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PubMed2004

Co-registration of the Schaltenbrand-Wahren microseries with the probabilistic functional atlas.

OBJECTIVE: The Schaltenbrand-Wahren atlas (SWA) is anatomical, sparse and inconsistent in three dimensions. A high-resolution, electrophysiology-based atlas derived from numerous specimens overcomes these limitations. A combined anatomy-physiology atlas leverages the strengths and complementarity of both, which is studied here. METHOD: An electronic version of the SWA was constructed. A probabilistic functional atlas (PFA) was developed from electrophysiological and neuroimaging data with 0.25 mm3 resolution. A combined atlas is constructed by co-registering the PFA with the SWA by applying linear scaling along the intercommissural distance and the height of the thalamus. RESULTS: An anatomy-physiology atlas is superior to its component atlases. When in register, the anatomical and functional atlases are displayed together and used simultaneously. A structure of interest from the PFA can be displayed with high resolution, compensating for its sparseness in the SWA, while its surrounding structures are obtained from the SWA. The best anatomical and functional targets can be compared: for the subthalamic nucleus, the horizontal and lateral coordinates of the SWA-based and PFA- based targets are approximately the same, while the latter is located 1.3-1.5 mm more anteriorly. CONCLUSION: An anatomy-physiology atlas may enhance the accuracy of targeting and increase the neurosurgeon's confidence. It also opens new research avenues to serve as a reference for: (1) constructing an extendable atlas by adding new electrophysiological data, (2) comparing anatomical and functional targets, (3) studying and comparing various symptoms, and (4) comparing image-based targets obtained from various modalities.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of ischemic stroke MR images by means of brain atlases of anatomy and blood supply territories.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: A method for atlas-assisted analysis of stroke magnetic resonance images that is a part of a stroke computer-assisted diagnosis system supporting rapid and quantitative checking of thrombolysis conditions is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two brain atlases are used for analysis: atlas of anatomy (AA) and atlas of blood supply territories (BSTs). To map these atlases onto scans, two methods are used at present: (1) fast Talairach transformation and (2) midsagittal plane and brain's bounding box matching. After atlas-to-scan mapping, both atlases are superimposed onto the studied images and can be used to get their underlying anatomy and BSTs. To speed up the process of analysis, the system automatically analyzes entire regions occupied by the infarct and penumbra. RESULTS: By using both atlases, the system calculates the following values for each infarct and penumbra region: (1) names of all anatomic structures and BSTs within the region, (2) volumes of occupancy for each structure and territory, and (3) percentages of occupancy for each structure and territory. In addition, the system calculates the infarct-middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory ratio for diffusion-weighted images and the penumbra-MCA territory ratio for perfusion images. Atlas-assisted analysis is fast, and calculations take less than 10 seconds. CONCLUSION: This method potentially facilitates and speeds up stroke data analysis, as well as supports decision making.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Computer-aided stereotactic functional neurosurgery enhanced by the use of the multiple brain atlas database.

This paper introduces a computer-aided atlas-based functional neurosurgery methodology and describes NeuroPlanner, a software system which supports it. NeuroPlanner provides four groups of functions: 1) data-related for data reading, interpolation, reformatting, and image processing; 2) atlas-related for multiple atlases reading, atlas-to-data global and local registrations, two-way anatomical indexing, and multiple labeling in two and three dimensions; 3) atlas-data exploration-related for three-dimensional (3-D) display and real-time manipulation of cerebral structures, continuous navigation, two-dimensional (2-D), triplanar, 3-D presentations, and 2-D interaction in four views; and 4) neurosurgery-related for targeting, trajectory planning, mensuration, simulating the insertion of microelectrode, and simulating therapeutic lesioning. All operations, excluding atlas and data reading, are real time. The combined anatomical index of the multiple brain atlas database containing complementary 2-D and 3-D atlases has about 1000 structures per hemisphere, and over 400 sulcal patterns. Neurosurgical planning with mutually preregistered multiple brain atlases in all three orthogonal orientations is novel. The approach is validated with 24 intraoperative and postoperative datasets for thalamotomies, thalamic stimulations, pallidotomies, and pallidal stimulations. Its potential benefits include increased accuracy of target definition, reduced time of the surgical procedure by decreasing the number of tracts, facilitated planning of more sophisticated trajectories, lowered cost by reducing the number of microelectrodes used, reduced surgical complications, and the extra degree of confidence given to the neurosurgeon.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Performance-based classifier combination in atlas-based image segmentation using expectation-maximization parameter estimation.

