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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Cloning genomic DNA encoding apple polyphenol oxidase and comparison of the gene product in Escherichia coli and in apple.

Two PCR-amplified genomic DNA fragments encoding apple (cv. Fuji) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were cloned and sequenced. A comparison of genomic DNA with cDNAs revealed that the PPOs lacked introns. Both PPO DNAs appear to encode a 66-kDa precursor protein consisting of a 56-kDa mature protein and a N-terminal transit peptide of 10-kDa N-terminal transit peptide. Apple PPO DNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product (56 kDa) without a transit peptide was immunochemically detected and was the same size (ca. 65 kDa) as the main PPO of apple fruit by SDS-PAGE.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Effect of high-carbon dioxide atmospheres on infestations of apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in apples.

Short-term storage regimens containing elevated atmospheres of carbon dioxide (CO2) were evaluated for their ability to disinfest newly harvested 'McIntosh' apples of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Infested fruits containing newly laid eggs were either placed directly into the high-CO2 atmosphere at 10 degrees C to expose this life stage, or else held first for 7 d at room temperature, to allow development to the neonate larval stage. Treatment combinations consisted of three different CO2 levels (10.6, 14.9, and 19.0% CO2) and two periods of exposure (7 and 14 d). Apple maggot eggs subjected to the treatments always exhibited some survival, which was lower for the 14-d than the 7-d exposure periods. In contrast, newly hatched larvae were less able to survive the treatments. The 7-d exposure allowed low levels of survival of this life stage, but virtually none survived the 14-d exposure period. To determine the age at which eggs become more susceptible to high-CO2 atmospheres, infested fruits containing eggs three or 3d old were submitted to a 14-d exposure to 19.0% CO2. Survival of 3-d old eggs was similar to that of eggs exposed at an age of 1 d or less, but this dropped to near zero for 5-d old eggs, indicating an increase in susceptibility sometime during the 3-5-d age range. Fruits exposed to 19.0% CO2 for 14 d were significantly firmer than untreated fruits. No apparent browning, internal breakdown or other fruit defects were detected in any of the treatments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scar skin and dapple apple viroids are seed-borne and persistent in infected apple trees.

The closely related apple scar skin viroid (ASSV) and dapple apple viroid (DAV) were identified in whole seeds from infected pome fruits by hybridization of extracted nucleic acids with a 32P-labelled ASSV cRNA probe. Viroid amounts were greater in seed coats and subcoats than in seed cotyledons and embryos. ASSV or DAV was also detected in nucleic acid extracts from infected seeds, cotyledons and embryos by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with viroid-cDNA-specific primers followed by Southern blot hybridization analysis of the amplified products with an ASSV cRNA probe. These results indicate that ASSV and DAV are seed-borne. ASSV and DAV were also found in the anthers, petals, receptacles, leaves, bark and roots of infected trees. The results suggest that viroid-infected trees constitute potential sources of the viroid in field spread. ASSV and DAV infections have been observed sporadically in commercial orchards in the United States and Canada and the infected trees have been eliminated. The use of viroid-free sources of seeds, seedlings, rootstocks and budwood should greatly reduce the risk of the future spread of the viroid.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Interactions between apple cell walls and native apple polyphenols: quantification and some consequences.

