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PubMed1965

Amyloidosis in captive anseriformes.

During the period 1945-1962, percentage deaths of anserine birds (ducks, geese and swans) did not vary remarkably from year to year even though the population has more than quadrupled during the same period. The number of deaths with amyloidosis has increased significantly even though the death rate did not change. The number of deaths due to tuberculosis, mould, renal diseases, hepatitis and infection accompanied by amyloidosis also increased, especially during the second half the study period. Cases of known secondary amyloidosis accounted for 71.4% whereas 28.6% of the remaining cases were classified as "doubtfully" primary. Sites of deposition amyloid in the two categories were the same and it has never been observed in the heart. The amyloid deposits in the birds did not differ from those in man when examined by number of histochemical methods.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1996

Ockelbo virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected Swedish birds.

The ability of native Swedish birds to produce and maintain production of Ockelbo virus neutralizing (Nt) antibodies were evaluated experimentally between 6 June 1990 and 27 July 1991. After experimental infection of 57 birds of the orders Anseriformes and Passeriformes with Ockelbo virus, these birds were examined for Ockelbo virus Nt antibodies at 5 days, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after inoculation. One month after inoculation, Nt antibodies were more prevalent in birds with a detectable viremia (100%, n = 22) than in non-viremic birds (65%, n = 26). The Nt antibody prevalence varied over time among taxa; detectable antibodies occurred earlier after inoculation and for a longer time in Anseriformes than in Passeriformes. By 5 days after inoculation, antibodies could be detected in 22 (71%) of 31 Anseriformes but in none of 16 Passeriformes. However, at 1 mo the antibody prevalences at 1 mo were similar: 84% among the Anseriformes and 73% among the Passeriformes; at 3 mo the prevalences were 50% in Anseriformes and 15% in Passeriformes. Forty-two percent of the Anseriformes had detectable antibodies even 12 mo after inoculation.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed2002

Histopathological and ultrastructural changes associated with herpesvirus infection in waterfowl.

Duck virus enteritis is an acute contagious viral disease affecting birds of the order Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans). The disease agent is a member of the Herpesviridae family (Anatidae herpes virus 1). A group of Anseriformes waterfowl from a Nature Reserve and Centre for the Recovery of Endangered Species in Spain suffered an outbreak of the disease, affecting adults, young and newborns. Other non-Anseriformes waterfowl such as coots, from the family Rallidae, order Gruiformes, were also affected. Histopathological and ultrastructural findings confirmed the viral infection. The present study provides evidence that birds different from the order Anseriformes can be affected, suggesting that the virus has the ability to infest other non-Anseriformes waterfows.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A recent chicken repeat 1 retrotransposition confirms the Coscoroba-Cape Barren goose clade.

Chicken repeat 1 (CR1) is a member of the non-long terminal repeat class of retrotransposons. We have isolated a truncated CR1 element within the third intron of the lactate dehydrogenase B gene of the coscoroba and the Cape Barren goose (Anseriformes; Coscoroba coscoroba, Cereopsis novaehollandiae). Because the element was absent in orthologous loci within mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), snow goose (Anser caerulescens), and tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus), it provides strong support to the recent novel proposal by Donne-Goussé et al. [Donne-Goussé, C., Laudet, V., Hänni, C., 2002. A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 23, 339-356] that Cape Barren goose is the sister taxon to coscoroba. The time of insertion was approximately 10.5 Mya or less estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequence information. Because this is a recent event, the DNA sequence of this CR1 should be close to that existing at the time of its insertion. This is reflected by the consistency of several structural features expected in a new CR1 copy such as the unaltered flanking target site duplication and inverted repeats that lie 22 bp apart near the 3' end of the element. Hybridization experiments show that numerous copies of sequences closely related to the coscoroba CR1 element are dispersed throughout the genomes of tested Anseriformes, but none were detected in representatives of Galliformes and Struthioniformes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Heterochronic detection through a function for the ontogenetic variation of bone shape.