It is well known in the pattern recognition community that the accuracy of classifications obtained by combining decisions made by independent classifiers can be substantially higher than the accuracy of the individual classifiers. We have previously shown this to be true for atlas-based segmentation of biomedical images. The conventional method for combining individual classifiers weights each classifier equally (vote or sum rule fusion). In this paper, we propose two methods that estimate the performances of the individual classifiers and combine the individual classifiers by weighting them according to their estimated performance. The two methods are multiclass extensions of an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for ground truth estimation of binary classification based on decisions of multiple experts (Warfield et al., 2004). The first method performs parameter estimation independently for each class with a subsequent integration step. The second method considers all classes simultaneously. We demonstrate the efficacy of these performance-based fusion methods by applying them to atlas-based segmentations of three-dimensional confocal microscopy images of bee brains. In atlas-based image segmentation, multiple classifiers arise naturally by applying different registration methods to the same atlas, or the same registration method to different atlases, or both. We perform a validation study designed to quantify the success of classifier combination methods in atlas-based segmentation. By applying random deformations, a given ground truth atlas is transformed into multiple segmentations that could result from imperfect registrations of an image to multiple atlas images. In a second evaluation study, multiple actual atlas-based segmentations are combined and their accuracies computed by comparing them to a manual segmentation. We demonstrate in both evaluation studies that segmentations produced by combining multiple individual registration-based segmentations are more accurate for the two classifier fusion methods we propose, which weight the individual classifiers according to their EM-based performance estimates, than for simple sum rule fusion, which weights each classifier equally.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Atlas - a data warehouse for integrative bioinformatics.

BACKGROUND: We present a biological data warehouse called Atlas that locally stores and integrates biological sequences, molecular interactions, homology information, functional annotations of genes, and biological ontologies. The goal of the system is to provide data, as well as a software infrastructure for bioinformatics research and development. DESCRIPTION: The Atlas system is based on relational data models that we developed for each of the source data types. Data stored within these relational models are managed through Structured Query Language (SQL) calls that are implemented in a set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The APIs include three languages: C++, Java, and Perl. The methods in these API libraries are used to construct a set of loader applications, which parse and load the source datasets into the Atlas database, and a set of toolbox applications which facilitate data retrieval. Atlas stores and integrates local instances of GenBank, RefSeq, UniProt, Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD), Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND), Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP), Molecular Interactions Database (MINT), IntAct, NCBI Taxonomy, Gene Ontology (GO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), LocusLink, Entrez Gene and HomoloGene. The retrieval APIs and toolbox applications are critical components that offer end-users flexible, easy, integrated access to this data. We present use cases that use Atlas to integrate these sources for genome annotation, inference of molecular interactions across species, and gene-disease associations. CONCLUSION: The Atlas biological data warehouse serves as data infrastructure for bioinformatics research and development. It forms the backbone of the research activities in our laboratory and facilitates the integration of disparate, heterogeneous biological sources of data enabling new scientific inferences. Atlas achieves integration of diverse data sets at two levels. First, Atlas stores data of similar types using common data models, enforcing the relationships between data types. Second, integration is achieved through a combination of APIs, ontology, and tools. The Atlas software is freely available under the GNU General Public License at: http://bioinformatics.ubc.ca/atlas/

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2006

The NeuARt II system: a viewing tool for neuroanatomical data based on published neuroanatomical atlases.

