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PubMed2004

Alternatives to animal experimentation in biomedical education.

In education, it is important that students are not put in a position in which they are forced to participate in animal experiments or to use dead animals, killed especially for such purposes. Continued use of animal experiments to demonstrate known facts or teach skills which can be taught using non-animal methods evidences only a lack of sensitivity towards students who still maintain respect for life. In countries where animal testing in education is reduced to close to zero, there is no evidence that the students who are being trained are less capable or qualified. There are sufficient alternatives available at relatively low-cost and with proven educational efficacy to allow the vast majority of students who study biomedical science courses to qualify without using animal experiments. However, in many universities across Europe, there is still a resistance to adoption of such methods amongst faculty. The global situation is probably worse with animals still being used in high school teaching in some countries such as the USA.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2005

[The first to go--physicians who experimented on themselves].

Since ancient times, there have been rules for experiments on humans. Some have claimed that if one thinks an experiment might involve danger, it should first be tried out on oneself. There are, in fact, numerous examples of doctors who have undergone daring experiments on themselves. Among them are Max von Pettenkofer, who drank cholera bacteria, Werner Forssmann who catheterized his own heart, John Paul Stapp, who sat in a rocket sled at almost the speed of sound, and then made an abrupt stop. Doctors from Walter Reed's research team infected themselves with yellow fever, Erik Jacobsen demonstrated the effect of antabuse and alcohol on himself, Barry J. Marshall drank helicobacter pylori bacteria, Klaus Hansen drank heavy water, and Ole Jakob Malm transplanted foreign tissue onto his own skin in order to discern among different tissue types. This article describes these various experiments, why they were done, and their consequences. The perspective of ethics in such experimental research is briefly discussed.

Autoexperimentation↗
PubMed2006

[Physicians who experimented on themselves: risk-taking among physicians and researchers].

Throughout history, we can find physicians and scientists who made important discoveries through self-experimentation or by risk-taking. Some were consciously exposed to plagues, some swallowed germs or chemicals and some put themselves in extreme physiological situations. Today, it seems that these stories are completely unnecessary: ethics, together with concrete controlled studies guidelines, suffice to avoid self-experimentations.

Autoexperimentation↗
PubMed1991

History of self-experimentation in dermatology: should we go first--sometimes?

Because of its availability, the skin has been used over the years for self-experimentation. Many examples can be cited, including the heroic self-experiments of Carrión of Peru with verruga peruana and those of Goldberger with pellagra and Pediculoides ventricosus. My personal self-experimentation began with sensitization to Japanese lacquer. From that starting point I experimented with chemical warfare agents, cortisone versus hydrocortisone, bites of various arthropods, and finally, experiments with lasers. Some dermatologists will continue to do self-experimentation when they acquire infections from their patients. I believe that sometimes, for their patients' benefit, they should go first.

Autoexperimentation↗