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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

An exploratory trial of two dosages of a novel synthetic thrombin inhibitor (napsagatran, Ro 46-6240) compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis -- results of the European multicenter ADVENT trial.

One hundred and ten patients with acute proximal deep-vein thrombosis were randomized in a sequential dose-finding design, to receive continuous intravenous infusion of napsagatran, a novel synthetic thrombin-inhibitor, at a fixed dose of 5 mg/h (n = 37) or 9 mg/h (n = 26), or APTT-adjusted unfractionated heparin (n = 47). Oral anticoagulants were started on the 2nd day and the study drug was discontinued from the 5th treatment day, as soon as the International Normalized Ratio was above 2. Control venogram (97 venogram pairs evaluable) after 5-8 days of treatment showed improvement in 3 napsagatran-treated patients (versus none in heparin-treated patients) and worsening in 4 napsagatran-treated patients (versus 2 in heparin-treated patients). The venographic Marder's score did not change among the treatment groups. New lung scan perfusion defects (99 scintigram pairs evaluable) occurred in 4 (11%), 4 (21%), and 4 (10%) patients in the napsagatran (5 mg/h) group, in the napsagatran (9 mg/h) group, and in the heparin control group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in any of these endpoints between the 3 groups. No major bleeding was observed and the rare minor bleedings occurred at a similar rate in the three treatment groups. In conclusion, the ADVENT trial has shown data that suggest comparable efficacy and safety of a synthetic, direct thrombin inhibitor (napsagatran) and conventional heparin therapy for treatment of proximal DVT. These results suggest that synthetic direct thrombin inhibitors are a promising class of antithrombotic agents which deserves further development in this field.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Is the routine pelvic examination needed with the advent of urine-based screening for sexually transmitted diseases?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most cost-effective method of screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in asymptomatic sexually active adolescent females. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness decision analysis comparing pelvic examination with cervical screening (the current national standard) with a model of urine screening with ligase chain reaction testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. METHODS: Four strategies using decision analysis were compared for a potential cohort of 100000 asymptomatic sexually active young women: (1) pelvic examination screening in 100%; (2) urine screening in 100%; (3) actual predicted pelvic examination screening in 70%; and (4) actual predicted urine screening in 90%. Assumptions and costs were generated from published sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cases of PID prevented per year and cost to prevent a case of PID. RESULTS: A total of 1750 cases of PID would be predicted to occur per year with no screening. Strategy 1 would prevent the most cases of PID (1283) at a mean cost of $10230. Strategy 2 would prevent 1215 cases of PID at a mean cost of $5093. The marginal cost to prevent an additional case of PID by strategy 1 is $101454. Strategy 3 would prevent 898 cases of PID and 1093 cases of PID would be prevented with urine screening in strategy 4. CONCLUSION: Urine-based ligase chain reaction screening is the most cost-effective strategy to detect chlamydial and gonococcal genital infection in asymptomatic sexually active adolescent females and, owing to ease of implementation, the most likely to prevent the greatest number of cases of PID.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Changes in clinical trials mandated by the advent of meta-analysis.

Service on the Data Monitoring Committee of the CPEP (Calcium for Pre-eclampsia Prevention) has led us to four conclusions about clinical trials which we should like to present to this gathering of biostatisticians for their reactions: (i) meta-analyses of the pertinent published trials of the same therapy should always be undertaken before the start of a new trial, and the results examined to help determine the design of a new trial or determine if a trial should be undertaken at all; (ii) assuming that a decision is made to go ahead, the results of the past trials should be used in sizing the new one; (iii) in the course of the new one, regardless of the size estimates, stopping early should be considered if the trends conform to the results of the meta-analysis; and (iv) heterogeneity of patients entering clinical trials is desirable and should be specifically studied, and it should never be concluded that an average outcome is applicable to all future patients.

Calcium↗
PubMed1999

Microarrays and toxicology: the advent of toxicogenomics.