BACKGROUND: Anatomical studies of neural circuitry describing the basic wiring diagram of the brain produce intrinsically spatial, highly complex data of great value to the neuroscience community. Published neuroanatomical atlases provide a spatial framework for these studies. We have built an informatics framework based on these atlases for the representation of neuroanatomical knowledge. This framework not only captures current methods of anatomical data acquisition and analysis, it allows these studies to be collated, compared and synthesized within a single system. RESULTS: We have developed an atlas-viewing application ('NeuARt II') in the Java language with unique functional properties. These include the ability to use copyrighted atlases as templates within which users may view, save and retrieve data-maps and annotate them with volumetric delineations. NeuARt II also permits users to view multiple levels on multiple atlases at once. Each data-map in this system is simply a stack of vector images with one image per atlas level, so any set of accurate drawings made onto a supported atlas (in vector graphics format) could be uploaded into NeuARt II. Presently the database is populated with a corpus of high-quality neuroanatomical data from the laboratory of Dr Larry Swanson (consisting 64 highly-detailed maps of PHAL tract-tracing experiments, made up of 1039 separate drawings that were published in 27 primary research publications over 17 years). Herein we take selective examples from these data to demonstrate the features of NeuArt II. Our informatics tool permits users to browse, query and compare these maps. The NeuARt II tool operates within a bioinformatics knowledge management platform (called 'NeuroScholar') either as a standalone or a plug-in application. CONCLUSION: Anatomical localization is fundamental to neuroscientific work and atlases provide an easily-understood framework that is widely used by neuroanatomists and non-neuroanatomists alike. NeuARt II, the neuroinformatics tool presented here, provides an accurate and powerful way of representing neuroanatomical data in the context of commonly-used brain atlases for visualization, comparison and analysis. Furthermore, it provides a framework that supports the delivery and manipulation of mapped data either as a standalone system or as a component in a larger knowledge management system.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1994

[Research on Atlas of Viscera].

Chinese ancient visceral atlas, or anatomical illustrations were derived from Taoist and medical schools through observation in cadavers. During the period from Five-Dynasties to Song, there were several works on visceral atlas, including Yanluo illustration, Atlas of Ou Xifan's visceral atlas of fidelity, Li Jung's Atlas. Among them, there exist relations of transmission-heredity, with gradual improvement. It seems likely that the visceral illustrations in Japanese Wan'an Prescription is the extant illustration of Ou's. After the advent of Atlas of Fidelity visceral atlas was differentiated into 3 different kinds of illustrations, as the Inner Picture (Neijing) of Mingtang Atlas; Neizhao Picture in pulsological works and visceral picture in physical Shenxing picture. Chinese visceral atlas was transmitted to Japan, Korea, Persia, and Europe and exerted some influence on cosmopolitan medicine.

China↗
PubMed2004

Atlas-based recognition of anatomical structures and landmarks and the automatic computation of orthopedic parameters.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes methods for the automatic atlas-based segmentation of bone structures of the hip, the automatic detection of anatomical point landmarks and the computation of orthopedic parameters to avoid the interactive, time-consuming pre-processing steps for the virtual planning of hip operations. METHODS: Based on the CT data of the Visible Human Data Sets, two three-dimensional atlases of the human pelvis have been built. The atlases consist of labeled CT data sets, 3D surface models of the separated structures and associated anatomical point landmarks. The atlas information is transferred to the patient data by a non-linear gray value-based registration algorithm. A surface-based registration algorithm was developed to detect the anatomical landmarks on the patient's bone structures. Furthermore, a software tool for the automatic computation of orthopedic parameters is presented. Finally, methods for an evaluation of the atlas-based segmentation and the atlas-based landmark detection are explained. RESULTS: A first evaluation of the presented atlas-based segmentation method shows the correct labeling of 98.5% of the bony voxels. The presented landmark detection algorithm enables the precise and reliable localization of orthopedic landmarks. The accuracy of the landmark detection is below 2.5 mm. CONCLUSION: The atlas-based segmentation of bone structures, the atlas-based landmark detection and the automatic computation of orthopedic measures are suitable to essentially reduce the time-consuming user interaction during the pre-processing of the CT data for the virtual three-dimensional planning of hip operations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Matching a computerized brain atlas to multimodal medical images.