Cell walls were prepared from apple parenchyma by a phenol:buffer procedure. Polyphenols were extracted from freeze-dried apple parenchyma by methanol and water:acetone, and purified by preparative HPLC. Interactions were quantified by bringing into contact suspended cell walls and polyphenol solutions. Hydroxycinnamic acids and (-)-epicatechin did not bind to cell walls. Binding of procyanidins was fast and reached up to 0.6 g per g cell walls. The amounts of procyanidins bound increased with the initial concentration and with DPn. Procyanidins could be partially desorbed by buffer, more being desorbed in the presence of dissolved cell wall polysaccharides. They were totally desorbed using 8 M urea or acetone:water. Higher polymers were bound selectively from procyanidin mixtures, and very high average DPn were obtained in extensively washed complexes. Binding of procyanidins inhibited enzymic degradation of the cell walls.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Cytochrome P450 1A1 expression and activity in Caco-2 cells: modulation by apple juice extract and certain apple polyphenols.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 plays a role in drug metabolism of intestinal cells (e.g., by activating certain chemical carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic metabolites). In the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, we investigated the effects of a defined polyphenolic apple juice extract (AJE), the major principle flavonoid/dihydrochalkone constituents quercetin and phloretin, and the corresponding prototype glycosides rutin and phlorizin on CYP1A1 expression and activity. Incubations were carried out with or without the potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist/CYP1A1 inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). AJE and quercetin acted as weak inducers of CYP1A1 mRNA and protein, and AJE, quercetin, and phlorizin led to a slight induction of CYP1A1-catalyzed 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. However, AJE, quercetin, and phloretin were highly effective in suppressing CYP1A1 induction in co-incubations of the cells with 1 nM TCDD. The antagonistic effects were seen on the levels of mRNA, enzyme protein, and catalytic activity. In contrast, the related glycosides rutin and phlorizin were inactive as inducers or inhibitors. Inhibition of CYP1A1 induction was not related to general cytotoxicity, which could be completely abolished by the addition of ascorbic acid/alpha-tocopherol. AJE, quercetin, and phloretin also antagonized the TCDD-mediated induction of a reporter gene driven by a regulatory sequence of the human CYP1A1 gene promoter. Our findings suggest that apple juice extract can antagonize TCDD-mediated CYP1A1 induction by interfering with AhR-dependent gene transcription and by inhibiting the catalytic activity of CYP1A1. These effects may result in reduced metabolic activation of certain chemical carcinogens, in particular, under conditions of sustained AhR activation.

Beverages↗
PubMed1991

Azinphos-methyl residues in apples and spatial distribution of fluorescein in vase-shaped apple trees.

Vase-shaped standard apple trees cv. McIntosh were sprayed with azinphos-methyl at pink, pink and 1st cover and 1st cover only. Residue analyses by gas chromatography revealed detectable residues on foliage until mid summer. At harvest, negligible residue levels were found on the peel and the whole apple. On four trees, fluorescein was sprayed in the same manner as the insecticide and maximum levels of the dye were detected on the outside lower canopy along the row. Minimal concentration of fluorescein was detected on the inner upper canopy away from the direction of the row.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1994

Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products.

This review examines the parameters of enzymatic browning in apple and apple products that is, phenolic compounds, polyphenoloxidases, and other factors (ascorbic acid and peroxidases), both qualitatively and quantitatively. Then the relationships between intensity of browning and the browning parameters are discussed, including a paragraph on the methods used for browning evaluation. Finally, the different methods for the control of browning are presented.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1993

Complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of an apple isolate of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of an apple isolate of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSVA) was determined. The genome is 7552 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail and contains three open reading frames (ORFs 1, 2 and 3), encoding proteins with M(r) values of 216,503 (216.5K), 50,453 (50.4K) and 21,394 (21.4K), respectively. Nucleotide sequence comparisons between ACLSV-A and the previously sequenced ACLSV from plum (ACLSV-P) showed that the sequence identity at the nucleotide level was 79.8%. Amino acid sequence identities of ORFs 1 and 2 between both isolates were 88.4% and 79.9%, respectively. The 21.4K protein encoded by ORF 3 of ACLSV-A had an amino acid sequence identity of 88.6% with the 28.3K protein encoded by ORF 3 of ACLSV-P. Immunoblot analysis of the 21.4K protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed that this protein is the coat protein of ACLSV-A.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

An alcohol acyl transferase from apple (cv. Royal Gala), MpAAT1, produces esters involved in apple fruit flavor.

