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PubMed1984

Comparison of Bennett shift measured at the hinge axis and an arbitrary hinge axis position.

Bennett shift was measured at an arbitrary hinge axis position and at the hinge axis position in 10 subjects. Sixty percent of the arbitrary hinge axis positions were within 5 mm of the hinge axis position. There was no significant difference in the Bennett shift measurements made at the hinge axis and the arbitrary hinge axis positions when measured in 0.25 mm increments. The average immediate Bennett shift was found to be 1.05 mm on the left side and 1.12 mm on the right side when firm guidance was used.

Dental Articulators↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between electrical axis by 12-lead electrocardiogram and anatomical axis of the heart by cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: The traditional assumption has been that there is a close relationship between the electrical and anatomical axes of the heart. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the electrical and anatomical axes of the heart, in both the frontal and transverse planes, in healthy subjects. METHODS: Ninety-four healthy volunteers (48 men, 46 women; age 21-82 years) were studied by cardiac magnetic resonance and 12-lead electrocardiogram. The anatomical axis was determined by cardiac magnetic resonance and projected onto the frontal and transverse orthogonal planes for comparison with the electrical axis in the corresponding planes. RESULTS: The electrical and anatomical axes were in the same range in the frontal plane (mean +/- SD, +39 degrees +/- 31 degrees and +38 degrees +/- 10 degrees), but in different ranges in the transverse plane (mean +/- SD, -30 degrees +/- 18 degrees and +46 degrees +/- 7 degrees). The partial correlation coefficients between electrical and anatomical axes were r = 0.30 (P < .01) and r = 0.14 (P = NS) in the frontal and transverse planes, respectively. Age was more strongly correlated to electrical axis than to anatomical axis in the frontal plane. CONCLUSIONS: There is only a weak correlation between electrical and anatomical axes in the frontal plane and no correlation in the transverse plane. The change of electrical axis with increased age is not explained only by change in the anatomical axis. The results suggest that there is no simple relationship between the electrical and anatomical axes of the heart.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Differentiation of subendocardial and transmural infarction using two-dimensional strain rate imaging to assess short-axis and long-axis myocardial function.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to differentiate the transmural extent of infarction (TME) by assessment of the short-axis and long-axis function of the left ventricle (LV) using 2-dimensional (2D) strain. BACKGROUND: The differentiation of subendocardial infarction from transmural infarction has significant prognostic and clinical implications. METHODS: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DBE) were performed in 80 patients (age 63 +/- 10 years) with chronic ischemic LV dysfunction. Myocardial function was assessed in the short axis at the midventricular level using peak strain rate (SR) and strain (S) in circumferential and radial dimensions, and was assessed in the long axis using longitudinal SR and S. Wall motion analysis was performed during DBE to assess for contractile reserve. RESULTS: Transmural infarct segments had lower circumferential S (-10.7 +/- 6.3) and SR (-1.0 +/- 0.4) than subendocardial infarcts (S: -15.4 +/- 7.0, p < 0.0001; SR: -1.4 +/- 0.8, p = 0.02) and normal myocardium (S: p < 0.0001; SR: p < 0.0001). Transmural and subendocardial infarct segments had similar radial S and SR. Subendocardial infarct segments showed significant reduction of longitudinal S (-13.2 +/- 5.6) and SR (-0.91 +/- 0.45) compared with normal myocardium (S: -17.8 +/- 5.4, p < 0.0001; SR: -1.1 +/- 0.41, p < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between subendocardial and transmural infarct segments (p = 0.09). Wall motion analysis by DBE could not identify subendocardial infarction on CE-MRI (TME 1% to 50%: DBE scar 38%, DBE viable 38%, DBE ischemic 24%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: The combined assessment of long-axis and short-axis function using 2D strain may be used to identify TME.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Differentiation of Axis I and Axis II disorders.

The revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) distinguishes between Axis I and Axis II disorders: Axis II includes personality (and developmental) disorders, and all others are on Axis I. This distinction is often useful, but the reification of Axis I and II constructs through diagnostic criteria sets that demarcate categorically distinct entities is at times problematic. We review the issues of differentiating personality from Axis I disorders, specifically illustrated by schizotypal and schizophrenic disorders, borderline and mood disorders, antisocial and substance use disorders, and avoidant personality from social phobia. The options for addressing their differentiation include adding exclusion criteria, shifting the placement of disorders, deleting overlapping criteria, adding differentiating criteria, and converting to a dimensional format.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

Relation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress.

Previous work has indicated that acute and repeated stress can alter thyroid hormone secretion. Corticosterone, the end product of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and strongly regulated by stress, has been suggested to play a role in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulation. In the current study, we sought to further characterize HPT axis activity after repeated exposure to inescapable foot-shock stress (FS), and to examine changes in proposed regulators of the HPT axis, including plasma corticosterone and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA levels. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to one daily session of inescapable FS for 14 days. Plasma corticosterone levels were determined during and after the stress on days 1 and 14. Animals were killed on day 15, and trunk blood and brains were collected for measurement of hormone and mRNA levels. Repeated exposure to FS led to a significant decrease in serum levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4). Stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels were not altered by repeated exposure to the stress. Despite the decrease in peripheral hormone levels, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA levels within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were not altered by the stress paradigm. Arcuate nucleus AGRP mRNA levels were significantly increased in the animals exposed to repeated FS. Additionally, we noted significant correlations between stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels and components of the HPT axis, including TRH mRNA levels and free T4 levels. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between AGRP mRNA levels and total T3 levels. Changes in body weight were also correlated with peripheral corticosterone and TRH mRNA levels. These results suggest that repeated exposure to mild-electric foot-shock causes a decrease in peripheral thyroid hormone levels, and that components of the HPA axis and hypothalamic AGRP may be involved in stress regulation of the HPT.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II.

OBJECTIVE: Like other DSM-IV axis I syndromes, eating disorders are diagnosed without respect to personality, which is coded on axis II. The authors assessed the utility of segregating eating disorders and personality pathology and examined the extent to which personality patterns account for meaningful variation within axis I eating disorder diagnoses. METHOD: One hundred three experienced psychiatrists and psychologists used a Q-sort procedure (the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200) that assesses personality and personality pathology to describe a patient they were currently treating for bulimia or anorexia. Data were subjected to a cluster-analytic procedure (Q-analysis) to determine whether patients clustered into coherent groupings on the basis of their personality profiles. Categorical and dimensional personality diagnoses were then used to predict measures relevant to adaptation and etiology, controlling for axis I diagnosis. RESULTS: Three categories of patients emerged: a high-functioning/perfectionistic group, a constricted/overcontrolled group, and an emotionally dysregulated/undercontrolled group. This categorization demonstrated substantial incremental validity beyond axis I diagnosis in predicting eating disorder symptoms, adaptive functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning scores and history of psychiatric hospitalization), and etiological variables (sexual abuse history). CONCLUSIONS: Axis I symptoms are a useful component, but only one component, in the accurate diagnosis of eating disorders. Classifying patients with eating disorders by eating symptoms alone groups together patients with anorexic symptoms who are high functioning and self-critical with those who are highly disturbed, constricted, and avoidant, and groups together patients with bulimic symptoms who are high functioning and self-critical with those who are highly disturbed, impulsive, and emotionally dysregulated. These distinctions may be relevant to etiology, prognosis, and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The early blastocyst is bilaterally symmetrical and its axis of symmetry is aligned with the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote in the mouse.

At least one polar body, almost invariably the second, persists intact to the early blastocyst stage in nearly two-thirds of mouse conceptuses of the PO strain. The distribution in early blastocysts of these surviving polar bodies was highly non-random. Most not only lay in the mid-region of the embryonic-abembryonic axis but, on discovering that early blastocysts are bilaterally rather than radially symmetrical about this axis, were found to align with the bilateral axis. Cell marking experiments failed to detect movement of polar bodies relative to the surface of the conceptus during either cleavage or blastulation. That the distribution of degenerating polar bodies and their presumed debris was similar to intact ones also argued against their motility, as did the finding that at all stages second polar bodies were attached to conceptuses by a thin, extensible, weakly elastic 'tether'. Although the transfer of small fluorochromes between them was rarely observed beyond second cleavage, the second polar body and conceptus could remain coupled ionically up to the blastocyst stage. It is concluded that the second polar body normally remains attached to the conceptus through persistence of the intercellular bridge formed during its abstriction, and therefore provides an enduring marker of the animal pole of the zygote. Hence, according to the distribution of polar bodies, the axis of bilateral symmetry of the early blastocysts is normally aligned with the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote and its embryonic-abembryonic axis is orthogonal to it. Such relationships suggest that, at least in undisturbed development, specification of the axes of the blastocyst depends on spatial patterning of the zygote.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Geometrical theory of aberrations near the axis in classical off-axis reflecting telescopes.

