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PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of body composition by skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance technique: a comparative study.

Both skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance are indirect, simple bedside methods to assess body composition. It is not clear, however, whether the results of these methods are comparable. In this study, body composition was determined in 449 subjects by skinfold anthropometry and by bioelectrical impedance. Percentage of body fat ranged from 8.0% to 47.5% with the skinfold technique and from 0.6% to 78.5% with bioelectrical impedance. Linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation (r = .84; p < .0001) between the results of both techniques. However, plot analysis showed that, in comparison with bioelectrical impedance, skinfold measurements overestimate fat mass in the lower weight range and underestimate it in obese subjects. We conclude that the results of skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance are not comparable, especially in the extreme ranges of body fat. At the present time, other, more rigorous techniques are necessary to assess body composition accurately, in the extreme ranges of body fat in particular.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body composition in neonates: relationship between measured and derived anthropometry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements.

This study examined the relationship between measured and derived anthropometric measurements with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured lean and fat mass at 3.0 +/- 2.8 (SD) days in 120 neonates with birth weights appropriate (AGA; n=74), large (LGA; n=30); or small (SGA, n=16) for gestational age. Anthropometric measurements, including total body weight and length, and regional measurements, including circumferences of head, chest, abdomen, midarm, and midthigh and dynamic skinfold thickness (15 and 60 s) at tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, and midthigh, were performed. Derived anthropometry included muscle and fat areas, and ratios were calculated from direct measurements. The skinfold thickness measurements between 15 and 60 s were highly correlated (r=0.973-0.996, p <0.001 for all comparisons). Strong correlations existed within the four circumferences of trunk and extremities, the four skinfolds, and the ratios of weight to length and its higher powers. Weight and length accounted for >97% of the variance of lean mass in AGA and SGA infants and 46% of the variance in LGA infants and for 80, 82, and 84% of the variance of fat mass in SGA, AGA, and LGA infants, respectively, whereas midarm:head circumference ratio and arm muscle and fat areas are the most important derived anthropometry in the prediction for body composition. They independently accounted for up to 16.5 and 10.2%, respectively, of the variance in body composition depending on the state of in utero growth. Thus, total body weight and length and some selected regional and derived anthropometry accounted for the vast majority of the variance of body composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometry and body composition do not predict bioavailable androgen or progesterone concentration in adolescent girls.

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that anthropometry and body composition were independently associated with sex-steroid concentration in adolescent girls. Premenarcheal (age, mean +/- SD = 10.9 +/- 0.6, N = 51), perimenarcheal (age = 13.7 +/- 0.6, N = 74), and postmenarcheal (age = 16.7 +/- 0.6, N = 44) cohorts provided saliva at morning recess during the schoolday over 6 weeks. Estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were quantified. Age, developmental cohort, self-reported Tanner stage of breast development and pubic-hair distribution, gynecological age, height, weight, waist/hip ratio, and percent body fat (by impedance) were assessed. Repeated measures were reduced to a mean. Data were hierarchically standardized for sexual maturation status, and then used to predict anthropometry/percent body fat. After intensive repeated sampling, individuals still varied widely in testosterone, progesterone, and DHEA concentrations within a developmental cohort (35.0 < or = coefficient of variation < or = 66.5%). Individual hormone concentration was repeatable across 2 years (0.51 < or = r(2) < or = 0.73). In spite of the variability within a cohort, there was no evidence for an association between the standardized hormone and body mass index, percent body fat, or waist/hip ratio, whether or not measures were age-adjusted (21 univariate tests; 0.19 < or = P < or = 0.96). Stratification by developmental cohort also did not reveal associations. Low estradiol assay precision precluded analyses. In conclusion, despite considerable population variation in hormone concentration after repeated sampling, no evidence supported an association between anthropometry or pecent body fat and testosterone, progesterone, or DHEA in adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Body anthropometry and the risk of hip and wrist fractures in men: results from a prospective study.

