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PubMed1988

Parent-adolescent communication and its relationship to adolescent depression and suicide proneness.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents in the United States, and the rates in this age group are increasing. A possible factor related to adolescent suicide may be inadequate or insufficient parent-adolescent communication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the communication level between selected adolescents and their parents, and to determine its relationship to the parents' perceptions of their adolescent's depression and proneness to suicide. The Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory (PACI) was used to measure communication, and the Suicide-Depression Inventory (SDI) was used to measure depression and suicide proneness. Upon statistical analysis of the instrument scores, simple correlation coefficients expressed significant relationships between mother's and adolescent's scores, but not between father's and adolescent's scores. However, when controlling for other independent variables, neither the father's nor the mother's scores were significantly related to the adolescent's SDI score. The adolescent's PACI score was the only independent variable that produced a significant semi-partial correlation coefficient. A multiple regression procedure isolated only one of the independent variables which entered and stayed in the predictor model at the .05 level--the adolescent's PACI score (p = .001).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Adolescents', parents', and teachers' distress over adolescents' behavior.

This study evaluated adolescents', parents', and teachers' self-reported distress and wishes to change adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems in a sample of clinically referred adolescents. Parents reported being bothered more than adolescents or teachers by adolescents' internalizing behavior. Both parents and teachers rated adolescents' externalizing behavior as more bothersome than did adolescents. Adolescents were significantly less likely to want to change their behavior than were parents or teachers. In addition, adolescents were significantly more likely to want to change their internalizing problems than their externalizing problems. For all three informants, being bothered by adolescents' behaviors was strongly associated with a desire to change the behaviors. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Vitamin-mineral supplement use by low-income Brazilian pregnant adolescents and non-adolescents and the predictors for non-use.

OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the intake of vitamin-mineral supplements by 855 low-income Brazilian pregnant adolescents and non-adolescents in three interviews (gestational ages < or =16, 20-26 and 30-36 weeks), (2) the relationship between vitamin-mineral supplementation and toxic exposure, and nutritional, psychological, socio-economic, demographic and obstetric characteristics of the women. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Jundiaí city, São Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS: A total of 855 pregnant adolescents and non-adolescents who attended antenatal care from September 1997 to August 2000. METHODS: A general questionnaire was utilized three times in pregnancy (gestational ages < or =16, 20-26 and 30-36 weeks) to investigate the vitamin-mineral supplements ingested by the women, their smoking habit and alcohol intake, anthropometric measurements (pre-pregnancy and actual weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference) and psychological (anxiety, stress and distress), socio-economic (per capita income), demographic (education, age, marital status) and obstetric (gravidity) characteristics. The associations between vitamin-mineral supplementation and maternal characteristics were assessed in 12 multiple logistic regression models, stratifying the women by age and per capita income. RESULTS: Iron and vitamin C were the most ingested supplements by adolescents and non-adolescents, in the three interviews. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the maternal predictors for non-use of vitamin-mineral supplementation were acute anxiety and alcohol intake for adolescents, and low education, single without partner, distress (anxiety, depression, etc.) and stress for non-adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: These are important data to identify groups of low-income pregnant women in need of supplementation guidance and nutrition education. Stress/distress was a predictor for non-use of vitamin-mineral supplements for both adolescents and non-adolescents pregnant women.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A secure base in adolescence: markers of attachment security in the mother-adolescent relationship.

This study sought to identify ways in which adolescent attachment security, as assessed via the Adult Attachment Interview, is manifest in qualities of the secure base provided by the mother-adolescent relationship. Assessments included data coded from mother-adolescent interactions, test-based data, and adolescent self-reports obtained from an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of moderately at-risk 9th and 10th graders. This study found several robust markers of adolescent attachment security in the mother-adolescent relationship. Each of these markers was found to contribute unique variance to explaining adolescent security, and in combination, they accounted for as much as 40% of the raw variance in adolescent security. These findings suggest that security is closely connected to the workings of the mother-adolescent relationship via a secure-base phenomenon, in which the teen can explore independence in thought and speech from the secure base of a maternal relationship characterized by maternal attunement to the adolescent and maternal supportiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of adolescent ego development and self-esteem.