A geometrical theory of aberrations for the vicinity of the focus of arbitrary off-axis sections of conic mirrors is derived. It is shown that an off-axis conic mirror introduces linear astigmatism in the image. However, in classical two-mirror telescopes this aberration can be eliminated by tilting the secondary parent mirror axis. It is also shown that the practical geometrical-optics performance of a classical off-axis two-mirror telescope with no linear astigmatism is equivalent to the performance of an on-axis system, proving that both systems have identical third-order coma. To demonstrate the applicability of the theory developed in a practical system, a fast (i.e., f/2), compact, obstruction-free classical off-axis Cassegrain telescope is designed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Different acute effects of single-axis and multi-axis hand-arm vibration.

Under laboratory conditions the effects of single-axis and multi-axis hand-arm vibration exposure on several strain parameters were tested in up to 20 male subjects. As parameters of these acute effects, the biodynamic vibration behavior of the hand-arm system, the electrical activity of the most affected muscle groups, the skin temperature, the vibration sensitivity of the fingertips, and the subjective vibration sensation were measured. When comparing simulated three-axis vibration exposure with single-axis vibration exposure, synergistic effects in the form of an increasing reaction could be found. It could be proven that the vector sum of the frequency-weighted acceleration in the three axes represents the acute effects better than does the weighted acceleration in the main axis alone. This summation has to take into account the relatively lower effects of vibration in the x- or y-direction compared with the z-direction. On the basis of the experimental results a new proposal for frequency weighting of the three different axes and an energetic summation procedure are derived. Application of this knowledge in the International Standard ISO 5349 is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A spin label that binds to myosin heads in muscle fibers with its principal axis parallel to the fiber axis.

We have used an indane-dione spin label (2-[-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolin-3-yl)methenyl]in dane-1,3-dione), designated InVSL, to study the orientation of myosin heads in bundles of chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers, with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. After reversible preblocking with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitro-benzoic acid) (DTNB), we were able to attach most of the spin label covalently and rigidly to either Cys 707 (SH1) or Cys 697 (SH2) on myosin heads. EPR spectra of labeled fibers contained substantial contributions from both oriented and disordered populations of spin labels. Similar spectra were obtained from fibers decorated with InVSL-labeled myosin heads (subfragment 1), indicating that virtually all the spin labels in labeled fibers are on the myosin head. We specifically labeled SH2 with InVSL after reversible preblocking of the SH1 sites with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB), resulting in a spectrum that indicated only disordered spin labels. Therefore, the oriented and disordered populations correspond to labels on SH1 and SH2, respectively. The spectrum of SH2-bound labels was subtracted to produce a spectrum corresponding to SH1-bound labels, which was used for further analysis. For this corrected spectrum, the angle between the fiber axis and the principal axis of the spin label was fitted well by a Gaussian distribution centered at theta o = 11 +/- 1 degree, with a full width at half-maximum of delta theta = 15 +/- 2 degrees. The unique orientation of InVSL, with its principal axis almost parallel to the fiber axis, makes it complementary to spin labels previously studied in this system. This label can provide unambiguous information about axial rotations of myosin heads, since any axial rotation of the head must be reflected in the same axial rotation of the principal axis of the probe, thus changing the hyperfine splitting. Therefore, InVSL-labeled fibers have ideal properties needed for further exploration myosin head orientation and rotational motion in muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Early-onset of illicit substance use is associated with greater axis-II comorbidity, not with axis-I comorbidity.