Heterochrony, evolutionary modifications in the rates and/or the timing of development, is widely recognized as an important agent of evolutionary change. In this paper, we are concerned with the detection of this evolutionary mechanism through the analysis of long bone growth. For this, we provide a function sigma (t) for the ontogenetic variation of bone shape by taking the ratio of two Gompertz curves explaining, respectively, the relative contribution to long bone growth of (a) endochondral ossification and (b) periosteal ossification. The significance of the fitting of this function to empirical data was tested in Anas platyrhynchos (Anseriformes). In this function sigma (t), the time t(m) at which periosteal growth rate first equalizes endochondral growth rate was taken as the timing parameter to be compared between taxa. On the other hand, the maximum rate of ontogenetic change in bone shape (maximum slope, beta) from hatching to t(m) was taken as the rate parameter to be compared. Comparisons of these parameters between the plesiomorphic condition and the derived character state would provide evidence for hypomorphosis (earlier occurrence of t(m)), hyper-morphosis (delayed occurrence of t(m)), deceleration (smaller beta) or acceleration (higher beta). Regarding the phylogenetic context, the ancestral condition for the character of interest should be estimated to polarize the direction of the heterochronic change. We have quantified the influence of the phylogenetic history on the variation of adult bone shape in a sample of 13 species of Anseriformes and 17 species from other neornithine orders of birds by using permutational phylogenetic regressions. Phylogenetic effects are significant, and this fact allows the optimization of bone shape onto a phylogenetic tree of Anseriformes to estimate the ancestral condition for Anas platyrhynchos.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

alpha-Crystallin sequences support a galliform/anseriform clade.

An unresolved issue in higher avian systematics is the position of the fowl-like and the duck-like birds, Galliformes and Anseriformes, respectively. Most studies place these orders at the base of the neognath radiation. While DNA hybridization data support a sister-group relationship of Galliformes and Anseriformes, macromolecular sequence analyses have not yet been able to provide a clear-cut answer. In this study, we present nucleotide sequences coding for the eye lens proteins alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin of a palaeognath, a galliform, an anseriform, and two other neognathous birds. Phylogenetic analyses of this data set clearly support a galliform/anseriform clade, to the exclusion of other neognaths.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparative anatomy of nitrergic intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in various avian species.

Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) represent a peculiar feature of eyes in higher primates and birds. They account for up to 2000 in human and duck eyes but are virtually absent or rare in all other mammalian species investigated so far. It has been suggested that ICN are involved in regulation of ocular blood supply, hence influencing intraocular pressure, and changes in choroidal thickness, thus influencing accommodation. The present study was undertaken in order to compare differences in various avian species with respect to ICN as well as to provide data on some avian species relevant for experimental ophthalmic research, i.e. chicken and quail. Choroids from 12 avian species were processed for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry or, in some cases, neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry. ICN were quantified and normalized to mean choroidal area. Three choroids of each galliformes (i.e. chicken, quail, turkey) and anseriformes (i.e. Muscovy duck, Mallard duck, goose) were rastered in squares of 1 mm2 and x/y coordinates were transferred into a 3D-diagram with the amount of ICN represented in the z-axis. ICN were detected in all species investigated. They were predominantly small cells with soma diameters of 20-30 microm. In turkey, and to a lesser amount in chicken, a subpopulation of ICN with somal diameters of up to 70 microm was observed. Highest mean cell counts were found in goose (6195.4; turkey 3558.4; chicken 1681.4; Muscovy duck 785.4; Mallard duck 640.8; quail 440.2). Normalized to choroidal area, highest mean cell counts were (per mm2): 12.62 in goose, 4.42 in both chicken and turkey, 2.86 in quail, 2.66 in Mallard duck and 1.89 in Muscovy duck. In galliformes, ICN were found to be accumulated temporo-cranial, while in anseriformes they were arranged in a more belt-like fashion, passing from cranio-nasal to temporo-caudal. Our results show that besides Muscovy duck, other avian species appear as suitable models for further functional experiments on ICN. The temporo-cranial accumulation of ICN in galliformes and the belt-like arrangement in anseriformes may reflect special functional requirements in regions of high visual acuity.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2003

More taxa, more characters: the hoatzin problem is still unresolved.