Apple flavor is characterized by combinations of ester compounds, which increase markedly during fruit ripening. The final step in ester biosynthesis is catalyzed by alcohol acyl transferases (AATs) that use coenzyme A (CoA) donors together with alcohol acceptors as substrates. The gene MpAAT1, which produces a predicted protein containing features of other plant acyl transferases, was isolated from Malus pumila (cv. Royal Gala). The MpAAT1 gene is expressed in leaves, flowers and fruit of apple. The recombinant enzyme can utilize a range of alcohol substrates from short to medium straight chain (C3-C10), branched chain, aromatic and terpene alcohols. The enzyme can also utilize a range of short to medium chain CoAs. The binding of the alcohol substrate is rate limiting compared with the binding of the CoA substrate. Among different alcohol substrates there is more variation in turnover compared with K(m) values. MpAAT1 is capable of producing many esters found in Royal Gala fruit, including hexyl esters, butyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. Of these, MpAAT1 prefers to produce the hexyl esters of C3, C6 and C8 CoAs. For the acetate esters, however, MpAAT1 preference depends upon substrate concentration. At low concentrations of alcohol substrate the enzyme prefers utilizing the 2-methylbutanol over hexanol and butanol, while at high concentrations of substrate hexanol can be used at a greater rate than 2-methylbutanol and butanol. Such kinetic characteristics of AATs may therefore be another important factor in understanding how the distinct flavor profiles of different fruit are produced during ripening.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1992

Promotion of apple tree growth and fruit production by the EBW-4 strain of Bacillus subtilis in apple replant disease soil.

A field trial was conducted near Kelowna, British Columbia, to determine the effect of biological treatments alone and in combination with formalin fumigation in apple replant disease soil. The response was measured by the increase in cross-sectional trunk area, total shoot growth, and fruit yield of McIntosh apple trees on M.26 rootstock. The postplanting drench application of strain EBW-4 of Bacillus subtilis alone was consistently effective in increasing cross-sectional trunk area for 5 years, total shoot growth for 4 years, and fruit yield for 3 years. The biological agent EBW-4 of B. subtilis in combination with formalin fumigation was also effective in promoting total shoot growth and cross-sectional trunk area. The application of formalin fumigation alone was effective in increasing shoot growth for 2 years and cross-sectional trunk area for 1 year only. This treatment did not increase fruit yield for 3 years. The consistent performance of strain EBW-4 of B. subtilis during 1986-1991 indicates that this bacterium has the potential for biological control of replant disease under orchard conditions in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2004

Fixed precision sampling plans for white apple leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on apple.

Constant precision sampling plans for the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, were developed so that it could be used as an indicator species for system stability as new integrated pest management programs without broad-spectrum pesticides are developed. Taylor's power law was used to model the relationship between the mean and the variance, and Green's constant precision sequential sample equation was used to develop sampling plans. Bootstrap simulations of the sampling plans showed greater precision (D = 0.25) than the desired precision (Do = 0.3), particularly at low mean population densities. We found that by adjusting the Do value in Green's equation to 0.4, we were able to reduce the average sample number by 25% and provided an average D = 0.31. The sampling plan described allows T. pomaria to be used as reasonable indicator species of agroecosystem stability in Washington apple orchards.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) management model for processing apples based on early season pheromone trap capture.

Sixteen years of archived tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), trap capture data were compared with archived fruit injury data collected at the Penn State University Fruit Research and Extension Center to define the relationship of trap capture to fruit injury. Pheromone trap capture until 15 June was the best predictor of fruit injury at harvest. Using the regression equation of fruit injury on early season trap capture, and other assumptions about insecticide cost and fruit yield, a management model was developed for apple growers in the Mid-Atlantic region. When the model was tested on archived trap capture and fruit injury data, the results indicated that a grower would lose money on average by always treating and save money on average by never treating. By using the model, a grower could expect to save more money than by never treating. The model showed sensitivity to fruit price, insecticide price, and fruit yield.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Grouping patients by episode helps managers compare 'apples to apples' performance.

