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Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and structural analysis of the Streptomyces galbus DSM40480 fda gene: the S. galbus fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a member of the class II aldolases.

The fda gene of Streptomyces galbus DSM40480 encoding the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) was cloned, sequenced and characterised. The fda gene encodes a protein of 341 amino acids with a molecular mass of 36.5 kDa and belongs to the class II aldolases. When the S. galbus fda gene was expressed in the Escherichia coli fda(ts) mutant NP315, the growth defect of the strain was complemented at temperatures >35 degrees C. In Northern hybridisations, we identified an fda transcript of 1200 bp length. The transcript length indicates that the fda gene is transcribed from its own promoter. Attempts to isolate fda knock out mutants were not successful. Streptomyces lividans strains with a second copy of the fda gene were constructed and analysed.

Base Sequence↗

[Aldolase isozyme gene: on the structure and the tissue-specific expression of a muscle type aldolase gene].

A muscle-type aldolase gene known to be a tumor marker enzyme was analyzed. It was found that three different molecular species of the mRNA exist and are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. These mRNAs have identical coding and 3' noncoding sequences and differ only at the 5' end of the sequence. Genomic DNA analysis indicated that a single aldolase gene for one muscle type specifies three different mRNAs by organizing as a leader sequence a region corresponding to each distinct 5' end of the mRNA followed by a shared common structural gene in the genome.

Animals↗

Multiple recruitment of class-I aldolase to chloroplasts and eubacterial origin of eukaryotic class-II aldolases revealed by cDNAs from Euglena gracilis.

The photosynthetic protist Euglena gracilis is one of few organisms known to possess both class-I and class-II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases (FBA). We have isolated cDNA clones encoding the precursor of chloroplast class-I FBA and cytosolic class-II FBA from Euglena. Chloroplast class-I FBA is encoded as a single subunit rather than as a polyprotein, its deduced transit peptide of 139 amino acids possesses structural motifs neccessary for precursor import across Euglena's three outer chloroplast membranes. Evolutionary analyses reveal that the class-I FBA of Euglena was recruited to the chloroplast independently from the chloroplast class-I FBA of chlorophytes and may derive from the cytosolic homologue of the secondary chlorophytic endosymbiont. Two distinct subfamilies of class-II FBA genes are shown to exist in eubacteria, which can be traced to an ancient gene duplication which occurred in the common ancestor of contemporary gram-positive and proteobacterial lineages. Subsequent duplications involving eubacterial class-II FBA genes resulted in functional specialization of the encoded products for substrates other than fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Class-II FBA genes of Euglena and ascomycetes are shown to be of eubacterial origin, having been acquired via endosymbiotic gene transfer, probably from the antecedants of mitochondria. The data provide evidence for the chimaeric nature of eukaryotic genomes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Replication of the rat aldolase B locus differs between aldolase B-expressing and non-expressing cells.

We previously reported a rat chromosomal origin of DNA replication (oriA1) that encompassed the aldolase B (AldB) gene promoter. Here, we examined utilization of oriA1 in AldB-expressing and non-expressing cells. The results suggested the occurrence of mutually exclusive regulation between DNA replication and transcription. Nascent strand abundance as assayed by competitive polymerase chain reaction using bromodeoxyuridine-labeled nascent DNA indicated that oriA1 is not utilized in AldB-expressing cells, while it is fired in non-expressing cells. In the latter non-expressing cells, the replication fork seemed to slow at 20-22 kb downstream of oriA1.

Animals↗

Human aldolase B gene: characterization of the genomic aldolase B gene and analysis of sequences required for multiple polyadenylations.

The chromosomal gene encoding human aldolase B was isolated. The gene is composed of nine exons interrupted by eight introns and spans 15 kb, and a single copy of it occurs per haploid human genome. The initiation of transcription occurs at three different sites. Two minor sites, m1 and m2, start at 49 and 21 nucleotides, respectively, upstream from the major site, M. The gene also carries poly(A) addition signals at two different sites, thereby another two distinct mRNA species are produced. We examined the sequences required for mRNA 3'-end formation in this gene carrying multiple poly(A) addition sites. By constructing deletion mutants as to the region distal to the poly(A) addition site and then assaying through transfection into COS-1 cells, we demonstrated that 8 nucleotides distal to the site of poly(A) addition is sufficient for proximal polyadenylation, but is not sufficient for distal polyadenylation.

Animals↗

[Clinical study on aldolase isoenzyme--the development of the method of cancer diagnosis with muscle type aldolase (author's transl)].

A specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitation of human muscle type aldolase (M-ALD) in human serum. The amount of M-ALD antigen present in 135 sera from normal healthy subjects, noncancer patients and cancer patients was determined. The serum M-ALD value for the 41 normal healthy subjects averaged 171 +/- 39 ng/ml and they had a range from 130 ng/ml to 210 ng/ml. In 33 noncancer hospital patients, excluding patients with muscle diseases, the serum M-ALD values averaged 164 ng/ml and had a range of 125 to 220 ng/ml. In contrast the 61 cancer patients had serum M-ALD values which averaged 586 ng/ml and had a range of 85 to 5800 ng/ml. Eighty two percent of the cancer patients had serum concentrations of M-ALD which were outside of the normal range. The CEA value was determined in the serum of the cancer patients and thirty five percent of the patients had elevated serum concentrations. The measurement of M-ALD values in human serum may be an additional laboratory test in the diagnosis and follow up of the cancer patients.

Adult↗

Mechanism of aldolase binding to erythrocyte membrane: Part I. Effect of membrane phosphorylation on aldolase association.

The effect of phosphorylation of bovine erythrocyte membrane on association of Fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) aldolase has been investigated. The phosphorylation of the membrane seemed to favour the increased association of the enzyme. With the native and NaCl-depleted membrane, it was observed that the extent of phosphorylation could be correlated with the enzyme association. The experiments with the intact erythrocytes isolated from bovine and rabbit blood employing similar conditions, confirmed these findings. The observations with the membrane and whole cells have been substantiated using [gamma-32P]ATP and [32P] inorganic phosphate. The treatment of the enzyme favouring phosphorylation, did not show association of the enzyme with the membrane. The chemical modification of the membrane, influencing the association of the enzyme could be a possible mechanism for fine regulatory control of the activity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