Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “thematic analysis methods”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Monitoring of heavy metal pollution of groundwater in a phreatic aquifer in Mersin-Turkey.

In this study, heavy metal contents of groundwater from the Mersin aquifer were determined with photometric methods and used to determine the main factors controlling the pollution of groundwater in the area. Using MapInfo GIS software, spatial analysis and integration were carried out for mapping drinking water quality in the basin. From the photometric heavy metal analysis, it is inferred that the excess concentration of Fe, Ni, Mn, Mo and Cu at some locations is the cause of undesirable quality for drinking purposes. Similarly, the EC thematic map shows that considerable areas in the basin are having high salinity hazards. The reason for excess concentration of various heavy metals is the industrial activities and petroleum pipelines and salinity levels show the sea water intrusion.

Geography↗
PubMed2004

'Alukura ... for my daughters and their daughters and their daughters'. A review of Congress Alukura.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process, findings and limitations of a review of Congress Alukura commissioned in 1998. METHODS: Analysis of documents and reports, service use and perinatal data from Alukura and the Northern Territory Midwives Collection; interviews with staff of Congress Alukura, of Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, of Aboriginal community organisations in Alice Springs and remote communities, of health care providers and other key informants in Alice Springs; community consultations through women's meetings or group discussions in local and remote communities. Interviews were coded for thematic and content analysis. RESULTS: Client visits increased by 42% from 1995/96 (2130) to 1997/98. The proportion of women having a first trimester antenatal visit increased from 23% (1986-88) to 38% (1993-95). Mean birthweight of Aboriginal infants in the Alice Springs urban area was 3168 g in 1986-90, 3271 g in 1991-95, and 3268 g in 1996-99. Other primary and maternity care providers perceived the quality of care to be high and saw Alukura playing a key role through transport, liaison, screening and follow-up. Alukura was much less successful in its role as a place for birth. Expectations of additional outreach by local and remote communities were high. DISCUSSION: The review's limitations included: a lack of direct input from young women, the main users of Alukura; a timeframe that precluded the detailed discussion necessary for seeking access to medical records, and the need for interpreters in community settings. Current and former staff who participated in the review often had other important community roles. Developments since the review are discussed briefly.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Exploring obstacles to proper timing of prophylactic antibiotics for surgical site infections.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections remain one of the leading types of nosocomial infections. The administration of prophylactic antibiotics within a specific interval has been shown to reduce the burden of surgical site infections, but adherence to proper timing guidelines remains problematic. This study examined perceived obstacles to the use of evidence-based guidelines for the timely administration of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections. METHODS: 27 semi-structured interviews were conducted with anesthesiologists (n = 12), surgeons (n = 11), and perioperative administrators (n = 4) in two large academic hospitals to elicit their perceptions of the factors that prevent the timely administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Using a grounded theory approach, transcripts were analyzed for recurrent themes. RESULTS: Despite having knowledge of guidelines, participants perceived consistent failure in the proper timing of antibiotic administration. Thematic analysis revealed a number of obstacles to the observance of guidelines including: (1) low priority, (2) inconvenience, (3) workflow, (4) organizational communication, and (5) role perception. Workflow and role perception were the dominant obstacles. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that proper antibiotic timing is thwarted by significant obstacles. The gap between evidence-based guidelines and practice is populated by individual values, professional conflicts, and organizational conflicts which must be addressed in order to achieve optimal practice in this domain. Using group interviews to reveal these factors to team members and managers may be a first step to resolving the gap and reducing surgical site infections.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2026

Genetic Identification of Burned Human Remains: A Systematic Review.

