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PubMed1983

Histochemical and biochemical study on adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase activity in thyroid glands with normal and various thyroid diseases.

The adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was measured biochemically in the thyroid glands from patients with various thyroid diseases in comparison with normal thyroid. The basal adenylate cyclase activity in normal thyroid was 159.3 p-moles cAMP/min./g tissue. The activity was elevated to 230% of basal with 20 mM NaF and 190% of basal with 100 mU/ml TSH. These values in chronic thyroiditis and Graves' disease were not significantly different from the values of normal thyroid. In adenomatous goiter, adenoma and carcinoma, the basal adenylate cyclase activity was significantly higher than that of normal thyroid. Parallel to the biochemical determination of both enzyme activities, the distribution of histochemically demonstrable adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was described in the follicular cells with normal and various thyroid diseases. The reaction product of adenylate cyclase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was restricted to the plasma membrane of the follicular cells. However, the distribution and intensity of the adenylate cyclase reaction varied in each thyroid disease, except for the absence of reaction product in the basal plasma membrane. The lack of demonstrable adenylate cyclase activity in the basal plasma membrane suggests the possibility that the basal plasma membrane may not play an important role of TSH-reception.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1979

Correlation between thyrotropin-displacing activity and human thyroid-stimulating activity by immunoglobulins from patients with Graves' disease and other thyroid disorders.

Several reports have been published on the anti-TSH receptor antibody in putative autoimmune thyroid disorders using a radioreceptor assay. We have carried out correlative studies between the ability of serum immunoglobulins to displace radiolabeled TSH from the thyroid plasma membrane receptor [TSH-displacing activity (TDA)] and that of actual stimulation of the human thyroid gland [human thyroid-stimulating activity (hTSA)] in Graves' and other thyroid diseases and in control subjects. TDA was assayed by the use of a radioligand technique, while the activation of adenylate cyclase in human thyroid slices was measured as an index of hTSA. The same immunoglobulins were employed for both assays. In this series, positive TDA and hTSA values were found in 70.4% and 81.5% of the samples in active untreated Graves' disease, respectively. Samples from normal persons and from several patients with toxic nodular goiter gave generally negative results in both assays; in a small proportion of patients with either subacute thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the TDA was positive but hTSA proved to be negative. In Graves' disease (including those patients on propylthiouracil) in remission and treated with 131I, the correlation between TDA and hTSA was not significant (r = 0.309; P greater than 0.1); even when the procedures were compared in the untreated group alone, there was no significant correlation between the two activities (r = 0.309, P greater than 0.1). These studies indicate that 1) significant TDA and hTSA are observed in Graves' disease; nevertheless, the correlation between them is not significant; 2) the hTSA assay appears to be more sensitive and specific than the TDA assay; and 3) TDA may not be synonymous with thyroid stimulation.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1985

[Diabetes mellitus type I, thyroid gland autoimmunity, thyroid gland function and HLA status].

In a cross-sectional study sera of 130 children and adolescents with insulin dependent (type I) diabetes were tested for the presence of cytoplasmatic islet cell antibodies (ICA), thyroid microsomal antibodies (TMA) as well as thyroid function (T3, T4, thyrotrophin). 102 of the patients were examined for thyroid enlargement, all patients with TMA were within this group. TMA were found in 15.4%, ICA in 38.5%, the latter decreasing with duration of diabetes. Of the TMA positive sera, 45% were also ICA positive, but only one child out of these was diabetic for more than 5 years. Thyroid enlargement occurred in 33.3%, however in TMA positive patients in 70%, of which one girl suffered from hypothyroidism due to biopsy-proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis, all the other diabetics being euthyroid. There was no sex predisposition. By HLA-typing 40% of TMA positive patients expressed the HLA-DR3 antigen which is said to be responsible for "autoimmune" diabetes, whereas only some of these were ICA positive as well. In our study, no significant association was found between presence or even persistence of ICA and TMA, nor between thyroid autoimmunity and HLA-DR3. Since type I diabetic patients with thyroid autoimmunity are predisposed to develop hypothyroidism with time, less likely also Addison's disease, screening of type I diabetics for thyroid microsomal antibodies should be considered especially in those with thyroid enlargement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Parapharyngeal ectopic thyroid: the possible persistence of the lateral thyroid anlage. Clinical case report.