In the present study the relationship between early-onset (<age of 18) of illicit drug use disorder, DSM axis-I disorders, and axis-II symptomatology was investigated in order to identify a subclassification of these patients. Patients with drug use disorders (n=174) attending an inpatient detoxification clinic comprised the study sample. Before detoxification treatment, all patients were administered the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in order to investigate drug use severity and severity of drug related problems. After detoxification the patients were administered the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for assessing DSM axis-I disorders and the Questionnaire on Personality Traits (VKP) for assessing DSM axis-II symptomatology. Except for medical problems, no differences between the early- and late-onset groups on addiction severity and addiction related problems were found. Furthermore, no associations between lifetime prevalence of any axis-I disorder and onset group were observed. In contrast, patients with an early-onset of substance use disorder had significantly higher antisocial, borderline, and passive-aggressive personality symptomatology than patients with a late-onset. These results are discussed in relation to the classification of drug dependent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The usefulness of DSM-III axis IV and axis V assessments.

DSM-III multiaxial diagnoses were given to 257 patients. Analysis of axis I diagnoses and axis IV and axis V assessments generally revealed the expected associations between particular psychiatric disorders and levels of psychosocial stress and social and occupational functioning. However, a major difficulty affecting the usefulness of axis IV and axis V data when they are routinely gathered according to the current DSM-III instructions is the stipulation that the clinician judge the etiological significance of a stressor before it is coded.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1983

[Evaluation of left ventricular asynergy by two-dimensional echocardiography: comparison between fixed external axis system and floating axis system].

Detection and quantitative estimation of segmental asynergy in the infarcted area has been impeded by the rotation and anterior movement of the heart during systole. In the present communication, we compared the two measurements determined by the floating and fixed external axis systems. The former takes into account of the effect of cardiac movement. Furthermore, we assessed which system is superior by the left ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic analyses. The materials consisted of 24 cases of myocardial infarction. There was no significant difference between the two systems in the estimation of the number of asynergic segments or between echocardiographic and ventriculographic findings. The floating axis system had a tendency to underestimate asynergy, so that the number of hypokinetic segment estimated by the floating system was greater than that by the fixed external axis system. Therefore, the fixed external axis system was superior to the floating axis system in determining the causative coronary artery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Axis I and axis II comorbidity in alcohol dependence and the two types of alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: Although high prevalence rates of psychiatric comorbidity were reported in alcoholism, there is a lack of studies covering the whole spectrum of DSM Axes I and II disorders. The relation of comorbid psychopathology and Cloninger's and Babor's types of alcoholism still remained unclear. METHODS: Psychiatric comorbidity in 250 hospitalized alcohol-dependent patients without additional substance-related disorders was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the International Personality Disorder Examination. Information about the course and severity of alcoholism was obtained from several sources. RESULTS: Additional Axis I disorders only were found in 24.0%, Axis II disorders only in 16.4%, and concurrent Axis I and Axis II disorders in 17.2% (total comorbidity rate: 57.6%). Two clusters of alcohol dependence were found that substantially overlap with Cloninger's and Babor's types of alcoholism. The majority of type A subjects were found to be either not comorbid at all, or to be Axis I comorbid only. Type B, on the other hand, was preferably associated with personality disorders (mainly Clusters A and B) and dimensional scores of personality pathology (schizoid, schizotypal, all Cluster B, and passive-aggressive). CONCLUSIONS: The entire spectrum of personality pathology should be assessed in the comorbidity research of alcoholism. The two types of alcoholism differ on a variety of alcohol-related and comorbid personality characteristics, but further research is needed to clarify the underlying psychological and biological associations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effects of x-axis vertebral translation on projected y-axis vertebral rotation.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have quantified the projection/distortion errors that occur in anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the projection/distortion errors on AP radiographs caused by lateral translation of the vertebrae. To demonstrate the effect of vertebral shape on projection errors. STUDY DESIGN: Three models of increasing complexity were constructed to document the distortion. Model 1 consisted of three metal pins embedded in a piece of metal tubing that was X-rayed in three positions. Model 2, a simple model of the X-ray beam mounted on a wooden platform, allowed for translation of a vertebral model in a simulated X-ray beam and the measurement of projected points of contact between the model and rays of the simulated beam. Model 3 is a computer simulation of the X-ray beam in which a vertebral model was translated laterally to varying locations. The projected points of contact between the simulated rays and the vertebral body margins and lamina junction were measured. Model 3 also showed that vertebral body shape has a large effect on the projected axial rotation. Two other simple models were created and discussed in relation to shape-dependent projection errors. RESULTS: X-axis translation results in projected y-axis rotation. Increasing magnitudes of x-axis vertebral translation results in increasing magnitudes of projected y-axis vertebral rotation. The projected rotation is also influenced by vertebral shape. CONCLUSION: We have shown that three-dimensional lateral translation projects as axial rotation on the AP radiograph. Projection error is largely influenced by the shape of the object and by the increasing obliquity of the rays of the X-ray beam. This would seemingly create confusion and invalidate spinal listings of vertebral position obtained from the AP radiographic image.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra↗
PubMed2005