Available epidemiological information on the associations between body anthropometry and the incidence of fractures in men is limited. We therefore prospectively investigated the association between body anthropometry and the incidence of hip and wrist fractures from low and moderate trauma among 43,053 men who were 40 years to 75 years of age in 1986 when they first enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. After 8 years of follow-up, 201 wrist fracture cases and 56 hip fracture cases were reported. Greater height was associated with significant elevations in both hip and wrist fractures, whereas nonsignificant inverse associations were observed with weight and body mass index. Men in the highest quintile of waist circumference had a relative risk (RR) of 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 10.3) for hip fracture and 2.05 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.96) for wrist fracture when compared with men in the lowest quintile. Waist-to-hip ratio was also positively related to fracture incidence; comparing highest with lowest quintile, the RRs were 3.92 (95% CI 1.07 to 14.3) for hip fracture and 1.50 (95% CI 0.85 to 2.66) for wrist fracture. These anthropometric indicators, in particular waist-to-hip ratio, may be useful for the prediction of hip fracture in adult men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mid-facial anthropometry in second-trimester fetuses with trisomy 21: a three-dimensional ultrasound study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether fetuses with trisomy 21 and detectable nasal bones have a distinct facial anthropometry that can be objectively defined using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study of 40 fetuses in the second trimester, 17 with trisomy 21 and 23 controls, was performed. The 3D volume datasets of each case were evaluated for documentation of the nasal bones using the multiplanar and the maximum mode. The nasal bone length and the angle formed by the two maxillary bones at the level of the frontal process were then measured. RESULTS: The nasal bones were absent in 7 (41%) of the 17 fetuses with Down syndrome. All of the 23 normal fetuses had detectable nasal bones. The difference between nasal bone length in trisomy 21 fetuses and controls did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.087). The mean maxillary angle in trisomy 21 fetuses with nasal bones was significantly wider compared to controls (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The nasal bones are present in the majority of fetuses with trisomy 21 in the second trimester. This group of fetuses has a characteristic mid-facial anthropometry (wider maxillary angle) that can be assessed by means of 3D ultrasonography.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anthropometry of the medial tibial condyle to design the tibial component for unicondylar knee arthroplasty for the Korean population.

Unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has gained popularity in the recent years for treating medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee joint in the Asian population. There is little information about the anthropometry of the resected bony surfaces of the knee joint in these population groups for designing the appropriate size-matched UKA components. We studied the anthropometry of the resected medial tibial condyles in 50 male and 50 female Korean cadavers by using three-dimensional computer tomography. We measured the anteroposterior dimension, the mediolateral dimension at defined points and the condylar aspect ratio. These measurements were compared with similar dimensions of the tibial components from five conventionally used UKA designs. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, Paired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We found that three of the tibial component designs showed mediolateral overhang for the whole range of measured anteroposterior dimensions of the resected medial tibial condyles, whereas one of the designs (DePuy) showed mediolateral undersizing for the smaller AP dimensions and overhang for the larger AP dimensions of the resected medial tibial condyles. Another design (Smith and Nephew) showed mediolateral undersizing for the whole range of measured anteroposterior dimensions of the resected medial tibial condyle. We found a decrease in the condylar aspect ratio with increasing AP dimension for our cadaver population data. However, the majority of the conventional tibial prosthesis showed either a constant condylar aspect ratio or an increasing aspect ratio (DePuy) with the increasing AP dimension of the resected medial tibial condyle. Our study may provide guidelines for designing appropriate tibial UKA components for a majority of Asian sub-populations and encourage similar studies in other population groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Influence of age, anthropometry, and hepatic and renal function on serum prostate-specific antigen levels in healthy middle-age men.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis of a causal relationship between clinical parameters, including age, anthropometry, and hepatic or renal function tests and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and to determine the predictors of high serum PSA concentrations in healthy middle-age men. METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2000, 6005 healthy men 40 to 59 years old who visited our hospital for a routine health checkup were entered into the study. The association between the clinical parameters and a high serum PSA level (greater than 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 ng/mL) was studied in three groups: the 10% with low clinical parameters, the 10% with high clinical parameters, and the remainder as a reference group. RESULTS: The univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that high or low age, body weight, body mass index, creatinine, and creatinine clearance were significant factors in relation to serum PSA concentration compared with the reference group. In the multivariate model used, only older age was positively related to the serum PSA concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The results of anthropometry and hepatic and renal function tests do not influence the serum PSA level in this population. Our findings suggest that serum PSA may be a reliable marker in middle-age men without severe hepatic or renal disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of skinfold anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the evaluation of body fat in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Skinfold anthropometry has been used to evaluate the nutritional status in cirrhosis. Such estimates are based on the calculations which derive from healthy subjects and may not apply to cirrhotic patients. We aimed to calculate the limits of agreement between Skinfold anthropometry (SA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in estimating body fat in cirrhotics. METHODS: Forty cirrhotic patients were studied by both methods. The limits of agreement were estimated by the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: Percentage body fat was similar when measured by DXA and SA (29.6 +/- 9.2 vs 28.9 +/- 7.5 %). Body fat mass was also similar (20.3 +/- 8.4 vs 20.3 +/- 7.7 kg). The limits of agreement between DXA and SA measurements were -7.04 (95%CI: -9.55 to -5.2) +8.56 (95%CI: +10.7 to +6.4.) in the assessment of percentage body fat and -5.32 (95%CI: -6.77 to -3.87) +5.24 (95%CI: +3.79 to +6.69) in the assessment of fat mass. CONCLUSION: Percentage body fat can be evaluated by SA or DXA with a difference of less then 5% in the majority of cirrhotic patients without overt fluid retention. This result is important when considering the large applicability of SA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stabilometric parameters are affected by anthropometry and foot placement.

OBJECTIVE: To recognize and quantify the influence of biomechanical factors, namely anthropometry and foot placement, on the more common measures of stabilometric performance, including new-generation stochastic parameters. DESIGN: Fifty normal-bodied young adults were selected in order to cover a sufficiently wide range of anthropometric properties. They were allowed to choose their preferred side-by-side foot position and their quiet stance was recorded with eyes open and closed by a force platform. BACKGROUND: biomechanical factors are known to influence postural stability but their impact on stabilometric parameters has not been extensively explored yet. METHODS: Principal component analysis was used for feature selection among several biomechanical factors. A collection of 55 stabilometric parameters from the literature was estimated from the center-of-pressure time series. Linear relations between stabilometric parameters and selected biomechanical factors were investigated by robust regression techniques. RESULTS: The feature selection process returned height, weight, maximum foot width, base-of-support area, and foot opening angle as the relevant biomechanical variables. Only eleven out of the 55 stabilometric parameters were completely immune from a linear dependence on these variables. The remaining parameters showed a moderate to high dependence that was strengthened upon eye closure. For these parameters, a normalization procedure was proposed, to remove what can well be considered, in clinical investigations, a spurious source of between-subject variability. CONCLUSION: Care should be taken when quantifying postural sway through stabilometric parameters. It is suggested as a good practice to include some anthropometric measurements in the experimental protocol, and to standardize or trace foot position. RELEVANCE: Although the role of anthropometry and foot placement has been investigated in specific studies, there are no studies in the literature that systematically explore the relationship between such BF and stabilometric parameters. This knowledge may contribute to better defining the experimental protocol and improving the functional evaluation of postural sway for clinical purposes, e.g. by removing through normalization the spurious effects of body properties and foot position on postural performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of body fat estimates using anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis with distinct prediction equations in elderly persons in the Republic of Guatemala.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been proposed as a technique to estimate body composition. Its application has extended beyond the clinical setting, however, it remains to be determined if the BIA prediction formulas published to date provide comparable body composition estimates in elderly populations. The objective of this study was to compare the estimates of body fat derived from published prediction equations in a developing country's population such as Guatemala. A total of 234 elderly persons were studied (108 males and 126 females), with ages of 78 +/- 7 and 77 +/- 8 (mean +/- SD) yr, respectively. The height and weight averaged 156.4 +/- 7.9 and 144.0 +/- 7.0 cm, and 54.5 +/- 9.4 and 49.4 +/- 10.6 kg, for males and females, respectively. Measurements included skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac), and body resistance (BIA). Body fat estimates were derived from four BIA-prediction formulas and three equations based on anthropometry. Mean percent body fat estimates for the overall population obtained from anthropometry and BIA prediction formulas ranged from 22 to 50%. Females had higher estimates compared to males without regard for the method used. Highly significant intermethod correlations were seen, but differences in fat estimation among prediction formulas were noticed and the magnitude of the differences were BIA-formula dependent.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Nutritional status and assessment of patients on home parenteral nutrition: anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, or clinical judgment?