The availability of genome-scale DNA sequence information and reagents has radically altered life-science research. This revolution has led to the development of a new scientific subdiscipline derived from a combination of the fields of toxicology and genomics. This subdiscipline, termed toxicogenomics, is concerned with the identification of potential human and environmental toxicants, and their putative mechanisms of action, through the use of genomics resources. One such resource is DNA microarrays or "chips," which allow the monitoring of the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Here we propose a general method by which gene expression, as measured by cDNA microarrays, can be used as a highly sensitive and informative marker for toxicity. Our purpose is to acquaint the reader with the development and current state of microarray technology and to present our view of the usefulness of microarrays to the field of toxicology.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1992

A reassessment of histologic classification and an immunohistochemical study of 88 retinoblastomas. A special reference to the advent of bipolar-like cells.

BACKGROUND: Despite perpetual efforts of investigators, the histogenesis of retinoblastoma is still in dispute and histologic classification satisfactorily predictive of prognosis does not seem to be in use. METHODS: The authors studied 88 cases of retinoblastoma clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically, paying special attention to the presence of a "bipolar-like cell" element that would be used as one of the criteria for the diagnosis of differentiated retinoblastoma. RESULTS: Twelve cases of retinoblastoma with the bipolar-like cell element in the absence of rosettes and 41 cases of the tumor with rosettes were classified as differentiated retinoblastomas. The other 35 cases without rosettes or bipolar-like cells were classified as undifferentiated tumors. Tumor cells forming rosettes usually had positive results for synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and negative results for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 protein; however, undifferentiated cells had negative results for these four antibodies. The bipolar-like cells had positive results for synaptophysin and NSE but negative results for GFAP and S-100 protein. Twelve tumors with bipolar-like cells that lacked rosettes showed no optic nerve invasion, and the patients had a significantly better prognosis (100% 5-year survival rate) than 35 patients with undifferentiated tumors (71% 5-year survival rate) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings support a neuronal origin of the tumor and indicate that, not only the rosettes symbolizing the photoreceptor differentiation, but also other neuronal elements, such as bipolar-like cells, can be used as criteria for histologic classification of retinoblastoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Advent of occupational health services research.

After lagging behind health services research in general health care, research is now examining health services provided to workers suffering occupational injuries and illnesses. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Workers' Compensation Health Initiative, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (now the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), and the Canadian Institute for Work and Health co-sponsored a June, 1999, conference to explore research needs in this area. Fundamental tenets for advancing occupational health services research include: adopting the goal of improving occupational health care, including better integration of preventive and curative care; creating standardized interstate occupational health care data sets that include medical, economic, and patient perspectives; better defining quality in occupational care and developing appropriate performance measures; in addition to medical costs, assessing social, economic, medical and functional outcomes of care; considering the connections between work and health, including general health services; and addressing the need to train qualified occupational health services researchers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:291-294, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed2006

Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: new evidence from the Levant.

Differences in patterns of diet and subsistence through the analysis of dental pathology and tooth wear were studied in skeletal populations of Natufian hunter-gatherers (10,500-8300 BC) and Neolithic populations (8300-5500 BC, noncalibrated) from the southern Levant. 1,160 Natufians and 804 Neolithic teeth were examined for rate of attrition, caries, antemortem tooth loss, calculus, periapical lesions, and periodontal processes. While the Natufian people manifest a higher rate of dental attrition and periodontal disease (36.4% vs. 19%), Neolithic people show a higher rate of calculus. Both populations manifested low and similar rates of caries (6.4% in the Natufian vs. 6.7% in the Neolithic), periapical lesions (not over 1.5%), and antemortem tooth loss (3.7% vs. 4.5%, respectively). Molar wear pattern in the Neolithic is different than in the Natufian. The current study shows that the dental picture obtained from the two populations is multifactorial in nature, and not exclusively of dietary origin, i.e., the higher rate and unique pattern of attrition seen in the Natufian could result from a greater consumption of fibrous plants, the use of pestles and mortars (which introduce large quantities of stone-dust to the food), and/or the use of teeth as a "third hand." The two major conclusions of this study are: 1) The transition from hunting and gathering to a food-producing economy in the Levant did not promote changes in dental health, as previously believed. This generally indicates that the Natufians and Neolithic people of the Levant may have differed in their ecosystem management (i.e., gathering vs. growing grains), but not in the type of food consumed. 2) Changes in food-preparation techniques and nondietary usage of the teeth explain much of the variation in tooth condition in populations before and after the agricultural revolution.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

In the realm of ideas: the advent of advanced surgery of the human cerebrum and neurosurgical education.