The accessory midline thyroids are ascribed to an arrest of migration of the median thyroid anlage, while the lateral ectopic thyroids have induced a hypothesis of the presence of lateral thyroid anlage. We report the case of a 67-year-old man who presented with dyspnea and dysphagia of 1 year's duration. The clinical examination and radiological investigations (CT and MRI) showed a solid heterogeneous mass in the right parapharyngeal space. The fine needle aspiration biopsy was inconsistent. The mass (3x2.5x3.5 cm) was excised via a transoral approach. It was capsulated with an elastic consistency and showed a nodular appearance on the cut surface. Histological examination revealed thyroid tissue with the characteristics of colloid goiter. The postoperative (99m)Tc-pertechnetate scan showed the normal thyroid gland located in the usual pretracheal site. The absence of malignancy, at histology and immunohistochemistry, allows a metastatic nature of the mass to be ruled out, and accounts for a supernumerary thyroid. The occurrence of a parapharyngeal thyroid, although extremely rare, is worth bearing in mind as a possible ectopic location. This case also supports the hypothesized role of the lateral thyroid anlage in man deriving from the ultimo-branchial body in the morphogenesis of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and p63 expression in two primary thyroid papillary carcinomas of branchial cleft cysts.

Malignant lateral cervical cysts can be related to metastatic tumors or rarely to primary thyroid carcinoma arising in branchial cleft cysts. This study evaluates the expression of thyroid-associated transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and p63 in three branchial cleft cysts and in two primary thyroid papillary carcinoma of branchial cleft cysts. TTF-1 was negative in the nuclei of the lining epithelia of branchial cleft cysts, but positive in the adjacent normal thyroid tissue, while TTF-1 was positive in the nuclei of the lining epithelia and in the nuclei of the papillae and follicles in branchial cleft cysts with ectopic thyroid carcinoma. P63 was positive in the nuclei of the lining epithelia of branchial cleft cysts, but negative in the adjacent normal thyroid tissue. Papillary thyroid carcinoma of branchial cleft cysts displayed p63-positive foci. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TTF-1 cannot distinguish between primary and metastatic tumors of branchial cleft cysts. The detection of p63 in papillary thyroid carcinomas of branchial cleft cysts could suggest that p63 contributes to the onset of this tumor. It is really important to evaluate if the case has a metastatic derivation or represents papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in ectopic thyroid tissue in a branchial cleft cyst.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1989

Evidence for the presence of a very high concentration of arylsulfatase A in the pig thyroid: identification of arylsulfatase A subunits as the two major glycoproteins in purified thyroid lysosomes.

In addition to their general function in cellular homeostasis, thyroid lysosomes play an essential role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones by cleaving the macromolecular prohormone, thyroglobulin. In the present work, we have attempted to determine whether the enzyme composition of thyroid lysosomes differs from that of lysosomes from other tissues. Lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin D, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, hexosaminidase, and arylsulfatase A and B, were assayed in crude fractions from various pig tissues, heart, brain, liver, kidney, thyroid, adrenals, ovary, and spleen. It appeared that the specific activity of arylsulfatase A was at least 20 times higher in the thyroid than in most other tissues. Thyroid lysosomes purified by isopycnic centrifugation on Percoll gradients contained two major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 58,000 and 54,000 representing about 30% of the total protein. These polypeptides were glycosylated and were exclusively found in the intralysosomal soluble fraction obtained by osmotic pressure-dependent lysis. By fractionating intralysosomal soluble proteins by velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients or gel permeation chromatography we identified a thyroid arylsulfatase A holoenzyme which corresponds to a 120,000 Mr species. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of the gradient or column fractions showed that the 120-kDa protein peak with arylsulfatase A activity essentially contained the 58- and 54-kDa polypeptides in equivalent amounts. In conclusion, arylsulfatase A, a heterodimer of 120 kDa composed of two nonidentical subunits, is the major protein component of thyroid lysosomes. The superabundance of this protein in purified thyroid lysosomes is related to the very high specific activity of the enzyme in the thyroid as compared to other tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide coexist in rat thyroid nerve fibers emanating from the thyroid ganglion.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) occur in nerve fibers around blood vessels and between follicles in the thyroid gland of the mouse and rat. VIP-immunoreactive fibers are numerous, while NPY-immunoreactive fibers are fewer. Most of the latter fibers contain noradrenaline (NA) as well as NPY, while a subpopulation was found to contain VIP instead of NA. We have determined the origins of rat thyroid nerve fibers containing NPY, VIP or NPY/VIP by investigating 3 conceivable sources, i.e. the superior cervical ganglion, the nodose ganglion and the thyroid ganglion. Chemical sympathectomy or removal of the superior cervical ganglion did not affect the frequency of VIP-immunoreactive fibers but eliminated most of the NPY-immunoreactive fibers as well as all NA-containing nerve fibers (recognized by antibodies to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase). The NPY-immunoreactive fibers that remained after sympathectomy occurred around blood vessels and between follicles and contained VIP. Cervical vagotomy (removal of the nodose ganglion including the adjacent vagus) did not overtly affect the frequency of NPY/VIP-, VIP-, or NPY/NA-containing fibers in the thyroid. In contrast, extirpation of the thyroid ganglion, which is situated immediately outside the thyroid capsule, greatly reduced the number of VIP- and NPY/VIP-containing fibers in the rat thyroid. On the whole, the results of radioimmunoassay of NPY and VIP agreed well with the immunocytochemical findings. High performance liquid chromatography confirmed the identity of NPY and VIP. The present findings suggest the existence in the rat thyroid of one NPY-containing nerve fiber population that harbours NA and emanates from the superior cervical ganglion; one NPY-containing fiber population that is non-adrenergic, harbours VIP and originates in the thyroid ganglion; and a second VIP-containing fiber population that is devoid of NPY and appears to derive from the thyroid ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Absence of lutropin (LH) receptor mRNA in the rat thyroid: further evidence for specificity cross-over at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor level.

Chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and purified lutropin (LH) activate intact thyroid tissue and isolated thyroid cells. A recent report has suggested that the presence of aberrant LH/CG receptors in human and rat thyroid tissue may interact with gonadotropin thus explaining the mechanisms of thyroid cell stimulation. To detect putative thyroidal LH receptor mRNA, a segment of the transmembrane region containing domains 3 through 6 of the rat (r) LH receptor was targeted for amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). cDNA prepared from a rLH receptor-positive control tissue (testis) was efficiently amplified under stringent annealing conditions giving a 486 bp product as predicted. However, cDNAs from thyroidal tissue and from the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- and hCG-responsive 1B-6 subclone of Fisher rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) yielded no detectable 486 bp product. A smaller (non-LH) fragment amplified to similar extents from both testis and thyroidal cDNAs provided a useful internal control for amplification. This allowed the conclusion that specificity cross-over between LH/CG and TSH occurs at the TSH receptor and that the LH/CG receptor gene is transcriptionally silent in rat thyroidal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Modulation of prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, I2 content and synthesis by thyrotropin in cultured porcine thyroid cells and intact rat thyroid glands.

Porcine thyroid gland contains prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) (measured as an end metabolite, 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha) and it contains more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. Cultured porcine thyroid cells contain prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2. When cultured in the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid cells contain more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha but when cultured in its absence, they contain more prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha than prostaglandin I2. Thyroid cells synthesize prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2; when cultured in the presence of TSH, they synthesize more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha but when cultured in its absence, they synthesize more prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha than prostaglandin I2. When cultured in the presence of TSH, thyroid cells take up iodide and organify it but when cultured in its absence, they do not take up iodide. When cultured in the presence of TSH, thyroid cells synthesize prostaglandin I2 and take up iodide, indicating that in the physiological conditions, prostaglandin I2 plays a more important role than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. Rat thyroid gland contains prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2. Endogenous increase in serum TSH through goitrogen treatment and exogenous TSH administration augment prostaglandin I2 contents and depress prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha contents. Suppression of endogenous TSH by thyroxine treatment depresses prostaglandin I2 contents and augments prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha contents. Chronic exposure to TSH augments prostaglandin I2 synthesis and depresses prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha syntheses but chronic nonexposure to TSH depresses prostaglandin I2 synthesis and augments prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha synthesis in in vivo rat thyroid glands and in vitro cultured porcine thyroid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Identification of the TRH-like peptides pGlu-Glu-Pro amide and pGlu-Phe-Pro amide in rat thyroid: regulation by thyroid status.

