Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Anovulation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Endometriosis and anovulation: a coexisting problem in the infertile female.

Over an 8 year period, 350 cases of endometriosis (77 per cent confirmed histologically) from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, were reviewed. Of these cases, 58 (17 per cent) exhibited significant anovulation as measured by a scoring system. Endometriosis and anovulation can coexist contrary to classic concepts of these diseases. Both infertility factors required treatment to achieve pregnancy. A 43 per cent pregnancy rate reflects the dual infertility problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The impairment of progesterone-induced pituitary release of prolactin and gonadotropin in patients with hypothalamic chronic anovulation.

Sequential administrations of progessively increasing amounts of estradiol benzoate (EB) for five days followed by 10 mg. of progesterone (P) elicited a prompt pituitary release of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin in normal women during the early follicular phase but not in women with normogonadotropic hypothalamic chronic anovulation with or without associated hyperprolactinemia. Since hypothalamic dopamine functions as an inhibitor for the secretion of both prolactin and gonadotropin, we postulate that sequential EB-P stimulation for simultaneous release of gonadotropin and prolactin may be mediated by a reduction of hypothalamic dopamine in response to progesterone. The failure of patients with hypothalamic chronic anovulation to respond to this sequential ovarian steroid feedback demonstrated in this study may indicate the presence of dopaminergic dysfunction and that this test may prove to be useful in delineating hypothalamic function in amenorrhea patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

New hyperprolactinemia and anovulation model in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and effect of cabergoline.

We aimed to develop an anovulation model, using sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia in common marmosets. The serum prolactin level gradually increased during the twice-daily administration of sulpiride and reached a plateau after 4 days. Sulpiride produced as big a response at 10 mg kg(-1) as at 50 mg kg(-1). In this study, the length of the ovarian cycle was approximately 30 days in normal common marmosets. Serum progesterone and estradiol levels showed no consistent change during the first 2 months of treatment with sulpiride. When treatment with sulpiride had been continued for more than 2 months, serum progesterone and estradiol levels fell to within the range seen in the follicular phase of the normal cycle and absence of ovulation was recognized by laparoscopy. A single oral administration of cabergoline (at doses between 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg(-1)) dose dependently reduced the elevated serum prolactin level. Bromocriptine (at an oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1)) also reduced the serum prolactin level at 4 and 8 h after its administration. With bromocriptine, the prolactin level had recovered at 24 h, but with cabergoline at doses of 0.05 mg kg(-1) or more, it had still not recovered at 48 h. In anovulatory common marmosets, oral administration of cabergoline at a daily dose of 0.05 mg kg(-1) restored ovarian function and resulted in ovulation in 100% of the group (following a reduction in the serum prolactin level). Bromocriptine at a daily oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1) resulted in ovulation in 67% of the group, but this dose was about 200 times higher than the dose of cabergoline. We could produce an anovulatory model induced by sulpiride repeatedly administered over a long time period. It is suggested that, in this anovulatory model in common marmosets, cabergoline has a potent and long-lasting action as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, and thus could be a useful drug for the treatment of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea and/or anovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of the frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on ovulatory responses in women with anovulation.

In attempt to optimize gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment of anovulation, we compared the effect of intravenous GnRH administration at three pulse intervals (PI) during 63 cycles in 30 anovulatory patients who had: (1) amenorrhea secondary to anorexia nervosa (group I: 10 patients, 21 cycles); (2) unexplained anovulation with normal to high luteinizing hormone plasma levels (group II: 12 patients, 24 cycles); and (3) polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) (group III: 8 patients, 18 cycles). Ovulation was achieved more frequently in group I (85%) than in group II (41%) or in group III (50%). In both groups I and II, the frequency of ovulatory responses was not different with the PI used, and 6 of the 17 women treated for infertility conceived; 3 with 90-minute PIs, 2 with 64-minute PIs, and 1 with 128-minute PIs. In women with PCOD, seven of the nine ovulatory responses and three pregnancies were obtained with 128-minute PIs. The overweight women with PCOD did not respond reliably to GnRH at the doses used, i.e., 4 to 15 micrograms per pulse. In all groups, the urinary estrone and estradiol preovulatory peak, duration of luteal phase, progesterone levels, and preovulatory follicle diameter were unrelated to the frequency of GnRH administration.