Background/Objectives: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains represents a major challenge in forensic science, particularly in cases involving burned, fragmented, or commingled bodies. Advances in forensic genetics have expanded the analytical capabilities for such samples; however, the effectiveness of different approaches and their integration within Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) workflows remain heterogeneous. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate current evidence on DNA-based identification of degraded remains, focusing on methodological strategies, emerging genomic technologies, and DVI applications, while integrating laboratory evidence and operational forensic practice into a structured analytical framework. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to 5 June 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included original research addressing DNA analysis of degraded, thermally altered, or highly compromised human remains in forensic or DVI contexts. After a multistep screening process involving title/abstract and full-text evaluation, 37 studies were included. Data were extracted and organized into three thematic categories: (i) core DNA analysis, (ii) advanced molecular technologies, and (iii) DVI case applications. Results: The findings demonstrate that DNA recovery from degraded remains is influenced by thermal exposure, tissue type, and sampling strategy. Teeth and dense cortical bone consistently provide higher DNA yield. While autosomal STR profiling remains the primary analytical approach, its limitations in highly degraded samples are mitigated through the complementary use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs), and SNP markers, together with advanced sequencing technologies such as massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Emerging technologies, including rapid DNA systems and predictive models based on macroscopic indicators, significantly enhance efficiency and success rates. DVI studies report identification rates exceeding 90-95% when multidisciplinary and structured workflows are applied. The evidence further supports a flexible triage-based analytical strategy, in which marker selection is guided by tissue preservation and degradation level. Conclusions: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains has evolved into an adaptive, multi-level forensic process. Successful outcomes rely on the integration of optimized sampling, hierarchical genetic analysis, and coordinated DVI strategies. The findings support a triage-based framework that links tissue selection, degradation assessment, and analytical methodology to maximize identification success. Future developments should focus on predictive models, advanced genomic tools, and standardized workflows to further improve identification in challenging forensic scenarios.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Eating difficulties after stroke.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a common and enduring problem, producing a wide range of effects that may impact on all aspects of life. One area that has seldom been investigated is the effects of stroke on ability to eat and, particularly, stroke survivors' subjective experiences of eating-related difficulties. AIM: To investigate stroke survivors' reports of eating-related experiences 6 months after stroke. METHODS: Participants were 206 survivors of acute stroke who were admitted to hospital between March 1998 and April 1999. Those able to communicate and who gave informed consent participated in a semi-structured interview and assessment of eating abilities in their homes 6 months after their stroke. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed and 113 interviews with eating disabled participants were entered onto QSR NUD*IST 4 for thematic analysis. Analyses were later checked independently. FINDINGS: At 6 months, 34%, 61% and 5% had no, slight and moderate eating disablements, respectively. A range and variety of difficulties were discussed, but relationships between degrees of disablement and handicap were not straightforward; effects seemed more closely related to participants' responses than objective difficulties. Eating and related activities were clearly important aspects of life for these stroke survivors, socially and psychologically, as well as functionally. Prestroke activities were sometimes maintained, with considerable effort. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated issues of relevance for those involved with early rehabilitation interventions and highlighted aspects of continuing care service delivery that warrant review. The relative lack of attention paid to eating-related aspects of care is an important oversight.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Patients' perspectives on taking warfarin: qualitative study in family practice.

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-documented benefits of using warfarin to prevent stroke, physicians remain reluctant to initiate therapy, and especially so with the elderly owing to the higher risk of hemorrhage. Prior research suggests that patients are more accepting of the risk of bleeding than are physicians, although there have been few qualitative studies. The aim of this study was to employ qualitative methods to investigate the experience and perspective of individuals taking warfarin. METHODS: We conducted face-to-face interviews with 21 older patients (12 male, 9 female) who had been taking warfarin for a minimum of six months. Participants were patients at a family practice clinic situated in a large, tertiary care teaching hospital. We used a semistructured interview guide with four main thematic areas: decision-making, knowledge/education, impact, and satisfaction. Data were analysed according to the principles of content analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Participants tended to have minimal input into the decision to initiate warfarin therapy, instead relying in great part on physicians' expertise. There appeared to be low retention of information received regarding the therapy; half the patients in our sample possessed only a superficial level of understanding of the risks and benefits. This notwithstanding, participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the care provided and a low level of impact on their day-to-day lives. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal patient involvement in the initial decision and modest knowledge did not appear to diminish satisfaction with warfarin management. At the same time, care providers exert a tremendous influence on the initiation of warfarin therapy and should strive to incorporate patient preferences and expectations into the decision-making process.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Older adults' drug benefit beliefs: a focus group study.