The optimal method of assessing protein energy nutritional status in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is unknown. We evaluated protein energy nutritional status in 47 outpatients (23 male; 24 female) on HPN by measuring anthropometry, plasma proteins, and lymphocyte counts and compared these with the results of subjective clinical assessment and bioelectrical impedance measurements. Sixteen of the 47 patients (34%) were underweight (body mass index < 5th percentile of the reference) and 21 (45%) were below the 5th percentile of the reference for both triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle circumference. Plasma proteins were subnormal in 1-5 patients (2-11%). Lymphocyte counts were subnormal in 19 patients (40%). Clinical assessment classified 23 patients (49%) as well nourished and 24 (51%) as moderately malnourished. Moderately malnourished patients had a significantly lower body mass index than well-nourished patients (P = 0.02). Clinical assessment did not correlate with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fat-free mass determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis resulted in values up to 9.4 kg lower and 8 kg higher than fat-free mass obtained by anthropometry. Weighing combined with a subjective clinical assessment is sufficient for evaluation of protein calorie nutritional status in patients on HPN.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the consequences on body composition of increasing birth weight in Indian babies in relation to reported values in Western babies, and to assess the relationship between maternal and neonatal anthropometry and body composition. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Bangalore City, India. SUBJECTS: A total of 712 women were recruited at 12.5+/-3.1 weeks of gestation (mean+/-standard deviation, SD) and followed up until delivery; 14.5% were lost to follow-up. Maternal body weight, height, mid upper-arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured at recruitment. Weight and body composition of the baby (skinfold thicknesses, mid upper-arm circumference, derived arm fat index and arm muscle index; AFI and AMI, respectively) were measured at birth in hospital. RESULTS: The mean+/-SD birth weight of all newborns was 2.80+/-0.44 kg. Birth weight was significantly related to the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness of the baby. In a small number of babies with large birth weight for gestational age, there was a relatively higher normalised AFI relative to AMI than for babies with lower or appropriate birth weight for gestational age. Maternal height and fat-free mass were significantly associated with the baby's length at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Skinfold thicknesses in Indian babies were similar to those reported in a Western population with comparable birth weights, and the relationship of AFI to birth weight appeared to be steeper in Indian babies. Thus, measures to increase birth weight in Indian babies should take into account possible adverse consequences on body composition. There were no significant relationships between maternal anthropometry and body composition at birth on multivariate analysis, except for sum of the baby's skinfold thicknesses and maternal fat-free mass (P<0.02).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Anthropometry and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study of 22,248 Norwegian men.