Anovulation↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism of anovulation in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea determined by pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection combined with human chorionic gonadotropin.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the mechanism of anovulation in hyperprolactinemic anovulatory women by subcutaneous (SC) pulsatile GnRH injection. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Studies were made on at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Tokushima, School of Medicine. PATIENTS: Six hyperprolactinemic (group 1) and 7 normoprolactinemic (group 2) anovulatory patients were studied. INTERVENTIONS: After examinations of pulsatile secretion of LH, the GnRH test, thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and estrogen test, pulsatile GnRH treatment (20 micrograms/2 hours SC) was performed. Two protocols were tested on each patient. In the non-hCG protocol, GnRH treatment was continued until ovulation. In the hCG protocol, 5,000 IU of hCG was injected to induce ovulation when follicles were fully mature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The rates of follicular maturation and ovulation, serum E2 and P in the two groups. RESULTS: Pulsatile LH secretion was impaired in both groups. LH release 48 hours after estrogen injection was impaired in group 1 but not in group 2. Follicles matured on pulsatile GnRH treatment in all cycles in both groups. However, with the non-hCG protocol, ovulation occurred in only 17% of group 1, but in 89% of group 2. With the hCG protocol ovulation occurred in all cycles in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of anovulation is impaired gonadotropin pulsatility and derangement of the estrogen-positive feedback effect on LH secretion in hyperprolactinemic patients, their ovarian response to gonadotropin being well maintained. Subcutaneous pulsatile GnRH therapy combined with hCG can be used as an alternative to bromocriptine treatment for induction of ovulation in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A comparative prospective study of conventional regimen with chronic low-dose administration of follicle-stimulating hormone for anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To compare efficiency of conventional and chronic low-dose regimens for treatment of anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Fifty participants divided into two equal groups. The first group was treated with urinary human FSH using a conventional stepwise protocol and the second group was treated with a regimen of chronic low-dose and small incremental rises with urinary human FSH or with recombinant human FSH for a maximum of three cycles. SETTING: Tertiary referral university hospital fertility unit. PATIENTS: Fifty infertile women with clomiphene citrate-resistant anovulation associated with PCOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pattern of follicular development, amount of FSH required, serum E2 concentrations, cycle fecundity, cumulative conception, and live birth rates. Multiple pregnancy and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) rates. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional dose protocol, the chronic low-dose regimen yielded slightly improved pregnancy rates (40% versus 24%) while completely avoiding OHSS and multiple pregnancies, which were prevalent (11% and 33%, respectively) with conventional therapy. Monofollicular development was induced in 74% versus 27% of cycles, and the total number of follicles > 16 mm and E2 concentrations were half those observed on conventional therapy. CONCLUSIONS: For women with PCOS, a chronic low-dose regimen of FSH eliminated complications of OHSS and multiple pregnancies while maintaining a satisfactory pregnancy rate. This modality, thus, has distinct advantages and could well replace conventional gonadotropin therapy for these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Neuroendocrine mechanism of anovulation in users of contraceptive subdermal implant of nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a nomegestrol acetate subdermal contraceptive implant's (Uniplant; Thermex, Monaco) effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis. DESIGN: A prospective clinical trial. SETTING: San Borja-Arriarán Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, School of Medicine. PATIENT(S): Normally cycling healthy women. INTERVENTION(S): Insertion of Uniplant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Luteinizing hormone pulse and endocrine profiles were assessed before, 48 hours after insertion, and after prolonged use of the implant. RESULT(S): Anovulation was noted in 100% of users in the first month. Seventy percent of subjects demonstrated follicular development with the absence of ovulation and an endocrine profile similar to the follicular phase: (LH pulse/8 hours 6.85 +/- 0.67, LH amplitude 3.54 +/- 0.65 mIU/mL (conversion factor to SI unit, 1.00), and E2 193 +/- 29.4 pg/mL (conversion factor to SI unit, 3.67), whereas 30% demonstrated no follicular activity with an endocrine profile similar to the luteal phase: (LH pulse/8 hours; 3.66 +/- 0.66, LH amplitude 5.76 +/- 1.73 mIU/mL, and E2 67.5 +/- 4 pg/mL. Clinical characteristics, serum gonadotropin concentration, and LH pulse characteristics failed to predict which subjects would initiate or remain devoid of follicular activity. CONCLUSION(S): Uniplant results in anovulation via two mechanisms: hypothalamic suppression in subjects who lack follicular development, and likely suppression of the pituitary LH surge in subjects who initiate follicular activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Bromocriptine for induction of ovulation in normoprolactinaemic post-pill anovulation.