OBJECTIVES: The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act will provide drug benefits for a large proportion of persons aged 65 years and older in the United States. Few studies have examined the beliefs and attitudes of older adults with respect to prescription drug insurance programs. The objective of this study was to better understand the nature and range of older adults. beliefs regarding prescription drug benefits. METHODS: This study employed a qualitative, focus group design. Three focus groups with a total of 19 community dwelling adults aged 65 years and older were conducted in June 2003. The participants were members of the Minnesota Seniors Federation and included persons with and without prescription drug insurance. Discussions were structured and guided by an interview schedule developed a priori. The focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic textual analysis was used to identify codes and categories from the language and ideas of the group participants. RESULTS: Study participants identified a variety of important drug benefit facets. The common themes identified from the 3 groups were: (1) prescription drug access, (2) drug benefit comprehensibility, (3) powerful others, (4) affordability, and (5) equity. CONCLUSION: Older adults view drug benefits as complex entities composed of at least 5 dimensions. In addition to more commonly discussed issues such as access and affordability, seniors evaluate several other aspects of drug insurance programs such as fairness, the ease with which plan terms can be understood, and the degree to which outside actors influence plan policies.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Psychopathological assessment in children affected by Duchenne de Boulogne muscular dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Several studies on the intelligence of children suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) found impairments in linguistic functions, memory and affective development. Memory deficit mainly involves long-term memory; short-term memory impairment was also present, even if less frequently. Some studies tried to establish a correlation between the distal deletion of the dystrophin gene and low intelligence levels. METHODS: The present study investigated the cognitive, emotional and relational states in a group of DMD children. The patients were selected on the basis of physical examination, muscle biopsy, histochemical analysis, genetic testing, regular schooling. Molecular genetic testing detected a deletion in 2 high frequency deletion regions in all subjects. The following psychodiagnostic tests were used for assessment: WISC-R, Spontaneous Drawing, Draw-A-Person test, Family Drawing, Thematic Apperception test and Rorschach test. RESULTS: No impairment of the intellectual function was detected in the group of children we examined; only 2 subjects had a total IQ below average. Instead, psychic disorders were detected such as proneness to isolation, self-depreciation, past experiences of marginalization, minor depressive symptoms, insecurity signs, hypochondriac worries and high level of anxiety. In addition children exhibited poor adaptation to the environment and labile affectivity, scarcely controlled by the higher conscious levels. CONCLUSIONS: These disorders are often a dynamic prolongation of a psychological process starting when the diagnosis is made and continuing in a slow and latent fashion throughout the evolution of the disease.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of clinical practice guideline appraisal instruments.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and compare clinical practice guideline appraisal instruments. METHODS: Appraisal instruments, defined as instruments intended to be used for guideline evaluation, were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966-99) using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) practice guidelines, reviewing bibliographies of the retrieved articles, and contacting authors of guideline appraisal instruments. Two reviewers independently examined the questions/statements from all the instruments and thematically grouped them. The 44 groupings were collapsed into 10 guideline attributes. Using the items, two reviewers independently undertook a content analysis of the instruments. RESULTS: Fifteen instruments were identified, and two were excluded because they were not focused on evaluation. All instruments were developed after 1992 and contained 8 to 142 questions/statements. Of the 44 items used for the content analysis, the number of items covered by each instrument ranged from 6 to 34. Only the instrument by Cluzeau and colleagues included at least one item for each of the 10 attributes, and it addressed 28 of the 44 items. This instrument and that of Shaneyfelt et al. are the only instruments that have so far been validated. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive, concise, and valid instrument could help users systematically judge the quality and utility of clinical practice guidelines. The current instruments vary widely in length and comprehensiveness. There is insufficient evidence to support the exclusive use of any one instrument, although the Cluzeau instrument has received the greatest evaluation. More research is required on the reliability and validity of existing guideline appraisal instruments before any one instrument can become widely adopted.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Patients' expectations of recovery following stroke: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: Patients and carers frequently express disappointment with the extent of recovery achieved at the point of discharge from physiotherapy. Research has suggested that high expectations of recovery may be encouraged by physiotherapists. This study examined the information exchanged between physiotherapists and patients in relation to recovery following stroke in order to explore this issue. METHODS: The study comprised in-depth longitudinal case studies of 16 patients with a first incident stroke. Qualitative interviews were conducted with patients and their physiotherapists to explore their understandings and expectations of recovery and of physiotherapy at three time points. Patients were assessed for deficits of movement, function and mood at the same three stages and observations of out-patient sessions were also conducted. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. The assessment data were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. RESULTS: Data indicated deficits of movement improved significantly between the first and third assessments. The qualitative data showed that physiotherapists did not encourage over-optimistic expectations of recovery through the verbal information they provided to patients. Nevertheless patients did maintain high expectations of recovery throughout the three-month post-stroke period. CONCLUSION: Improved communication strategies, informed by an evidence base of recovery, should be used to encourage realistic expectations of physiotherapy without destroying the process of active participation and skill acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sudden infant death syndrome among the Auckland Pacific communities 1988-1996: is it increasing?