The apparently rapid and ancient diversification of many avian orders complicates the resolution of their relationships using molecular data. Recent studies based on complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences or shorter lengths of nuclear sequence have helped corroborate the basic structure of the avian tree (e.g., a basal split between Paleognathae and Neognathae) but have made relatively little progress in resolving relationships among the many orders within Neoaves. We explored the potential of a moderately sized mtDNA data set ( approximately 5000 bp for each of 41 taxa), supplemented with data from a nuclear intron ( approximately 700 bp per taxon), to resolve relationships among avian orders. Our sampling of taxa addresses two issues: (1). the sister relationship and monophyly, respectively, of Anseriformes and Galliformes and (2). relationships of the enigmatic hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin. Our analyses support a basal split between Galloanserae and Neoaves within Neognathae and monophyly of both Galliformes and Anseriformes. Within Galliformes, megapodes and then cracids branch basally. Within Anseriformes, mitochondrial data support a screamer (Anhimidae) plus magpie goose (Anseranatidae) clade. This result, however, may be an artifact of divergent base composition in one of the two anatids we sampled. With deletion of the latter taxon, Anseranas is sister to anatids as in traditional arrangements and recent morphological studies. Although our data provide limited resolution of relationships within Neoaves, we find no support for a sister relationship between either cuckoos (Cuculiformes) or turacos (Musophagiformes) and hoatzin. Both mitochondrial and nuclear data are consistent with a relationship between hoatzin and doves (Columbiformes), although this result is weakly supported. We also show that mtDNA sequences reported in another recent study included pervasive errors that biased the analysis towards finding a sister relationship between hoatzin and turacos.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Host range of avian influenza virus in free-living birds.

Isolation of avian influenza virus (AIV) has been reported from 12 orders and 88 species of free-living birds. Most isolations are reported from species in the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes and it is recognized that species in Anseriformes represent important reservoirs of AIV. Morbidity and mortality among free-living birds attributable to AIV infection are rare, but differences in prevalence of AIV occur within and between avian species. Seasonal variation has been reported from free-living and sentinel ducks with peak AIV infection occurring in late summer and early fall. Prevalence of AIV is age-related, with highest isolation rates reported from juvenile birds. Differences in susceptibility to AIV infection among species have been demonstrated under experimental conditions. The dynamics and epidemiology of species-related variation in populations of free-living birds require further study.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris.

The entire mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA D-loop) was sequenced in the seven extant species of Alectoris partridges. The D-loop length is very conserved (1155 +/- 2 nucleotides), and substitution rates are lower than for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the same species, on average. Comparative analyses suggest that these D-loops can be divided into three domains, corresponding to the highly variable peripheral domains I and III and to the central conserved domain II of vertebrates (Baker and Marshall 1997). Nevertheless, the first 161 nucleotides of domain I of the Alectoris, immediately flanking the tRNAGlu, evolve at an unusually low rate and show motifs similar to the mammalian extended termination-associated sequences [ETAS1 and ETAS2 (Sbisà et al. 1997)], which can form stable secondary structures. The second part of domain I contains a hypervariable region with two divergent copies of a tandemly repeated sequence described previously in other species of anseriforms and galliforms (Quinn and Wilson 1993; Fumihito et al. 1995). Some of the conserved sequence blocks of mammals can be mapped in the central domain of Alectoris. Domain III is highly variable and has sequences similar to mammalian CSB1. The bidirectional transcription promoter HSP/LSP box of the chicken is partially conserved among the Alectoris. This structural organization can be found in the anseriform and galliform species studied so far, suggesting that strong functional constraints might have controlled the evolution of the D-loop since the origin of Galloanserae. Their conserved organization and slow molecular evolution make D-loops of galliforms appropriate for phylogenetic studies, although homoplasy can be be generated at a few hypervariable sites and at some sites which probably have mutated by strand slippage during DNA replication. Phylogenetic analyses of D-loops of Alectoris are concordant with previously published cytochrome b and allozyme phylogenies (Randi 1996). Alectoris is monophyletic and includes three major clades: (1) basal barbara and melanocephala; (2) intermediate rufa and graeca; and (3) recent philbyi, magna, and chukar. Comparative description of the organization and substitution patterns of the mitochondrial control region can aid in mapping hypervariable sites and avoid some sources of homoplasy in data sets which are to be used in phylogenetic analyses.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cytogenetic repartition of chicken CR1 sequences evidenced by PRINS in Galliformes and some other birds.