19 women with anovulation after discontinuing oral contraceptive agents and with normal plasma-prolactin concentrations were treated with bromocriptine. Ovulation and menstruation were restored in 9 of the 13 amenorrhoeic and 5 of the 6 oligomenorrhoeic patients. The success-rate (74%) indicates that bromocriptine is an effective treatment for post-pill anovulation in normoprolactinaemic women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Amenorrhea and chronic anovulation. Finding and addressing the underlying cause.

Amenorrhea is a common problem with a complex etiology. However, the same diagnostic approach can be used in evaluation of all amenorrheic patients. Complete history taking and physical examination are important for determining the presence of congenital abnormalities and chronic conditions. Pregnancy is the most common cause of amenorrhea and should be ruled out in initial laboratory evaluation. Progesterone can then be given to assess endogenous estrogen production and the functioning of the uterus and vagina. Response to this hormone suggests the presence of ovarian, hypothalamic, or pituitary dysfunction, which can be confirmed with further testing. Lack of response to progesterone indicates hypoestrogenism or obstruction of the outflow tract. An estrogen-progesterone challenge helps differentiate these conditions. Chronic anovulation is the second most common cause of amenorrhea. Treatment of chronic anovulation is important to prevent the effects of unopposed estrogen stimulation of the endometrium and to reduce the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed2001

Frequency of anovulation and early menopause among women enrolled in selected adult AIDS clinical trials group studies.

To obtain information on the prevalence of anovulation and early menopause and on pituitary-gonadal function among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women, a study was undertaken that used stored serum samples from women aged 20-42 years who participated in selected Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocols. Defined progesterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were considered presumptive evidence of ovulation and of menopause, respectively. Anovulation occurred in 16 (48%) of 33 women for whom progesterone levels were tested; early menopause occurred in 2 (8%) of 24 women for whom FSH levels were tested. No statistically significant differences were seen in the demographic and clinical characteristics of anovulatory and ovulatory women, although women who ovulated had higher CD4 T cell counts and were less likely to have reported a recent change in menstrual periods. These data support the findings of prior studies of increased frequency of amenorrhea and/or irregular menstrual cycles, particularly among women with lower CD4 T cell counts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Anovulations in an ovary during two menstrual cycles enhance the pregnancy potential of oocytes matured in that ovary during the following third cycle.

The aim of this study was to test whether ovulation from an ovary affects the health of oocytes from dominant follicles in that ovary two cycles later. A total of 80 women each with two intact ovaries underwent 270 treatment cycles (155 natural cycles and 115 clomiphene citrate cycles) all showing unilateral ovulation. The results from the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment were grouped according to whether ovulation (O) or anovulation (A) (no ovulation) was observed in the ovary with dominant follicle during the treatment cycle in the previous two cycles: O-O, A-O, O-A and A-A (previous second cycle-previous first cycle). The rate of pre-embryo formation in A-A was significantly higher than that of O-A. The pregnancy rate in A-A (29%) was also higher than those of O-A (13%), A-O (9%) and O-O (5%). These rates increased from O-O to A-A as the number of previous ovulations in an ovary decreased. The presence of a corpus luteum and/or a dominant follicle is likely to exert local negative effects on the health of the oocyte contained in the follicle selected to ovulate up to two cycles later. Anovulations in an ovary for two menstrual cycles may therefore provide improved conditions for the development of a healthier oocyte with an increased pregnancy potential.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anovulation in the prevention of cytotoxic-induced follicular attrition and ovarian failure.