AIMS: To define ethnic origin and verify the diagnosis of sudden infant deaths among Pacific peoples in Auckland 1988-1996, and to elicit soci-econonic and demographic characteristics. METHODS: Police (P47) and coroner reports were analysed for an ethnic classification and diagnosis. Postneonatal and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) register and New Zealand Information Services data were analysed for additional Pacific cases. Rates of Pacific SIDS in Auckland calculated. A Pacific SIDS database was developed and families were tracked. Face to face interviews covering the SIDS event were undertaken with selected families. Data were coded, stratified and a thematic approach to analysis was utilised. RESULTS: There were 52 cases of SIDS and the ethnic origins were: thirteen Samoans, nine Cook Islanders, seven Togans fifteen multiple ethnicity, and eight could not be verified. The annual rates of Pacific SIDS varied from less than one (in 1989) to 4.5 (in 1995) per 1000 Pacific live births. 34 cases (65%) couldd not be contacted and eighteen were traced. Nine in-epth interviews were conducted with caregivers of these cases. All babies had slept in the supine position, seven were breasted, and five of the mothers were non-smokers. Eight babies sept in the same room with their primary caregiver, with seven sleeping in their own bed. All of the mothers had had continuous access to childcare and support from their families, and seven had had previous children. Grief counselling for partners and children was identified as necessary by almost all the mothers. CNCLUSIONS: This preliminary study concludes that the rate of Pacific SIDS increased in 1995 and remains a serious problem. Ethnic misclassification and under reporting of SIDS cases is apparent among Pacific infants. There is a need to establish a national infant mortality database that collects accurate data incorporating standardised ethnic specific categories. Official routine and data sources also need to incorporate standardised ethnic specific categories. A national prospective study is required to study SIDS in Pacific communities as a basis for effective prevention strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

"Once when i was on call...," theory versus reality in training for professionalism.