OBJECTIVES: Few risk factors for prostate cancer are known, but both endocrine changes and dietary factors have been implicated in the etiology of the disease. Anthropometry may therefore provide a tool in the search for carcinogenic mechanisms connected to these suggested causal components. METHODS: We have studied the association between body size and prostate cancer risk in a prospective study of 22,248 Norwegian men. During 12 years of follow-up, 642 men developed cancer of the prostate. A possible association between anthropometry (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and lean body mass (LBM)) and prostate cancer risk was assessed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, we observed no significant trend for any of the variables studied, although an excess risk of prostate cancer with increasing height was suggested by an age-adjusted relative risk of 1.2 (95% CI = 0.9-1.6) for the tallest compared to the shortest quintile of men. None of the other three variables (weight, BMI, and LBM) displayed any consistent relation with the risk of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that these results do not indicate a strong association between anthropometric factors and risk of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Impact of vitamin A megadose supplementation on the anthropometry of children and adolescents with non-hormonal statural deficit: a double-blind and randomized clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intake of retinol and carotenoids, and their serum levels, as well as the impact of vitamin A supplementation on the anthropometry and body composition of children and adolescents with non-hormonal-related statural deficit. METHOD: Double-blind, randomized trial of 46 pre-pubertal patients, between 4 and 14 years of age, with normal growth rates. The subjects were divided into two groups, each with 23 individuals (Group I: Placebo; Group II: Vitamin A in a single megadose), and were evaluated at moments A and B with a six month interval. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in serum retinol levels, anthropometry, growth velocity, or body composition, between moments A and B, in Group II. Carotenoids were significantly lower in Group I at moment B. The semi-quantitative food intake questionnaire showed that approximately 60.9% of the children and adolescents ingested less than half of the amounts of retinol and carotenoids recommended by the Food Guide Pyramid. Inadequate intake was more prevalent regarding vegetable and fruit carotenoid sources, with 75 and 70% of inadequacy, respectively. CONCLUSION: If one considers the inadequate food intake observed in the dietary evaluation in this study, it is possible that multiple micronutrient deficiencies could be involved in statural deficits. This could explain why vitamin A supplementation does not seem to influence growth in children and adolescents with statural deficit, as indicated by the present study. Thus in populations such as the one studied here, the supplementation with vitamin A should be integrated into comprehensive nutritional interventions, so as to possibly promote greater positive impact on linear growth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assessing body composition among 3- to 8-year-old children: anthropometry, BIA, and DXA.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the inter-relationships of body composition variables derived from simple anthropometry [BMI and skinfolds (SFs)], bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual energy x-ray (DXA) in young children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seventy-five children (41 girls, 34 boys) 3 to 8 years of age were assessed for body composition by the following methods: BMI, SF thickness, BIA, and DXA. DXA served as the criterion measure. Predicted percentage body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM; kilograms), and fat mass (FM; kilograms) were derived from SF equations [Slaughter (SL)1 and SL2, Deurenberg (D) and Dezenberg] and BIA. Indices of truncal fatness were also determined from anthropometry. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences among the methods for %BF, FFM, and FM. All methods, except the D equation (p = 0.08), significantly underestimated measured %BF (p < 0.05). In general, correlations between the BMI and estimated %BF were moderate (r = 0.61 to 0.75). Estimated %BF from the SL2 also showed a high correlation with DXA %BF (r = 0.82). In contrast, estimated %BF derived from SFs showed a low correlation with estimated %BF derived from BIA (r = 0.38); likewise, the correlation between DXA %BF and BIA %BF was low (r = 0.30). Correlations among indicators of truncal fatness ranged from 0.43 to 0.98. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that BIA has limited utility in estimating body composition, whereas BMI and SFs seem to be more useful in estimating body composition during the adiposity rebound. However, all methods significantly underestimated body fatness as determined by DXA, and, overall, the various methods and prediction equations are not interchangeable.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Anthropometry and methods of body composition measurement for research and field application in the elderly.