Chicken repeat 1 (CR1) belongs to the non-long repeat class of retrotransposons. Nearly 100000 repeats interspersed in the chicken genome are subdivided into at least six distinct subfamilies, each 300 bp long and all sharing substantial sequence similarity. CR1-like elements were found in genomes from invertebrates to mammals, suggesting their importance for genome structure and/or function. Moreover, numerous data support the hypothesis of their implication in regulation of gene expression. So, the chromosomal distribution of these CR1 sequences in vertebrates is of great interest to improve our knowledge about the genome structure, function and evolution. A comparison of the cytogenetic distribution of CR1 sequences was performed by PRINS using consensus chicken primers on the chromosomes of chicken and species of several bird orders: Galliformes, Anseriformes, Passeriformes and Falconiformes. The study revealed that CR1 repeats are spread over nearly all chicken chromosomes with a higher density on the macrochromosomes and in particular with hot spots on subtelomeric regions of chromosome 1, 2, 3q, 4q, 5q. Their distribution on the macrochromosomes forms a kind of banding pattern, which was not systematically matched with R- or G-banding. This banding pattern appears to be conserved on the chromosomes of the Galliformes studied, irrespective of their karyotypes, rearranged or not. CR1 primers also show similar signals on the chromosomes of birds phylogenetically more distant (Anseriformes, Passeriformes and Falconiformes). This fact confirms the importance of these sequences at the large scale of bird evolution and in the chromosomal structure. The location of CR1 sequences, and in particular of the hot spots, mainly within the richest CG areas are in conformity with the data on an epigenetic role of these highly conserved sequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparative studies on the structure of biliary immunoglobulins of some avian species. II. Antigenic properties of the biliary immunoglobulins of chicken, turkey, duck and goose.

Studies on the immunological cross-reactivity of the Igs+ from the bile of chicken and turkey (order Galliformes) as well as duck and goose (order Anseriformes) to Igs with antigenic known properties carried out by a series of RIA. Various class-specific anti-Ig sera produced in rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice were used. The following results were obtained: (1) A high extent of antigenic relationship between the chicken and turkey biliary Igs was demonstrated by a radiobinding system consisting of 125I-turkey biliary Ig and class-specific rabbit anti-turkey biliary Ig antibodies. The biliary Igs of duck and goose did not inhibit this antigen binding system. (2) The duck and goose biliary Igs were able to inhibit the binding of 125I-carp IgM to Fc-fragment-specific rabbit anti-carp IgM antibodies and of 125I-human IgM to Fc-fragment-specific guinea-pig anti-human IgM antibodies, respectively. (3) None of the biliary Igs show cross-reactive properties common with human and porcine IgA. That was detected by inhibition of the radio-binding system from 125I-human IgA and alpha chain-specific mouse anti-human IgA antibodies. Therefore, the conclusion was made that in anseriform birds IgM-like Igs are the secretory Igs, while in galiform birds biliary Igs with special antigenic properties occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Isolation and characterization of Muscovy (Cairna moschata) duck insulin.

Ducks (Anatidae Family, Anseriform order) are divided in two genera: Pekin duck (Anasplatyrhynchos genus) and Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata genus) and differ for their number of liver insulin receptors (despite rather similar plasma insulin levels). The possibility that the presence of different endogenous insulins account for the difference in insulin receptor number between the two duck species led us to purify, sequence and characterize the binding properties of Muscovy duck insulin. The sequence of Muscovy duck insulin (measured mass: 5729.11) was identical to that described in two other species from the Anseriforme order: Pekin duck or goose. The binding affinity of Muscovy duck insulin for rat liver insulin receptors (either membrane bound or solubilized receptors) was lower than that of porcine insulin (0.3), which most likely accounts for the low biological potency of Pekin duck insulin previously described. In contrast, liver receptors from chicken and both duck species exhibited the same affinity for duck and porcine insulin suggesting the presence of specific changes in the structure of binding sites of bird liver insulin receptors. The decrease in the number of insulin receptors in Muscovy duck liver is not therefore the consequence of a change at the level of the insulin molecule itself. As discussed, among bird insulins, the hypoactive "duck type" insulin would have appeared after the hyperactive "chicken type" insulin during the evolution of Aves.

Amino Acid Sequence↗