PURPOSE: To identify the degree to which interns' reported experiences with professional and unprofessional behavior converge and/or diverge with ideal professional behavior proposed by the physician community. METHOD: Interns at Wayne State University's residency programs in internal medicine, family medicine, and transitional medicine responded to essay questions about their experience with professional and unprofessional behavior as part of a curriculum on professionalism. Responses were coded for whether they reflected each of the principles and responsibilities outlined in a major publication on physician professionalism. Content analysis included the frequencies with which the interns' essays reflected each principle or responsibility. Additionally, a thematic analysis revealed themes of professional behavior that emerged from the essays. RESULTS: Interns' experiences with professional and unprofessional behavior most frequently converged with ideal behavior proposed by the physician community in categories involving interpersonal interactions with patients. Interns infrequently reported experiences involving behavior related to systems or sociopolitical issues. CONCLUSIONS: Interns' essays reflect their concern with interpersonal interactions with patients, but they are either less exposed to or less interested in describing behavior regarding systems or sociopolitical issues. This may be due to their stage of training or to the emphasis placed on interpersonal rather than systems or sociopolitical issues during training. The authors recommend future proposals of ideal professional behavior be revised periodically to reflect current experiences of practicing physicians, trainees, other health care providers and patients. Greater educational emphasis should be placed on the systems and sociopolitical environment in which trainees practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[Mothers' experience of caregiving for their children with schizophrenia].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' experiences of caregiving for their adult children with schizophrenia. METHOD: A iterative descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and explain the caregiving experience from the perspective of mothers. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and one focus group interview from 11 mothers. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 60 years old and the ages of their sick children ranged from late 20s to early 40s. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified from qualitative thematic analysis: (a) "emotional debris from the disease," (b) "the disease that makes mothers dumb" (c) "space of rational reason." CONCLUSIONS: This study would provide health care professionals insights in establishing intervention for mothers by deeply understanding the process of recognition and acceptance of their children with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Early childhood development project in Uganda as a strategy for reducing children's poor growth indicators: an explanatory study.

This study shall explore the activities of the Uganda nutrition and early childhood development project using explanatory program effects, qualitative research methods to determine the role/interplay of project factors and community dynamics in relation to poor growth and social indicators in Ugandan children. This project aimed to improve the quality of life for children age less than 6 years by improving their nutrition, health, cognitive and psychosocial development. The key concern remains how successful and sustainable are the outcomes? Data shall be collected using interviews, focus groups and document reviews. Data analysis shall employ the thematic networks analytical tool, which is aided by the ATLAS.ti software. The key hypotheses and recommendations from the analysis shall then be tested in a suitable community location and period in line with the research questions.

Child Development↗
PubMed2006

Running before we walk: how can we maximise the benefits from community service dietitians in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa?

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The Department of Health in South Africa, instituted compulsory community service (CS) as one strategy to overcome the chronic shortage of health professionals in underserved and rural areas. A number of articles have listed the reasons for the lack of willingness of health professionals to practice in rural areas. Amongst others they listed the lack of career opportunities, the recruitment of students into health professions from incongruous backgrounds, inappropriate training, bureaucratic problems, poorly equipped hospitals and social isolation. The aim of this study was to examine and explore the factors affecting the professional development of dietitians during CS. METHODS: Thirteen of the 15 community service dietitians (CSDs) currently (2005) undertaking CS in KwaZulu-Natal participated in focus group discussions. Each member of the group was also required to answer a short written questionnaire before the discussions to establish whether there was congruence between the written answers and the verbal discussions. The large group was divided into two sub groups and each session lasted one and a half hours. A list of topics was discussed by each group. The sessions were taped and transcribed and further analysed using the qualitative analysis programme, "QSR NVivo". RESULTS: Analysis of the transcripts revealed a number of thematic areas and included the evaluation of the placement process, obstructions and constraints, the developmental progress of the CSD and means of enhancing professional development. The discussion on the placement process was not contentious, with only three CSDs having reservations about the process. Many obstructions and constraints to service delivery and professional development were revealed and included the lack of supervision and support, the lack of preparedness of the institutions receiving CSDs and the lack of clarity of the CSDs' perception of community service, unhappiness of some CSDs being placed a long way from home, work and role overload, not being part of a team, lack of understanding the CSDs role and the under utilisation of their services. Developmental progress of the CSDs was enhanced by some positive aspects which included the social interactions experienced in the community setting, learning new skills and support that they received from other community service professionals. DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Comparison of the written answers with verbal discussions showed the same results. A number of issues raised in this study have been recorded by other authors. It is recommended that the issue of supervision and support be addressed so that the professional development of CSDs is enhanced. The lack of preparedness of the receiving institutions is a problem that is relatively easy to address and should be made a priority. The training institutions also need to be more proactive in preparing dietetic students for CS. CONCLUSIONS: Compulsory community service as a method of addressing the problems of underserved population has merit. To maximise the benefits the DOH would do well to heed the recommendations by ensuring that there are structures in place to provide adequate resources for and support and supervision of CSDs.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Sleeping sickness surveillance: an essential step towards elimination.