This study examined links between processes of establishing autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions and adolescents' psychosocial development. Adolescents in 2-parent families and their parents were observed in a revealed-differences interaction task when adolescents were 14, and adolescents' ego development and self-esteem were assessed at both 14 and 16. Developmental indices were strongly related to autonomy and relatedness displayed by both parents and adolescents. Significant variance was explained even after accounting for the number and quality of speeches of each family member as rated by a different, well-validated family coding system. Increases in adolescents' ego development and self-esteem over time were predicted by fathers' behaviors challenging adolescents' autonomy and relatedness, but only when these occurred in the context of fathers' overall display of autonomous-relatedness with the adolescent. The importance of the mutually negotiated process of adolescents' exploration from the secure base of parental relationships is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Covert parental control: parent-adolescent interaction and adolescent development in a Chinese context.

Although there are well-known theories of adolescent development in the West, there is a notable lack of theory and empirical support for understanding the process of Chinese adolescent development. This paper investigates the parental attitudes and practices of Chinese-Canadian immigrant parents and the reactions of adolescents in an effort to elucidate the pattern of parent-adolescent interaction and the process of adolescent development in the Chinese-Canadian cultural context. A qualitative study approach was used to explore the experiences and views of 19 adolescents and ten of their parents. The findings indicate that Chinese parents and adolescents co-construct the dominant theme of "covert parental control" in the adolescent development process. "Covert control," in this context, refers to a form of parenting characterized by parental guidance, family teaching, coaching, and monitoring, Parents, through "tact" and "skills," successfully influence and guide their adolescent children. Adolescents, motivated by their sense of loyalty to family and the concepts associated with parental guidance, reinforce their parents' covert control and the indigenous concept of "guan" in the practice of Chinese parenting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Pakistani adolescents' coping with stress: effect of loss of a parent and gender of adolescents.

The present study examined the effect of parental loss and gender of adolescents on their coping with stress. Sample included those adolescents who had either of their parents died (N = 40) and those having both living parents (N = 40). It was hypothesized that adolescents with one parent alive would differ in their ways of coping with stress compared to those who have both living parents. It was also hypothesized that there would be gender differences in adolescents' coping. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ, Kausar, 1996) was used to assess adolescents' coping. Data was analysed using t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Analyses showed that avoidance-focused coping was the most frequently used and active distractive coping was the least frequently used strategy by the adolescents. Adolescents with both living parents employed more active distractive and religious-focused coping compared to those with one parent alive. Girls employed significantly more strategies to cope with stress compared to boys. Results also revealed interactive effect of parental loss and gender on coping strategies used by adolescents. The findings suggest that death of either of the parents and gender of the adolescent is important determinants of the ways adolescents deal with stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2026

Clinical and psychological characteristics of adolescents at risk of mood disorders compared with adolescents with suicidal behavior.

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents, yet little is understood about the biopsychosocial factors related to suicidality. The demographic, clinical, and biological characteristics of adolescents with and without psychiatric histories may help inform mechanistic approaches to treatment of mood disorders and suicidality. The 'characterizing the inflammatory profile and suicidal behavior in adolescents' and 'RAD arm of the Texas Resilience Against Depression' studies aimed to characterize the clinical and biological profiles of youth with suicidal behavior and youth at risk for mood disorders, compared to healthy adolescents (n = 75 in each group). Here, we report the descriptive baseline clinical and psychological characteristics of adolescents at risk of mood disorders and those with suicidal behavior. The adolescents with suicidal behavior reported 3.53 lifetime suicidal events on average, predominantly reported moderate to very severe depression (34.7%, 24%, to 9.3%), moderate to severe anxiety (58.6%), low optimism (91.9%), and mild (39.2%) to moderate (28.4%) degree of hopelessness. The at-risk adolescents predominantly reported no depression (60%) or anxiety (68.9%), moderate optimism (50%), and a positive outlook (85.7%). Healthy adolescents predominantly reported no depression (88.3%) or anxiety (93.2%), moderate optimism (59%), and a positive outlook (87%). The adolescents with suicidal behavior and those at risk of mood disorders exhibited significantly higher irritability and borderline personality disorder features (uncorrected p = 0.02 to p < 0.001) and lower resilience compared to healthy adolescents. Ongoing investigations using the longitudinal clinical and biological data will help identify the immune biosignatures of suicidality in youth.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Adolescents' knowledge of and attitudes toward Minnesota laws concerning adolescent medical care.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare delivery to adolescents involves consent to care, confidentiality, and reimbursement in attendance to patients' medical problems. State laws address the medical care of minors with respect to privacy and autonomy. This study was conducted to determine adolescents' knowledge and attitudes toward the laws in their state, Minnesota, that influence their medical care. This information may guide health care providers in their education of adolescent patients, as well as advise future legislation on the healthcare of minors. METHODS: Written questionnaires were administered to 636 9(th) through 12(th) grade students in required classes at the three public high schools in Rochester, MN, providing a representative sample of approximately fifty participants from each of the four grades. Results from the sixteen-question, anonymous survey were compiled to calculate an overall median knowledge score. Median scores were also reported by individual question, policy category, gender, grade, and socioeconomic status. Adolescent opinion was scored on a system in which +1 signified a "good law," 0 "neither a good nor bad law," and -1 a "bad law." These opinion scores were used to determine adolescents' attitudes by category as well as an overall positive, negative, or neutral opinion toward the laws. RESULTS: 594(93.4%) students returned surveys. Adolescents obtained a median score of 31.3% (range, 0-100%) correct on a knowledge test. Opinion score was positive, with a median of + 0.38. 81.1% of adolescents reported that the laws in the survey had no effect on their lives. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that adolescents are not knowledgeable of Minnesota laws regarding their medical care. Overall opinion of the existing laws is positive, particularly of those laws that protect minor consent. Most adolescents feel that these laws have not affected their lives. Low knowledge and a lack of a sense of impact from these laws indicate a need for clinicians to educate patients and their families about the legal aspects of adolescent medical care. These results are particularly relevant at a time when changes to current minor health care legislation are under consideration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Access to medical care for adolescents: results from the 1997 Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls.

