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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Competition between alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), humic substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn control in the algal assay procedure (AAP) medium.

The chemical speciation of trace metals in natural waters has important implications for their biogeochemical behavior. Trace metals are present in natural waters as dissolved species and associated with colloids and particles. The complexation of one trace metal (Cd and Zn at 200 and 390 microg/l respectively) with a green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in colloid-free algal culture medium and in presence of colloidal humic substances (HS) is presented. The influence of the nature of colloids was also addressed using three "standard" HS: fulvic acid (FA) and, soil (SHA) and peat humic acids (PHA). The chemical speciation model, MINTEQA2, was used to simulate the influence of pH and standardized culture medium on metal association with humic substances. The model was successfully modified to consider the differences in the metal complexation with fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA). The deviations of concentrations of metals associated with HS between experimental results and model predictions were within a factor of approximately 2. The results of speciation model highlight the influence of the experimental conditions (pH, EDTA) used for alga bioassay on the behavior of Cd and Zn. The computed speciation suggests working with a pH buffered/EDTA-free mixture to avoid undesirable competition effects. The behavior of Cd and Zn in solution is more strongly influenced by HS than by alga. Metal-HS associations depend on metal and humic substance nature and concentration. Cd is complexed to a higher extent than Zn, in particular at larger HS concentration, and the complexation strength is in the order FA<HA.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of children with simple febrile seizures: the AAP practice parameter. American Academy of Pediatrics.

Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in childhood, occurring in 2-5% of children. Despite their frequency, there has been little unanimity of opinion regarding the need for long-term antiepileptic therapy. As such, the American Academy of Pediatrics formulated a subcommittee to study the subject. A Practice Parameter was developed that addressed the issue of whether continuous or intermittent antiepileptic therapy is necessary for children with simple febrile seizures. The committee determined that with the exception of a high rate of recurrence, no long-term adverse effects of simple febrile seizures have been identified. The risk of developing epilepsy is extremely low and, even in those patients who do, there is no evidence that recurrent simple febrile seizures produce structural central nervous system damage. Also, there is no evidence that recurrent simple febrile seizures cause either learning problems or premature death. The committee concluded that although there is the evidence that continuous antiepileptic therapy with phenobarbital or valproic acid and intermittent therapy with diazepam are effective in reducing the risk of recurrence, the potential toxicities associated with antiepileptic therapy outweigh the relatively minor risks associated with simple febrile seizures. As such, long-term treatment is not recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Assuring quality and performance of sustained and controlled release parenterals: AAPS workshop report, co-sponsored by FDA and USP.

This is a summary report of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, the Food and Drug Administration, and the United States Pharmacopoeia cosponsored workshop on "Assuring Quality and Performance of Sustained and Controlled Release Parenterals." Experts from the pharmaceutical industry, the regulatory authorities, and academia participated in this workshop to review, discuss, and debate formulation, processing, and manufacture of sustained and controlled release parenterals and identify critical process parameters and their control. Areas were identified where research is needed to understand the performance of these drug delivery systems and to assist in the development of appropriate testing procedures. Recommendations were made for future workshops, meetings, and working groups in this area.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed2006

NICHD: AAP workshop on neonatology research and training areas of research in neonatal gastroenterology.

Future research in neonatal and developmental gastroenterology should include inquiry well beyond finding a cure or better preventative measures against necrotizing enterocolitis. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract acts not only as a digestive-absorptive organ; it also serves major endocrine and neural functions. It encompasses a vast surface area exposed to the external environment and plays a major role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Numerous short- and long-term health benefits could be derived from a better understanding of the developing GI tract.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2006

Early postnatal nutritional requirements of the very preterm infant based on a presentation at the NICHD-AAP workshop on research in neonatology.

Normal fetal nutrition is a useful guide for understanding postnatal nutrition of infants born very preterm. Fetal lipid uptake gradually increases towards term and is primarily used to produce fat in adipose tissue, with essential fatty acid uptake providing necessary structural and functional elements in membranes of cells in the central nervous system. Fetal glucose uptake and utilization rates are nearly twice as high at 23-26 weeks gestation as they are at term, contributing primarily to energy production and glycogen formation. Amino-acid uptake by the fetus is two-to threefold greater at 23-26 weeks gestation than at term and is required to meet the very high fractional protein synthesis and growth rates at this gestational period; amino acids also contribute significantly to fetal energy production. In contrast, after birth most of the very preterm infants are fed more lipid and glucose and less amino acids and protein than they need. Not surprisingly, therefore, very preterm infants accumulate fat but remain relatively growth restricted at term gestational age compared to those infants who grew normally in utero, and this postnatal growth restriction has long-term adverse growth, development, and health consequences. More thorough understanding of the unique nutritional, metabolic, and growth requirements of the normally growing fetus and the very preterm infant, once born, are needed to determine optimal nutritional strategies to improve the outcome of preterm infants.

Amino Acids↗