Evaluation of body composition is important in the study of human energy and protein metabolism as methods are available for quantifying energy stores and protein content at a single point in time; energy-protein balance can be monitored over time; and dynamic measures of energy and protein metabolism can be referenced to body mass and related measurable components for between-individual comparisons. This review emphasizes the need for considering subject age when developing body composition component prediction models that are applied in elderly populations. An overview of body composition research is provided that emphasizes compartment and level definitions and interrelations. Two broad method categories, mechanistic and descriptive, are then critically examined in relation to their role in energy-protein metabolism and aging research. Our collective review indicates that all major body composition components are now measurable using one or more methods that are based on non age-dependent assumptions. We also found that some methods, particularly descriptive field methods (eg anthropometry), may be based on age-sensitive assumptions and measurements and suggestions for future development of these methods are provided. Lastly, as body composition differences between races, cultures, and countries are now recognized, it would be useful to create international cooperative groups with the aim of developing widely applicable descriptive field methods based on simple available techniques such as anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Adverse profile of dietary nutrients, anthropometry and lipids in urban slum dwellers of northern India.

OBJECTIVES: The intra-country rural to urban migrant populations undergo radical socio-economic and lifestyle changes in a developing country. Therefore, it is an interesting sample in which to study nutrition pattern, anthropometry and metabolic profile. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient profile and its association with the anthropometry, percentage body fat (%BF) and blood lipids in the urban slum dwellers in northern India. DESIGN: A cross sectional epidemiological descriptive study. SETTINGS: The study was conducted in urban slum colony of Gautam Nagar, situated in a southern area of New Delhi. SUBJECTS: The data was recorded in 227 subjects (52 males and 175 females). RESULTS: The diets averaged approximately 59-60% of energy from carbohydrates, 12-13% energy from protein, and 24-27% energy from dietary total fat. Lower intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), a low ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, a high ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, a high intake of erucic acid, and a low consumption of fibre and vitamin E intake were significant observations. Although their mean body mass index (BMI) was in a low range (20.5+/-4.2), %BF was high in females (26.7+/-8.6%; P=0.001), and a high prevalence of abdominal obesity was observed in both males (22%) and females (16%). Moreover, there was high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and, in particular, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Those consuming a high-fat diet (>30%) also consumed high MUFA, n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat and dietary cholesterol. Carbohydrate intake as percentage energy was a significant predictor of the levels of triacylglycerol in males, while in females significant predictors for triacylglycerol include intake of carbohydrate as percentage energy, age, %BF and BMI. CONCLUSION: In this economically deprived population, now constituting approximately 30-50% of the urban population of major cities in India, such adverse dietary, anthropometric and metabolic factors are predictors of early and accelerated atherosclerosis. SPONSORSHIP: This study was fully supported by a financial grant from the Science and Society Division, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in Native American children.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity, as measured by body mass index, is highly prevalent in Native American children, yet there are no valid equations to estimate total body fatness for this population. This study was designed to develop equations to estimate percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance as a critical part of Pathways, a multi-site study of primary prevention of obesity in Native American children. DESIGN: Percentage fat was estimated from deuterium oxide dilution in 98 Native American children (Pima/Maricopa, Tohono O'odham and White Mountain Apache tribes) between 8 and 11 y of age. The mean fat content (38.4%+/-8. 1%) was calculated assuming the water content of the fat-free body was 76%. Initial independent variables were height, weight, waist circumference, six skinfolds and whole-body resistance and reactance from bioelectrical impedance (BIA). RESULTS: Using all-possible-subsets regressions with the Mallows C (p) criterion, and with age and sex included in each regression model, waist circumference, calf and biceps skinfolds contributed least to the multiple regression analysis. The combination of weight, two skinfolds (any two out of the four best: triceps, suprailiac, subscapular and abdomen) and bioelectrical impedance variables provided excellent predictability. Equations without BIA variables yielded r2 almost as high as those with BIA variables. The recommended equation predicts percentage fat with a root mean square error=3.2% fat and an adjusted r2=0.840. CONCLUSION: The combination of anthropometry and BIA variables can be used to estimate total body fat in field studies of Native American children. The derived equation yields considerably higher percentage fat values than other skinfold equations in children.

Adipose Tissue↗