PURPOSE: This study examined the factors associated with access to care among adolescents, including gender, insurance coverage, and having a regular source of health care. METHODS: Analyses were done on the 1997 Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls, a nationally representative sample of in-school adolescents in 5th through 12th grade. Access to health care, missing needed care, and whether the adolescent had private time with their provider were assessed. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel chi-square statistics were computed using SUDAAN. RESULTS: Nearly a third of the 6748 adolescents surveyed had missed needed care. The most common reason for missing care was not wanting a parent to know (35%). Girls were more likely than boys to miss care (29% vs. 24%). Most adolescents reported using a source of primary health care (92%); girls were more likely than boys to use a physician's office rather than another site (65% vs. 60%). Eleven percent of adolescents reported having no health insurance. Uninsured adolescents were more likely to have missed needed care (46% vs. 25%) [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: Certain groups of adolescents have less access to health care. Girls have more emotional barriers, such as not wanting parents to know about care, and embarrassment. Adolescents without health insurance are at high risk for missing care because of financial strain. States, insurers, and advocates can influence policies around confidentiality and insurance coverage to address these issues.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of the family mealtime environment and adolescent mealtime behavior: do adults and adolescents agree?

The family mealtime environment has great potential to affect the eating behaviors of youth in the family. It is difficult to determine the important elements of a healthy mealtime environment because a valid assessment of the family environment is so difficult to obtain.The objective of this study is to examine the level of agreement between adult and adolescent perceptions of the family mealtime environment and adolescent mealtime behavior.A telephone survey was used to query adult and adolescent family members about how they perceive the family mealtime environment and the adolescent's mealtime behavior. A convenience sample of 282 adult/adolescent pairs from four schools in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area completed the telephone surveys. Frequencies of responses and the associations between the adult and adolescent responses are presented. Pearson correlations and regression were used to examine the level of association between adult and adolescent responses. Mixed-model regression was used for the continuous variables, and mixed-model logistic regression was used for the dichotomous variables. This study showed very little concordance between adolescent and adult responses. Only one question regarding arguments about eating during mealtime showed concordance. Adults and adolescents living in the same household seem to have different perceptions of the family mealtime environment and adolescent eating patterns. Researchers need to be aware of and concerned with the validity of the use of self-report for descriptions of family mealtime. They also need to be aware of the difference in adult and adolescent perceptions and consider these differences when designing messages for the family.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parent-adolescent communication and support for diabetes management as reported by adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

This study examined parental involvement in terms of communication and support and these variables in relationship to diabetes management responsibility and metabolic control from the perspective of adolescents. The sample consisted of 27 adolescents who were 12 to 19 years of age (M=15.0 years, SD=1.9) and had type 1 diabetes. Participants completed Independent Functioning, Independent Decision Making, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Parental Support Checklists. Adolescents reported relatively high level of communication with parents and relatively low level of parental support. These adolescents reported more agreement than amount of communication with parents and reported more parental support received than sought. Although not significantly different, the means for amount of communication and agreement decreased from early to middle to late adolescence and the means for seeking and receiving support increased from early to middle and then decreased from middle to late adolescence. When working with parents and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, health care professionals need to be cognizant of adolescents' view of specific ways that parents are involved and the developmental influences on parent-adolescent relationships.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Associations between adolescent-mother and adolescent-best friend interactions.