High technology has recently exerted remarkable positive forces within the field of neurological surgery. Striking developments in brain imaging, stereotaxy, molecular biology, radiation physics and complex data management promise to revolutionize surgery of the human cerebrum. These changes are not without profound impact on national health care economics and present enormous philosophical and educational challenges which will create considerable turmoil over the next decades.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

Did archaeal and bacterial cells arise independently from noncellular precursors? A hypothesis stating that the advent of membrane phospholipid with enantiomeric glycerophosphate backbones caused the separation of the two lines of descent.

One of the most remarkable biochemical differences between the members of two domains Archaea and Bacteria is the stereochemistry of the glycerophosphate backbone of phospholipids, which are exclusively opposite. The enzyme responsible to the formation of Archaea-specific glycerophosphate was found to be NAD(P)-linked sn-glycerol-1-phosphate (G-1-P) dehydrogenase and it was first purified from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cells and its gene was cloned. This structure gene named egsA (enantiomeric glycerophosphate synthase) consisted of 1,041 bp and coded the enzyme with 347 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence deduced from the base sequence of the cloned gene (egsA) did not share any sequence similarity except for NAD-binding region with that of NAD(P)-linked sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli which catalyzes the formation of G-3-P backbone of bacterial phospholipids, while the deduced protein sequence of the enzyme revealed some similarity with bacterial glycerol dehydrogenases. Because G-1-P dehydrogenase and G-3-P dehydrogenase would originate from different ancestor enzymes and it would be almost impossible to interchange stereospecificity of the enzymes, it seems likely that the stereostructure of membrane phospholipids of a cell must be maintained from the time of birth of the first cell. We propose here the hypothesis that Archaea and Bacteria were differentiated by the occurrence of cells enclosed by membranes of phospholipids with G-1-P and G-3-P as a backbone, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Looking back to the advent of modern endoscopy: 150th birthday of Maximilian Nitze.

This year, 1998, marks the 150th anniversary of the birthday of Maximilian Nitze (1848-1906), a German scientist responsible for the initiation of modern endoscopy: He integrated two of his ideas in the construction of the first functional cystoscope. Nitze realized that the field of view during endoscopy could be enlarged by the use of an optical system, and that the light source should be placed on the tip of the instrument. He presented this cystoscope on October 2, 1877 for the first time, at age 28 years.

Cystoscopes↗
PubMed2003

Pflügers Archiv and the advent of modern electrophysiology. From the first action potential to patch clamp.

This short review recollects the many essential milestones in electrophysiology that were published in Pflügers Archiv. These involve the first measurement of an action potential by J. Bernstein, the requirement of Na+ for the generation of excitation, the prediction of a lipoid membrane surrounding cells by E. Overton, the physical explanation of the resting membrane potential by J. Bernstein, the first detailed description of the conductance properties of excitable tissues by L. Hermann, and more recently the publication of the patch-clamp method by E. Neher and B. Sakmann.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Advent of a new retrotransposon structure: the long form of the Veju elements.

Transposable elements are the main component of plant genomes, especially in grass species. In a previous analysis, we have identified two unusual types of Class I elements, two homologous Veju TRIM elements, but with an unusual long structure. They are formed by the junction of a yet unidentified segment labelled unknown DNA, flanked by the borders of the classical Veju element. Here, we show that the long (Veju_L) and the short forms (Veju_S) coexist within wheat genomes. The associated unknown DNA had always the same origin, and the Veju_L came probably from either illegitimate recombinations or 'template switching' between the Veju_S and another unique unknown DNA sequence. This junction then evolved differently within wheat genomes.

Base Sequence↗