Apples to apples: When health care organizations group care by illness episode and include inpatient, outpatient, and pharmaceutical claims data, they can more appropriately compare physician practice patterns, identify targets for disease management efforts, and pinpoint particular aberrations in their data. Here's how Episode Treatment Groups (ETGs) make analysis easier for organizations, such as Oxford Health Plans--plus some sample ETG-driven reports.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2003

Inhibitory activity of analogs of AM-toxin, a host-specific phytotoxin from the Alternaria alternata apple pathotype, on photosynthetic O2 evolution in apple leaves.

The effect of the host-specific phytotoxins, AM-toxins, on the photosynthetic activity of leaves from susceptible apple cultivars was investigated by using an oxygen electrode. The photosynthetic O2 evolution was inhibited by AM-toxin I in a host-specific manner. The inhibitory activity of several AM-toxin analogs against photosynthesis was also evaluated and the findings were correlated with their necrosis-inducing activity.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1999

Biological control of postharvest decays of apple can prevent growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple wounds.

Fresh cells of the antagonist Pseudomonas syringae at 2.4 x 10(8) CFU/ml inoculated into wounds of 'Golden Delicious' apple prevented Escherichia coli O157:H7 (concentrations ranging from 2.4 x 10(5) to 2.4 x 10(7) CFU/ml) from growing in the wounds. This occurred when the two microorganisms were co-inoculated or inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 was conducted 1 or 2 days after inoculation with the antagonist. In similar tests, application of the commercial formulation of this antagonist prevented the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in wounds when inoculated 1 or 2 days after application of the antagonist. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 in wounds treated with water (control) before inoculation with this pathogen increased approximately 2 log units during the first 48 h after inoculation. These results indicate that biocontrol agents developed for controlling storage decays of fruits may have the additional benefit of preventing the growth of foodborne pathogens in freshly wounded tissue of intact and fresh-cut fruits.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed1983

[Frequency of the so-called "apple allergy" ("apple contact urticaria syndrome") in patients with birch pollinosis].

Rhinitis, itching and tingling and other mild reactions on the oropharyngeal mucosa are the most common complaints after eating raw apples (in about 30% of patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen). Angioedema, urticaria and shock are rare, but must be noticed. On the basis of three case reports we are illustrating the difficulties of reliable test procedures. 49 patients have been examined by means of "scratch-chamber" test method, RAST and peroral provocation tests. The nature of the actual allergens (lectins?) is still unknown. The term "contact urticaria syndrome" should be used.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The Apple 1 and Apple 4 domains of factor XI act synergistically to promote the surface-mediated activation of factor XI by factor XIIa.

Binding sites for high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and for factor XIIa are present in the Apple 1 (A1) and the A4 domains of factor XI, respectively. To define the roles of these two sites in surface-mediated factor-XI activation we prepared conformationally constrained synthetic peptides and recombinant A1 domain (rA1) and determined their effects on the activation of factor XI by factor XIIa in the presence of HK and either kaolin or dextran sulfate. Surface-mediated factor-XI activation by factor XIIa was inhibited by a conformationally constrained A4 peptide (Ala317-Gly350), by an A1 peptide (Phe56-Ser86), and by rA1 (Glu1-Ser90). When used in combination at equimolar concentrations, rA1 and A4 peptide were 10-fold more effective than either one alone in inhibiting surface-mediated activation of factor XI by factor XIIa. The A4 peptide was a competitive inhibitor of factor XIIa amidolytic activity and a noncompetitive inhibitor of factor-XI activation by factor XIIa, whereas rA1 and the A1 peptide did not inhibit factor XIIa. The rA1 domain inhibited factor XI binding to HK, whereas the A4 peptide did not. We conclude that specific sequences exposed on the surfaces of the A1 (Val59-Lys83) and A4 (Ala317-Gly350) domains of factor XI act synergistically to promote surface-mediated factor-XI activation by factor XIIa in the presence of HK by binding factor XI to surface-bound HK (A1 domain) and by binding factor XIIa near the cleavage site (Arg369-Ile370) of factor XI (A4 domain).

Dextran Sulfate↗