In the last decades, with little or no surveillance sleeping sickness has returned to alarming levels comparable to the early twentieth century. Sixty million people are considered at risk but only 3-4 million are under surveillance, yielding some 45 000 new cases annually. It is estimated that at least 300 000-500 000 people are presently infected. Despite the almost universal presence of the vector in sub-Saharan Africa and the existence of an animal parasite reservoir, it is technically feasible to control and eliminate the disease as a public health problem. The authors describe, step-by-step, a surveillance method based on the epidemiological status of the village and using several approaches ranging from passive to active surveillance. Co-ordinated by the WHO, such surveillance has been incepted in several countries. Epidemiological data is spatially linked to the village, whose geographical co-ordinates are collected using a Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Information is transmitted to WHO through internet. Data analysis and mapping is carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS) software and thematic maps are generated to illustrate epidemiological status. Examples from Central African Republic (CAR), Cameroon and Gabon illustrate the process and mapping.

Cameroon↗
PubMed2005

Processes for disciplining nurses for unprofessional conduct of a serious nature: a critique.

AIMS: This paper critiques the deliberative processes used by the discipline panels of an Australian statutory nurse regulating authority when appraising the alleged unprofessional conduct of nurses and determining appropriate remedies. BACKGROUND: Little is known about the nature and effectiveness of the deliberative processes used by nurse regulating authorities (NRAs) disciplinary panels established to appraise and make determinations in response to allegations of unprofessional conduct by nurses. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory descriptive/pragmatic research approach was used. Data were obtained from two case-orientated sampling units: (1) 84 Reasons for Determination made between 1994 and 2000 and (2) a purposeful sample of 12 former and current nurse regulating authority members, nurse regulating authority staff and a nurse regulating authority representative who had experience of disciplinary proceedings and/or who had served on a formal hearing panel. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis strategies. RESULTS: Attitudinal considerations (e.g. whether a nurse understood the 'wrongness' of his or her conduct; accepted responsibility for his or her conduct; exhibited contrition/shame during the hearing; was candid in his or her demeanour) emerged as the singularly most significant factor influencing discipline panel determinations. Disciplinary action is taken appropriately against nurses who have committed acts of deliberate malfeasance. NRAs may not, however, be dealing appropriately with nurses when disciplining them for making honest mistakes/genuine practice errors. CONCLUSION: Traditional processes used for appraising and disciplining nurses who have made honest mistakes in the course of their work need to be substantially modified as they are at odds with the models of human error management that are currently being advocated and adopted globally to improve patient safety and quality of care in health care domains.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Transcultural nursing care values, beliefs, and practices of American (USA) Gypsies.

This ethnonursing qualitative investigation was focused on the domain of culture care values, expression and meanings of selected American Gypsies. The purpose of the study was to explicate culture care American Gypsy lifeways in order to help nurses understand this largely unknown culture, and to offer guidelines for providing culturally congruent nursing care. Leininger's theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality was the appropriate theory to use for this study, along with the ethnonursing research method to generate emic and etic grounded data. Findings substantiated that the world view, ethnohistory, religion (moral code), kinship and cultural values, and generic folk practices were powerful influences of Gypsy lifeways and supported culture congruent nursing care. Ethnohistorical facts strongly buttressed the cultural values, norms, and moral codes for culture specific care practices. Several Gypsy culture specific and dominant care meanings, expressions, and actions were confirmed and made credible from raw data and thematic analysis. They were: 1) protective in-group caring; 2) watching over and guarding against Gadje; 3) facilitating care rituals; 4) respecting Gypsy values; 5) alleviating Gadje harassment; 6) remaining suspicious of outsiders; and 7) dealing with purity and impurity moral codes and rules. Culture specific and congruent care generated from Leininger's theory with the three predicted modes were identified to guide nursing decisions and actions.

Attitude to Health↗