A method for matching a digital brain anatomical atlas to multimodal medical images (MRI, PET, and SPET) was implemented. The digital atlas was derived from anatomical templates of the brain, cut according to the orbitomeatal orientation. The atlas consists of a set of contiguous slices schematically describing the brain as anatomical contours and of a set of regions of interest (ROIs) classifying the brain into functionally homogeneous areas. The matching procedure includes (a) an edge detection method for the extraction of anatomical contours and (b) a warping algorithm based on contour matching to fit the atlas to the individual brain anatomy, as described by MRI. Once the atlas is matched to MRI, the associated templates of ROI can be overlapped with functional PET/SPET studies, individually registered to MRI. The method was tested on MRI studies. The efficacy of the warping algorithm in overlapping atlas and MRI contours was assessed by calculating for each slice an index representing the extent of overlapping (I). Values of I in the range 0.8-0.9 were found (I = 1 complete overlapping). Local accuracy was also verified by comparing the position of correspondent anatomical ROI in the atlas and MRI images before and after warping. The atlas-matching procedure was applied to representative MRI/PET clinical images for an objective regional analysis of functional data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health.

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health (http://www.zorgatlas.nl) maps the regional distribution of demand and usage of health care, public health status and influencing factors. The Atlas provides answers to locational questions, e. g. 'Where are the highest mortality rates?', 'Where are the longest waiting lists?' and 'Where are hospitals located?' Maps play a pivotal role in the Atlas. Texts, graphics and diagrams support the interpretation of the maps. The information in the Atlas specifically targets policy makers at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. For them, the Atlas is a tool for problem detection, policy making and policy evaluation. The Atlas is also aimed at all professionals in health care. In practice, also the general public appears to access and use the Atlas. The Atlas is part of the Dutch Public Health Status and Forecasts (PHSF). The PHSF is made by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment mandated by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Isolated anterior arch fracture of the atlas: child case report.

STUDY DESIGN: The authors report a case of an atlas fracture at the anterior arch. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the difficulty in diagnosing this type fracture. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Fractures of the atlas are not uncommon, and actually constitute 10% of all cervical spine injuries in adults. However, in the pediatric population, fractures of atlas are extremely rare, and only a few cases have been described. Only two isolated anterior arcus fractures of the atlas have been reported previously. METHODS: A 2.5-year-old girl was admitted to the authors' department with neck pain and head tilt 2 days after falling from a wall onto the top of the head. Radiographs of the cervical spine reportedly showed no abnormality. Computed tomography of the upper cervical spine showed a fracture in left anterior arch of the C1 vertebra with a 2-mm separation. She was placed in a firm cervical collar and instructed to reduce her daily physical activities. A repeat scan 3 months later showed fusion at the fracture site. RESULTS: The patient was treated with a firm cervical collar, and fusion of the fracture site was documented with computed tomography scan at 12 weeks after the injury. Her cervical collar was removed, and she has been fully active with no restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: On plain radiographs, fractures of the atlas and anterior aspect in particular may remain occult. Accurate diagnosis of atlas fractures depends on further radiologic investigations including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Experience in treating atlas fractures is insufficient because of a paucity of literature. Immobilization with a firm cervical collar is the treatment of choice in stable atlas fracture.

Braces↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative anatomy of the lateral mass of the atlas.

STUDY DESIGN: The lateral mass of the atlas was quantitatively measured. OBJECTIVES: To measure the ranges and external dimensions of the lateral mass of the atlas quantitatively, and to provide the anatomic basis for its posterior screw fixation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Lateral mass screw fixation in cervical vertebra has been reported, but quantitative data regarding the anatomy of the lateral mass of the atlas are unknown. METHODS: Atlas specimens from 30 fresh cadavers were used for dissection to measure the width, thickness, and height of the lateral mass of the atlas, diameter of the atlantoaxial joint articular surface, and obliquity of the facet atlantoaxial joint in the coronary plane. RESULTS: According to measurements and statistics, the mean width of the lateral mass of the atlas is 15.47 mm, the mean thickness 17.21 mm, the mean height 14.09 mm, the mean transverse diameter of the atlantoaxial joint articular surface 17.90 mm, the mean longitudinal diameter of the atlantoaxial joint articular surface 15.63 mm, and the obliquity of the facet atlantoaxial joint in coronary plane 34.57 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Very little information on the lateral mass of the atlas can be found. This study gives some parameters of the lateral mass of the atlas. On the basis of this study, it may be concluded that there is enough space for lateral mass screws in posterior up-cervical internal fixation.