The present study examined associations between adolescent-mother and adolescent-best friend interactions during conflict resolution tasks. Adolescents (N = 39) were videotaped while discussing unresolved problems with their mothers and then with their best friends. Mothers' behavior with adolescents and adolescents' behavior with mothers and with best friends were coded for conflict, withdrawal, communication skills, support-validation, and problem-solving. Mothers' communication and support-validation with adolescents was positively associated with adolescents' communication and support-validation with best friends, respectively. However, their behavior was not identical. Mothers were more communicative and supportive with adolescents than adolescents were with their best friends. Second, adolescents' withdrawal and support-validation with mothers was positively associated with their withdrawal and support-validation with best friends, respectively. However, they exhibited less withdrawal with their mothers than with their best friends. Possible explanations for these findings, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[The comparative study on parent-adolescent communication between the model student family and the delinquent adolescent family].

This research is based on the communication system theory which considers the family as a communication system or a communication network and which understand interpersonal relations among family members through a communication. This research is intended to define the difference of Parent-Adolescent Child communication between the model student family and the delinquent adolescent family, and also found the factors affecting parent-adolescent child communication. This aims to clarify wether a delinquent behavior is associated with family members' relations caused by dysfunctional communication between parents and their child, moreover explorate their problem to find the method of nursing intervention for prevention and treatment for delinquency. Subjects are 190 families (570 persons: father, mother, adolescent child) of model high school students and 87 families (261 persons) of delinquent adolescents. The employed tool is Olson et al's Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PAC, 20 items). The followings are the results derived through hypotheses verification. First, Comparison of two groups showed a significant difference in Parent-Adolescent Communication (t = 2.77, p less than 0.1). In the communication of delinquent group showed lower response than the model group. And also communication of the model group was more opened and positive (t = 2.41, p less than .05), and showed fewer problems (t = 2.06, p less than .05), the delinquent group had more problems. 2ndary, the delinquent group showed significantly more disagreement in response to variable of PAC than the model group. As analyzing of factors affects the Parents-Adolescent Communication, the best method to protect juvenile from delinquency are consistent open-hearted, congruent communication with mutual concern and warm mind between parents and child. And even though the all family don't hardly send together their time for their job, parents have to arrange many times to hold communication with children and to listen attentively to and respond to them, and so to increase their satisfaction for their parents. In conclusion, it seems that delinquent behavior is the outcome caused by dysfunctional communication between the parents and the child because of severe generation gap at adolescence period when the child needs communication with their parents. Therefore, it seems that the delinquent adolescent is the scape-goat of the family. Finally, it seems that more effective method to solve juvenile delinquents increasing day by day, is the family therapy that all family members participate than the individual therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

African-American adolescents residing in high-risk urban environments do use condoms: correlates and predictors of condom use among adolescents in public housing developments.

OBJECTIVE: African-American adolescents living in high-risk inner-city environments have been disproportionately affected by the epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases. Understanding the factors that influence the use of condoms by adolescents is critical for developing effective behavioral interventions. The present study examined the demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates of condom use among African-American adolescents residing in public housing developments in an HIV epicenter (San Francisco) and prospectively evaluated the stability of these significant cross-sectional variables to predict consistent condom use. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Two public housing developments in San Francisco. PARTICIPANTS: African-American adolescents and young adults between 12 and 21 years of age were recruited though street outreach and completed a theoretically derived research interview assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. After a 6-month period, adolescents completed a follow-up interview similar to the baseline measure. Among adolescents reporting sexual activity in the 6 months before completing the baseline interview (n = 116), logistic regression analysis evaluated the influence of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors on consistent condom use. RESULTS: Adolescents who had high assertive self-efficacy to demand condom use (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 11), perceived peer norms as supporting condom use (OR, 4.2), had greater impulse control (OR, 3.7), were male (OR, 4.7), and were younger (OR, 2.9) were more likely to report consistent condom use. Frequency of sexual intercourse was inversely related to condom use; adolescents with higher numbers of sexual episodes were less likely to use condoms consistently. Prospective analyses identified the baseline level of condom use as the best predictor of condom use at the 6-month follow-up. Adolescents who were consistent condom users at baseline were 7.4 times as likely to be consistent condom users during the follow-up period. Of those adolescents changing their frequency of condom use during the follow-up interval, significantly more engaged in risky behavior; 33.3% changed from consistent to inconsistent condom use, whereas 20.6% changed from inconsistent to consistent use (OR, 1.6). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that HIV prevention programs need to be implemented early, before high-risk behaviors are established and may be more difficult to modify.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Predicting adolescents' longitudinal risk for sexually transmitted infection: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