Re-evaluating the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders: the case of borderline personality disorder.

The division between Axis I clinical syndromes and Axis II personality disorders is a long-standing distinction based primarily on three guiding principles: phenomenology, cause, and course. Clinical syndromes were generally thought to be characterized by transient symptoms with biological causes and an unstable course; personality disorders were supposed by many to be characterized by long-standing personality traits, whose roots were primarily psychological, and a stable and unremitting course. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), however, is a condition characterized by distinct clinical symptoms, varied causes, and a relatively unstable course. Past theorizing about the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders is presented in light of recent empirical evidence refuting the rationalization for the separation of personality disorders and clinical syndromes using BPD as a means for comparison.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1996

On the generation of short-axis and radial long-axis slices in thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission tomography.

We tried to develop fully automatic reorientation algorithms in thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission tomography, and tested a method to evaluate the quality of reorientation. The left ventricle was automatically segmented using count density information, contours generated with Laplacian operators in both transaxial and sagittal slices, and morphological and positional characteristics of the contours. Reorientation was automatically performed based on knowledge of the long axis of a second degree surfac fitted to the myocardial wall. We tried to achieve improvement in reorientation without relying on any functional description of left ventricular shape. Quality of reorientation was evaluated and improved using interactive tools in combination with radial long-axis slices. Two groups of 50 patients, after stress and rest, were analysed using the traditional manual and the fully automatic procedures. Automatic segmentation was successful in 98 out of 100 cases, and automatic reorientation was of reasonable quality. Reorientation obtained with the radial long-axis slices tool was better than after traditional manual or automatic reorientation. Automatic reorientation based on second degree surface fitting was in our hands less successful than reported in the literature. The tool using radial long-axis slices provides a better standard for testing reorientation algorithms than the traditional manual method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

[The hypothalamo-hypophyseal thyroid axis, plasma protein concentrations and the hypophyseo-gonadal axis in low T3 syndrome following acute myocardial infarct].

In patients with severely acute diseases, a special relationship of thyroidal hormones with decreased T3 and increased rT3 levels is known, the so-called low T3 syndrome. The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis, the pituitary-gonadal axis, the altered hepatic function, the plasma proteins in the low T3 syndrome, and the evaluation of these parameters for prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-one patients (29 male, 2 female) with AMI entered the study for the determination of hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis and the plasma proteins. Besides routine laboratory determinations, TRH, TSH, T4, T3, rT3, CHE, albumin, total protein, TBG, and estradiol concentrations in plasma were measured daily for 5 days after AMI using immunological and other methods. Twelve male patients with AMI entered the study for the determination of pituitary-gonadal axis; the T3, rT3, estradiol, testosterone, FSH, and LH concentrations in serum were determined using immunological methods. We found that T3 and T4 decreased significantly to a minimum on the first and the second day, respectively, after admission and increased in the course of the observation period. In contrast, rT3 was elevated significantly within the first 2 days and decreased later. TSH and TRH decreased in the first 2 days and increased in the following days. CHE, albumin, and total protein levels significantly showed a minimum on day 4 and TBG significantly showed a minimum on the second day after AMI and increased to day 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Proteins↗