Atlanto-Axial Joint↗
PubMed2006

Three-dimensional atlas of lymph node topography based on the visible human data set.

Comprehensive atlases of lymph node topography are necessary tools to provide a detailed description of the lymphatic distribution in relation to other organs and structures. Despite the recent developments of atlases and guidelines focusing on definitions of lymphatic regions, a comprehensive and detailed description of the three-dimensional (3D) nodal distribution is lacking. This article describes a new 3D atlas of lymph node topography based on the digital images of the Visible Human Male Anatomical (VHMA) data set. About 1,200 lymph nodes were localized in the data set and their distribution was compared with data from current cross-sectional lymphatic atlases. The identified nodes were delineated and then labeled with different colors that corresponded to their anatomical locations. A series of 2D illustrations, showing discrete locations, description, and distribution of major lymph nodes, was compiled to form a cross-sectional atlas. The resultant contours of all localized nodes in the VHMA data set were superimposed to develop a volumetric model. A 3D reconstruction was generated for the lymph nodes and surrounding structures. The volumetric lymph node topography was also integrated into the existing VOXEL-MAN digital atlas to obtain an interactive and photo-realistic visualization of the lymph nodes showing their proximity to blood vessels and surrounding organs. The lymph node topography forms part of our whole body atlas database, which includes organs, definitions, and parameters that are related to radiation therapy. The lymph node topography atlas could be utilized for visualization and exploration of the 3D lymphatic distribution to assist in defining the target volume for treatment based on the lymphatic spread surrounding the primary tumor.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed2002

Brain atlas deformation in the presence of small and large space-occupying tumors.

Brain atlases contain a wealth of information that could be used in radiation therapy or neurosurgical planning. Until now, however, when large space-occupying tumors and lesions drastically alter the shape of brain structures and substructures, atlas-based methods have been of limited use. In this work, we present a new technique that permits a brain atlas to be warped onto image volumes in which large lesions are present. First we show that a method previously used for atlas-based segmentation of normal brains can also be used for brains with small lesions. We then present an extension of this technique for brains with large lesions. This involves several steps: a global registration to bring the two volumes into approximate correspondence; a local registration to warp the atlas onto the patient volume; the seeding of the warped atlas with a tumor model derived from patient data; and the deformation of the seeded atlas. Global registration is performed using a mutual information criterion. The method we have used for atlas warping is derived from optical flow principles. Preliminary results obtained on real patient images are presented. These results indicate that the proposed method can be used to automatically segment structures of interest in brains with gross deformation. Potential areas of application for this method include automatic labeling of critical structures for radiation therapy and presurgical planning.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2005

Standard atlas space for C57BL/6J neonatal mouse brain.

A standard atlas space with stereotaxic co-ordinates for the postnatal day 0 (P0) C57BL/6J mouse brain was constructed from the average of eight individual co-registered MR image volumes. Accuracy of registration and morphometric variations in structures between subjects were analyzed statistically. We also applied this atlas coordinate system to data acquired using different imaging protocols as well as to a high-resolution histological atlas obtained from separate animals. Mapping accuracy in the atlas space was examined to determine the applicability of this atlas framework. The results show that the atlas space defined here provides a stable framework for image registration for P0 normal mouse brains. With an appropriate feature-based co-registration strategy, the probability atlas can also provide an accurate anatomical map for images acquired using invasive imaging methods. The atlas templates and the probability map of the anatomical labels are available at http://www.loni.ucla.edu/MAP/ .

