different other substances, mainly luxury food and stimulants, play a particular part.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Organogenesis in in vitro cultures of embryonic shoots of Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

Embryonic shoots of 15- to 20-year-old Abies balsamea (balsam fir) trees were soaked in (a) water for 15 min or 24 hr and (b) water with 1000 mg per 1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar-85), or 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PPZ), singly or in combination with 100 mg per 1 caffeic acid, for 15 min. After the soaking, the embryonic shoots were transferred to a nutrient medium. Nonsoaked (control) embryonic shoots elongated and often formed a basal callus but never showed organogenesis. The soaked embryonic shoots formed new apical buds, with or without bud scales, adventitious dwarf needles or shoots, and root- and embryo-like structures. One of the embryos germinated and formed an irregular shoot. No differences were found between the various soak treatments, except that the 15-min water soak was ineffective. The 24-hr water soak was as effective as the 15-min growth regulator treatments.

Butyrates↗