Rat thyroid contains thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH-like peptides which react with TRH antisera. We have identified the TRH-like peptides in the thyroid and examined whether their levels are influenced by thyroid status. The peptides were extracted from the thyroid glands of five hyperthyroid rats and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C25 and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The principal TRH-immunoreactive component exhibited the same retention on HPLC as synthetic pGlu-Glu-Pro amide and a secondary component corresponded to synthetic pGlu-Phe-Pro amide. In agreement with these assignments the main peptide was shown to be acidic when chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex A25 and the second peptide neutral. The levels of TRH and TRH-like peptides in the thyroid were investigated in hyper-, hypo- and euthyroid rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by chronic subcutaneous administration of triiodothyronine (T3) and hypothyroidism was produced by addition of propylthiouracil (PTU) to the drinking water. The amounts of the peptides were determined by radioimmunoassay with a TRH-antiserum, carried out after extraction from the tissues and purification by ion exchange chromatography. The mean concentration of TRH-like peptides in the thyroids of the hyperthyroid rats was 95.5+/-25.5 pmol/g, the mean concentration in the hypothyroid rats was 11.7+/-3.4 pmol/g, and in the euthyroid rats 17.6+/-3.2 pmol/g. The concentrations of TRH were less influenced by thyroid status: the values in hyper-, hypo- and euthyroid rats were 47.5+/-9.4, 42.1+/-6.3, and 17.2+/-1.6 pmol/g respectively. The results show that the levels of the TRH-like peptides in rat thyroid are highly sensitive to thyroid status, suggesting a possible involvement in thyroid regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Reduced HBME-1 immunoreactivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma-related neoplastic lesions with Hürthle cell and/or apocrine-like changes.

BACKGROUND: We have recently observed that Hürthle cell tumours and papillary thyroid carcinoma with tumour cells showing decapitation of luminal portion of the cytoplasm (apocrine-like changes) display negative or decreased immunoreactivity for HBME. The purpose of this study is to correlate papillary thyroid carcinoma with positive and negative immunoreactivity for HBME with the histopathological features. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and five thyroid neoplasms including carcinoma and adenomas were grouped into Hürthle cell tumours, tumours with or without some features of Hürthle cells, tumours with apocrine-like changes and adenomas with or without limited nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma but not diagnostic for papillary thyroid carcinoma. All neoplasms were submitted for immunostaining with cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and HBME. Papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma and follicular adenoma that have areas of limited nuclear features but not diagnostic for papillary thyroid carcinoma showed stronger immunostaining for HBME than their respective counterparts with Hürthle cell changes. All Hürthle cell tumours showed negative to focal reactivity. This decrease of reactivity for HBME was proportional to the levels of Hürthle cell changes. In addition, focal to extensive apocrine-like changes were seen in most Hürthle cell neoplasms and rarely seen in non-Hürthle cell neoplasms. Apocrine-like changes abolished or decreased HBME immunoreactivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumours with limited nuclear features. Immunostaining for cytokeratin AE3 was not affected by Hürthle cell or apocrine-like changes. CONCLUSIONS: All papillary thyroid carcinomas without Hürthle cell or apocrine-like differentiation are reactive for HBME. Hürthle cell tumours and tumours with Hürthle cell or apocrine-like changes show negative or focal reactivity for HBME. Except for this limitation, HBME is a sensitive marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumours with limited nuclear features.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗
PubMed2002

Frequency and predictive factors of malignancy in residual thyroid tissue and cervical lymph nodes after partial thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: The extent of surgery in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has been a controversial issue. Total thyroidectomy potentially carries a higher operative risk, whereas partial thyroidectomy has the risk of leaving significant residual malignancy. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and potential predictive factors of malignancy in the residual thyroid tissue and the cervical lymph nodes (CLN) in patients with DTC who had partial thyroid surgery and subsequently underwent completion thyroidectomy and/or modified neck dissection. Age, gender, pressure symptoms, duration of symptoms, size of the original tumor, tumor multifocality, perithyroidal tumor extension, soft tissue invasion, and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level after first surgery were analyzed as potential predictive factors for the presence of malignancy in the thyroid remnant and the CLN. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and pathologic data of 101 cases of DTC; 97 had papillary and 4 had follicular thyroid cancer. On the initial surgery, the median tumor size was 2.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 8.5 cm). Tumor multifocality occurred in 28 cases, perithyroidal tumor extension in 26 cases, and soft tissue invasion in 9 cases. Completion thyroidectomy was performed in 100 cases and modified neck dissection in 90 cases. RESULTS: On completion neck surgery, 39 patients had evidence of malignancy in the residual thyroid tissue and 36 patients in the CLN. In 23 (22.7%) cases, malignancy was present in both CLN and residual thyroid tissue. Only tumor multifocality and Tg level greater than 20 ng/mL after first surgery were predictive of the presence of malignancy in the thyroid remnant, whereas age older than 40 years, soft tissue invasion, perithyroidal tumor extension, and Tg level greater than 20 ng/mL were predictive of malignancy in CLN. CONCLUSIONS: Residual malignancy is common after partial thyroid surgery for DTC. Tumor multifocality and Tg level may be predictive of its presence in residual thyroid tissue. Age, perithyroidal tumor extension, soft tissue invasion, and Tg level are predictive of the presence of lymph node metastases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Autoimmune thyroid disease associated with environmental thyroidal irradiation.