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2005

Reliability of atlas-derived coordinates in deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: In deep brain stimulation the way to define and localize the optimal target for the individual patient is still under debate. The objective of our study was to investigate the reliability of atlas derived data by comparing them with direct targeting on MR images. METHOD: We investigated 28 STN targets in 14 volunteers. The stereotactic coordinates of the dorso-lateral subthalamic nucleus (STN), were determined in 5 different ways for both STNs of each individual volunteer: 1. directly, on axial T2WI spin echo slices, 2. directly, on coronal T2WI spin echo slices and after fusion of data sets: 3. indirectly, on an axial atlas plate, 4. indirectly, on a coronal atlas plate, 5. indirectly, 12 mm lateral, 3 mm posterior and 3 mm inferior to mid-AC-PC. FINDINGS: The differences between MRI derived targets on axial vs. coronal slices were not statistically significant. After detection of the atlas derived targets the resulting x-coordinates were found more lateral than after direct detection on both, axial and coronal T2-weighted images (p < 0.001). On axial images y-coordinates were located more anterior (p = 0.240) on atlas derived targets and more posterior when target localizations were compared on coronal slices (p < 0.001). z-Coordinates were more superior after atlas targeting compared to MRI targeting (p < 0.001). Differences up to 6.21 mm occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations concerning image distortions and slice thickness, direct target planning on MRI, regarding our results, is more reliable than targeting solely based on atlas derived data. Only MRI gives us detailed information about the individual configurations of central structures in every single patient. However, targets, which are not detectable on MRI like the nucleus ventralis intermedius have to be planned using stereotactic atlas information. In these cases intra-operative micro-electrode recording might help to better define the target region.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A deformable digital brain atlas system according to Talairach and Tournoux.

Brain atlases are valuable tools which assist neurosurgeons during the planning of an intervention. Since a printed atlas book has several disadvantages-among them the difficulty to map the information onto a patient's individual anatomy-we have developed a digital version of the well-established stereotaxic brain atlas of Talairach and Tournoux. Our atlas system is mainly dedicated to assist neurosurgical planning, and its benefits are: (i) a three-dimensional (3D) representation of most brain structures contained in the Talairach atlas; (ii) a nonrigid matching capability which warps the standard atlas anatomy to an individual brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset in a few minutes and which is able to take deformations due to tumors into account; (iii) the integration of several sources of neuroanatomical knowledge; (iv) an interface to a navigation system which allows utilization of atlas information intraoperatively. In this paper we outline the algorithm we have developed to achieve 3D surface models of the brain structures. Moreover, we describe the nonrigid matching method which consists of two tasks: firstly, point correspondences between the atlas and the patient are established in an automatic fashion, and secondly these displacement vectors are interpolated using a radial basis function approach to form a continuous transformation function. To generate appropriate target structures for the first of these tasks, we implemented a quick segmentation tool which is capable to segment the cortex and ventricles in less than 5 min. An evaluation shows that our nonrigid approach is more precise than the conventional piecewise linear matching, though it should be further improved for the region around the deep grey nuclei. Summarizing, we developed a Win32 program which permits the convenient and fast application of standardized anatomy to individual brains which potentially contain tumors.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

MR atlas of the baboon brain for functional neuroimaging.

Mathematical co-registration of functional image data (e.g., positron emission tomography, PET) to anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data allows for objective associations between function and anatomy. Baboons are often used as non-human primate models for functional neuroimaging studies. In this work, a digital MR-based high-resolution atlas of the baboon brain was generated and evaluated for PET. The atlas was generated from six SPGR-MR datasets (centered at mid-sagittal line, AC-PC orientation) that were transformed into the space of one representative MR, averaged and resampled into PET space. The atlas was evaluated by comparing blood flow and dopamine receptor and serotonin transporter binding measures determined using regions-of-interest (ROIs) generated on each individual co-registered MR (ROI(i)) and the atlas-defined ROI template (ROI(ATLAS)). Common ROIs applied to all data included frontal cortex, temporal cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen and cerebellum. High correlations (r(2)>0.87) were found between the ROI(i) and ROI(ATLAS) data for all radiotracers (linear regression across ROIs for each baboon). The average regression slope values ranged from 0.95 to 1.02 across radiotracers. Lastly, use of the atlas for statistical parametric mapping (SPM) of [15O]water data yielded good agreement with previous ROI(i) results. Overall, the digital MR-based atlas allowed for automatic co-registration, proved useful across a range of PET Studies, and is accessible electronically via the Internet.

Anatomy, Artistic↗