BACKGROUND: Influencing adolescents' sexual behaviors has the potential to influence trajectories of risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether family, school, and individual factors associated with increased duration of virginity also protect against STIs in young adulthood. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health occurred in 1995 when participants were in grades 7 through 12. Six years later, all wave I participants who could be located were invited to participate in wave III and provide a urine specimen for STI testing. SETTING: In-home interviews in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii. PARTICIPANTS: Population-based sample. Of 18,924 participants in the nationally representative weighted wave I sample, 14,322 (75.7%) were located and participated in wave III. Test results for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis were available for 11,594 (81.0%) of wave III participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Positive test result for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or T. vaginalis. RESULTS: Controlling for biological sex, age, race/ethnicity, family structure, and maternal education, adolescents who perceived that their parents more strongly disapproved of their having sex during adolescence were less likely to have STIs 6 years later (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.99). Those with a higher grade point average during adolescence were also less likely to acquire STIs (adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.99). Stratified analyses confirmed these findings among female, but not male, adolescents. Feelings of connection to family or school, reported importance of religion, attending a parochial school, and pledges of virginity during adolescence did not predict STI status 6 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived parental disapproval of sexual intercourse and higher grades in school during adolescence have protective influences on the trajectory of risk for acquiring STIs, primarily among female adolescents. Most factors associated with increased duration of virginity in adolescence do not influence the trajectory of STI risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Family interaction and the course of adolescent psychopathology: an analysis of adolescent and parent effects.

This study focused on evaluating the utility of three family measures for predicting outcome in a sample of disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents: (a) the affective quality of the adolescents' voice tone when communicating with his/her parents; (b) the predominant affective quality of the parents' voice tones when communicating with the adolescent, and (c) the affective quality of the content of the parents' verbalizations to the adolescent. These measures were derived from 5-minute face-to-face discussions between parents and their disturbed adolescent. Results indicated that adolescents using positive or neutral voice tones during emotionally laden discussions with their parents tended to show relatively adequate levels of psychosocial adjustment as young adults, while adolescents using exclusively negative voice tones tended to show sufficient adjustment difficulties in early adulthood to warrant diagnoses within the extended schizophrenia spectrum. Although adolescent voice tone was associated with outcome, considering both adolescent and parent affective response led to improved prediction, with consideration of adolescent and parent variables leading to accurate prediction of outcome for 30 of the 33 sample cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The relationship of early adolescent functioning to parent-reported and adolescent-perceived interparental conflict.

Is an adolescent's perception of interparental conflict important or is the parents' report of such conflict sufficient to predict adolescent functioning? To examine this question, a study was undertaken with 178 young adolescents and their mothers, fathers, and social studies teachers. Adolescents completed a measure of their perceptions of interparental conflict while mothers and fathers completed a self-report measure of their conflict. Teachers provided an assessment of each adolescent's cognitive and social functioning at two separate times, 1 year apart. Results indicated that both parental report, particularly maternal, and adolescent perception of interparental conflict were significantly related to adolescent cognitive and social functioning, and the magnitude of the correlations did not differ significantly. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed in which mother and father report of conflict was forced into the equation initially and adolescent perception of such conflict was allowed to enter freely. These analyses indicated that adolescents' perceptions accounted for unique variance in their functioning, beyond that accounted for by parental report. The results are discussed in terms of the specific roles that parental conflict and adolescent perceptions of such conflict play and the possible mechanisms by which each operates.

Adaptation, Psychological↗