Reports of increased rates of thyroid disease in populations exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident have increased awareness and concern about the risk of autoimmune-related thyroid disease possibly associated with environmental radiation exposure. While the association between thyroidal irradiation and an increased risk of thyroid neoplasia is well established, much less attention has been devoted to the potential effects of environmental irradiation on the function of the thyroid. However, since the Chernobyl accident new studies have been published that appear to link radiation exposure to an increased risk of autoimmune thyroiditis. In order to assess the plausibility of this association, we reviewed published studies that evaluate the possible association between environmental thyroidal radiation and the presence of antithyroid antibodies as well as autoimmune thyroid disease (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism). These data have not been summarized elsewhere. Although some epidemiologic evidence of an association exists, long-term, well-designed studies are needed to accurately evaluate the complex association between low-dose environmental radiation exposure and clinically significant non-neoplastic thyroid disease. The results of these studies will be important in determining the appropriate clinical follow-up of persons exposed to environmental thyroidal irradiation.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1993

Urinary cortisol metabolites in the assessment of peripheral thyroid hormone action: application for diagnosis of resistance to thyroid hormone.

Urinary cortisol metabolites are altered both quantitatively and qualitatively in thyroid dysfunction. This study was conducted to elucidate the usefulness of urinary cortisol metabolites in the assessment of peripheral thyroid hormone action, particularly in the patients with inappropriate thyrotropin secretion. Twenty-four hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) level and gas chromatographical steroid profile were studied in 25 hyperthyroid, 18 hypothyroid, and 24 euthyroid control subjects. Five patients with generalized thyroid hormone resistance and two patients with thyrotropin secreting pituitary tumor were also studied. The ratio of urinary tetrahydrocortisone to tetrahydrocortisol (THE/THF) was significantly elevated in hyperthyroidism (4.58 +/- 1.49) and depressed in hypothyroidism (1.31 +/- 0.55) compared to control (1.93 +/- 0.35). There were good correlations between THE/THF and serum thyroid hormone levels, especially in hypothyroidism. THE/THF can be a good biochemical indicator for deficiency of peripheral thyroid hormone action. Two patients with thyrotropin-secreting tumor showed high THE/THF, which reflected thyroid hormone excess. In contrast, THE/THF in the patients with generalized thyroid hormone resistance was low as compared to high serum thyroid hormone levels. Similar findings were demonstrated with 17-OHCS but discrimination of thyroid hormone resistance was insufficient. Thus, the ratio of the urinary concentrations of cortisol metabolites, THE/THF, appears to be a good marker for peripheral thyroid hormone resistance.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed2004

Influence of radionuclides distributed in the whole body on the thyroid dose estimates obtained from direct thyroid measurements made in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.