BACKGROUND: Gonadal failure secondary to alkylating agents may be related to ovulatory status. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether anovulation protected ovarian follicles during treatment with cyclophosphamide. METHODS: Four groups (n = 20 mature female Sprague-Dawley rats per group) were studied: control (group I), 5 mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide only (group II), 5 mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide and the combination of 50 micro g ethinyl estradiol/2 mg norgestrel (group III) and 5 mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide and 2.5 micro g leuprolide acetate daily (group IV). Animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of treatment. Follicles were classified as medium (300-450 micro m) and large (>450 micro m) per section of ovary. RESULTS: Group II developed a significantly greater number of medium and large follicles [15.1 +/- 6.1 and 4.9 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SD), respectively] compared with group I [7.1 +/- 2.1 and 1.0 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SD), respectively] (P </= 0.05). Groups III and IV developed a significantly greater number of medium follicles [13.2 +/- 2.5 and 10.8 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD), respectively) compared with group I (P < or = 0.05). There was a trend toward a greater number of large follicles in groups III and IV when they were compared with group I. There were no differences in medium follicles in groups II, III and IV. No differences were noted in the number of large follicles between groups III and IV (2.9 +/- 1.2 and 2.3 +/- 1.0, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in the rat model, cyclophosphamide exerts a stimulatory effect on the ovary resulting in the greater development of both medium and large follicles. Anovulation conferred no protection against cyclophosphamide-induced gonadal toxicity. These data suggest that in the rat model, cyclophosphamide may result in ovarian failure by enhancing recruitment of follicles regardless of ovulatory status or hormonal milieu.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hyperandrogenic anovulation (the polycystic ovary syndrome)--back to the ovary?

Hyperandrogenic anovulation is characterized by polycystic appearance of the ovaries, elevated free serum testosterone with decreased concentrations of serum sex hormone binding globulin, an increased ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone and varying degrees of insulin resistance. We hypothesize that this is the result of variably increased 'ovarian androgenic insulin responsiveness' acting in combination with body mass. Women who develop hyperandrogenism and anovulation when lean (having normal serum insulin concentrations) represent the more severely affected individuals, whereas those who can resume ovulation by losing weight (and lowering their elevated serum insulin) represent a milder form. The tendency of these women to develop ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome despite hypophyseal desensitization suggests a primary ovarian defect which is apparently more pronounced in lean subjects. The unique ability of surgical damage to the ovary to induce ovulation, raises the possibility that inflammatory-like tissue remodelling has a major role in rescuing follicles from androgen-induced atresia. Approaches that may facilitate the study of this possible mechanism may include examination of in-vitro perfused, post-surgery mammalian ovaries and the elucidation of signal transduction mechanism(s) of insulin in the ovary, with special reference to cells emanating from affected women.

Anovulation↗
PubMed1989

The association of anovulation and endometriosis in the infertile female.

Ninety-six infertile patients with endometriosis were studied and their endometriosis staged according to the Revised American Fertility Society Classification. Anovulation was detected in 19% of the 32 patients with Stage 1 disease but in only 3% in the remaining 64 patients with Stage II, III and IV disease. These results show that contrary to traditional belief, anovulation does occur in a significant number of patients with endometriosis, especially in minimal or mild disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The anovulation in female mice resulting from postnatal injections of estrogen is correlated with altered levels of CD8+ lymphocytes.

PROBLEM: Injections of estradiol-17 beta (E2) are known to both induce anovulation and alter lymphocyte maturation in female mice. The current study examined whether the two events are related. METHOD OF STUDY: Female (C3H/HeJ x 129J)F1 (C31) mice were injected with 20 micrograms of E2 from 0-3 days, or from 3-6 days, postpartum. At 8, 12, 20, 32, or 40 weeks of age, the animals were killed, T lymphocytes were characterized, and ovaries were histologically examined for the presence of corpora lutea. RESULTS: Animals injected with E2 from 0-3 days postpartum had percentages of CD8+ thymocytes and CD8+ splenocytes that were always lower than in noninjected females, and the E2-injected animals never ovulated, even by 40 weeks of age. In contrast, animals injected with E2 from 3-6 days of age had percentages of CD8+ thymocytes and CD8+ splenocytes that, although initially lower than in control females, attained control values by 32 weeks of age. In addition, at 32 weeks of age a number of the 3-6-day E2-injected females ovulated, whereas at earlier ages none had. Further, injections of E2 had little effect on the percentages of CD4+ thymocytes and splenocytes in these animals. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that E2-induced anovulation in C31 female mice is correlated with decreased levels of CD8+ lymphocytes, and an increased CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effect of a special herbal tea on obesity and anovulation in androgen-sterilized rats.