Thyroid dose reconstruction is most accurate when using the results of direct thyroid measurements, in which gamma radiation emitted by radionuclides present in the thyroid and in the remainder of the body is recorded by means of a radiation detector positioned against the neck. A large number of such measurements were performed in Belarus in May-June 1986. Owing to the short half-life of 131I and to the intake and accumulation of caesium radioisotopes (mainly 134Cs and 137Cs) in the body, the thyroid doses derived from thyroid measurements made after the beginning of June 1986 have so far been often considered to be unreliable. To evaluate the influence of the caesium radioisotopes to the signal recorded by an instrument performing measurement of 131I activity in the thyroid, a Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the calibration factors of that instrument. These calculations were made for males of six reference ages: newborn, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years old, and adult. The calibration factors were combined with estimated time-dependent intake functions for 131I and caesium radioisotopes. The fractions of the instrument indications that were due to 131I in thyroid were thus estimated as a function of the age of the subject that was measured and of the time elapsed since the accident. Using this information when processing the thyroid measurements made in May 1986 would improve the accuracy of the thyroid dose estimates, and may make it possible to use a larger proportion of the thyroid measurements made in June 1986.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Thyroid peroxidase and the induction of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Animal models of autoimmune thyroid disease are associated with thyroglobulin (Tg) as autoantigen whereas in man the autoimmune response to microsomal antigen/thyroid peroxidase (TPO) appears to play a major role in thyroiditis. Consequently, we have compared the ability of TPO and Tg to induce thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid damage in mice known to be susceptible (CBA/J) or resistant (BALB/c) to thyroiditis induced using murine Tg. Groups of three to five mice were immunized twice using Freund's complete adjuvant with 80-100 micrograms highly purified porcine (p) TPO, pTg, rat (r) Tg, human Tg, bovine serum albumin (BSA) or BSA + 0.2 micrograms pTg (the level of Tg contamination of TPO). Four weeks after immunization with TPO, plasma from CBA/J (but not BALB/c) mice contained IgG class antibodies which bound to TPO-coated tubes in the presence or absence of excess Tg (and could therefore be clearly distinguished from Tg antibodies) but there was no evidence of thyroiditis in either strain of mice. In contrast, in CBA/J mice immunized with rTg and, to a lesser extent in mice that had received pTg, thyroid tissue was infiltrated with lymphoid cells and/or neutrophils and antibodies to pTg (but not pTPO) were present. Our observations demonstrate that induction of TPO antibody alone is insufficient to lead to thyroiditis in CBA/J mice. Further, these studies emphasize the complex interactions between MHC and different thyroid antigens in the processes leading to thyroid destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. IV. Cytologic aspects of sex dimorphism in the rat thyroid gland.

This study was designed to explain whether the sex-dependent differences in the structure of the thyroid gland of adult male and female rats depend on quantitative or qualitative changes in the thyroid follicular cells. Absolute thyroid gland weight was similar in male and female rats, but its relative weight was markedly higher in females however. Volume fractions of epithelium and stroma were higher and that of colloid lower in male than in female rats and the epithelium/colloid ratio was higher in the males. Also absolute the volumes (in mm3) of epithelium and stroma were higher in the males; the thyroid gland of females contained more colloid. The average volume of a thyroid follicular cell, estimated by stereology, was higher in males than in females, although the thyroid gland contained similar numbers of follicular cells in both sexes. Also, thyroid glands from both male and female rats contained a similar DNA quantity. Results of the present study show that the sex dimorphism in the rat thyroid depends upon a difference in the mean volume of thyroid follicular cells, with males having larger cells than females. However, in both sexes the thyroid gland contains a similar quantity of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Laparoscopic gastric bypass in patients on thyroid replacement therapy for subnormal thyroid function - prevalence and short-term outcome.

BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism is associated with increased body weight. Weight gain may occur despite normal levels of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) achieved by replacement therapy. We evaluated the prevalence of patients on thyroid replacement for subnormal thyroid function who were operated on for morbid obesity and monitored their postoperative weight loss pattern. METHODS: Data was identified from a prospectively accrued database of patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) for morbid obesity from February 2000 to November 2001. All patients with subnormal thyroid function, diagnosed by past thyroid function tests and treated by an endocrinologist, who were on thyroid replacement therapy, were identified; 5 of these were matched for age, gender, preoperative body mass index (BMI) and surgical procedure (LRYGBP) to 5 non-hypothyroid patients. Weight loss at 3 and 9 months after surgery was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: 192 patients underwent LRYGBP (n=155) or LAGB (n=37). Of the 21 patients (10.9%) on thyroid replacement identified, 14 were primary, 4 were postablative, and 3 were post-surgical; 17 underwent LRYGBP. All patients had normal preoperative serum levels of TSH and T4. Comparison of the 2 matched groups of patients revealed no difference in weight loss at 3 and 9 months after surgery (P=1.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of euthyroid patients on thyroid replacement for subnormal thyroid function who undergo surgical intervention for morbid obesity is high. Short-term weight loss in these patients is comparable to normal thyroid patients. Longer follow-up may be necessary to demonstrate the weight loss pattern in this group.

Female↗