A special herbal tea has been used to treat clomiphene-resistant anovulatory disease and obesity effectively, especially in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) cases with hyperinsulinemia. The effect of the herbal tea on obesity and anovulation was investigated in androgen-sterilized rats (ASR). The ASR model was established by subcutaneous injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate to Sprague-Dawley female rats at the age of 9 days. Rats were sacrificed around 112 days of age. ASR manifested with PCO, anovulation, high food intake, elevated body weight, and obesity. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that estrogen receptors (ER) were predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the preoptic area (POA), and the coexpression was also found in the nuclei and fibers of NPY-synthesizing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Compared with that in normal control rats, NPY expression was increased, the numbers of ER in hypothalamic ARC-median eminence (ME) decreased, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in ME was decreased, serum estrogen (E2) and leptin were elevated, and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were reduced significantly in ASR. Significantly negative correlations between NPY and ER or GnRH, and between leptin and FSH or LH were observed. A positive correlation existed between serum leptin and body weight. These metabolic-endocrine changes in ASR were normalized after feeding the herbal tea. Both obesity and hypogonadotropin were expressed in ASR. The abnormal ovarian hormone milieu (elevated E2 levels) may have enhanced NPY expression and resulted in less GnRH and gonadotropin secretion. The herbal tea reduced body weight and induced ovulation in ASR.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Etiology of anovulation in the immature alloxan-diabetic rat treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: absence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge.

The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on ovulation and other ovarian responses were investigated in immature rats injected with PMS gonadotropin (PMSG, 15 IU/100 g) on day 30 of age. Rats were killed on day 32 (presumed proestrus) or on day 33, at which time the oviducts were examined for ova. Ovarian weight gain was similar in control and diabetic rats and Graafian follicles were present in both groups on day 32. None of the diabetic rats ovulated while 96% of the control rats ovulated. Anovulation in diabetic rats could not be attributed to a drug side-effect of alloxan or to a lack of ovarian responsiveness, as 90% of the animals ovulated after treatment with insulin or with hCG (5 IU). Measurements of serum estradiol and LH on the morning of presumed proestrus revealed that concentrations of these hormones were not different in control and diabetic rats. However, measurements of LH in blood samples taken in the afternoon from control rats showed an LH surge, whereas no LH surge was found in diabetic rats. Thus, anovulation in immature diabetic rats treated with PMSG is not caused by an attenuation of ovarian responsiveness or by decreased secretion of estradiol, but rather is due to the loss of the LH surge.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Transgenic mice with chronically elevated luteinizing hormone are infertile due to anovulation, defects in uterine receptivity, and midgestation pregnancy failure.

Elevated levels of LH have been associated with infertility and miscarriage in women. Previously, we have reported generating a transgenic mouse model that hypersecretes LH. Female transgenics exhibit extensive pathology including enlarged, cystic, and hemorrhagic ovaries; elevated testosterone:estradiol ratios; and infertility primarily due to anovulation. Here we show that anovulation can be reversed in transgenics and that, despite development within a pathological ovary, oocytes from transgenics are remarkably healthy. Fertilized ova from transgenics are capable of normal development to term when transferred into nontransgenic pseudopregnant recipients. However, reciprocal transfers of nontransgenic embryos into transgenic recipients failed due to lack of uterine receptivity. In addition, while superovulated and mated transgenics appear to have normal early pregnancy, embryos are resorbed at midgestation due to maternal hormonal defects. Transgenic infertility can be rescued by ovariectomy with progesterone and estradiol replacement. These studies are particularly intriguing in light of data indicating an increased rate of miscarriage among women undergoing infertility treatments who are diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Animals↗